A Shooters Guide to Understanding Mils and

MOA and their range Estimation Equations

By Robert J. Simeone

Shooters of all types, from military and police, to hunters and target shooters, use
milliradians (mils) and minutes of angle (moa) to estimate the distance to their targets and
to adjust their scopes in order to get their bullets on the intended point of impact. They
also use them to adjust shots for winds and the movements of targets. Also, shooters
frequently talk about their shot groupings in terms of moa, such as “my rifle shoots one
moa all the time”. Even though many shooters use mils and moa, there is still a lot of
confusion and misunderstanding of exactly what they are and where they come from.
Therefore, I’m going to try and explain them in simple terms and clear up any confusion
you might have of these tools we so often use in precision shooting. Let’s start with the
basics:

The Angles
You might remember the term “radians” from that trigonometry class you took in
high school. In case you forgot, let’s review. A radian is an angular measurement like
degrees, but unlike degrees, is based on the actual physical properties of a circle.
Officially, one radian subtends an arc equal in length to the radius (r) of a circle. If that
didn’t clear things up, then, try this. If you take the radius of a circle and superimpose its
length on the circumference of the circle, you create an “arc” with a length equal to the
radius of the circle. Now, connect both ends of this “radius arc” to the center, and the
angle created by the three sides equals 1 radian (see figure below).

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 To find out how many radians (the angles at the center) are in a circle, we use
simple math. Remember, the “radian angle” at the center is directly related to the “radius”
that we artificially superimposed on the circumference of the circle. Therefore, if we find
out how many “radii” can fit around the circumference, we’ll then also know the number
of “radians” (the angles at the center) there are in a circle.

To do this, we use the circumference formula of a circle, which is C = 2 r. Take

2 r and divide by “r”. (We divide by “r” because that will give us the number of radii
that can go around the circumference of a circle, remembering that radian angles at the
center are equal to this number).

(Note: = 3.14159…...)

2 r=2 r=2 = 2 x 3.14159 = 6.2832.

r r

Therefore, there are 6.2832 radians in a circle (and for that matter, 6.2832 radii
that can go around the circumference of a circle).

No matter how long the radius “r” is, there will always be 6.2832 radians in any
size circle because the “r” always gets cancelled out in the math (see above) and all
you’re left with is 2 .

To get an idea of how big one radian is, we can convert it to the more familiar
degrees. To do that, take the 360° that every circle has and divide that by the 6.2832
radians that every circle also has and you get 57.3 degrees per radian.

So then, what’s a “milliradian”? “Milli” is by definition, 1/1000th. Therefore, a

“milliradian”, shortened to “mil” by shooters, is 1/1000 of a radian. Therefore, take each
of the 6.2832 radians in a circle and divide each one into 1000 smaller angles. When you
do that you’ll get 6.2832 x 1000 = 6283.2 milliradians in every circle.

Since there are 6283.2 milliradian in a circle compared to 360°, we have a finer
angle of measurement than degrees.

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Note: There is some controversy about what type of “mils” American military and tactical shooters use.
Some think they use a mil that is based on a circle that has artificially been divided into 6400 mils instead
of 6283.2. This has widely been circulated, written about and even taught, including in the military. But
this is not the case. While it may be true that some artillery and other military units do use this type of mil
(the one based on 6400 mils), American military snipers and tactical shooters use scopes that are based on
and calibrated using “real mathematical milliradians”, which is 6283.2 milliradians (mils) per circle. It
should be noted that some other countries, like Russia for example, do use different values for their mils on
their scopes, but for American shooters, our “mil” is 6283.2 milliradians.

The other angle shooters use is “minute of angle”. (Note: “minute of angle” is
interchangeable with and is the same thing as “minutes of angle”, or “moa”). Moa is a
little easier to understand than mils since it is a subset of the more familiar degrees.

Every circle has 360 degrees in it. Each one degree is further divided into 60
minutes (or 1° = 1 moa). Therefore:
60

360 (degrees) x 60 (minutes) = 21,600 minutes in every circle (or 21,600 moa).
1 (degree)

This is an even more precise unit of angular measurement than mils (21,600 moa
vs. 6283.2 mils).

At this point you might ask, “How come shooters use two different angular
measurements?” In short, for years, rifle scopes mostly used moa increments on their
target knobs for shot adjustments. Much later on the military come up with the mil-dot
reticle for snipers to estimate range, but the scopes still kept their turret adjustments in
moa. So you had the “mil” angular system for range estimation, and the “minute” angular
system for shot adjustment. It can get confusing converting between the two and for
many shooters it doesn’t make a lot of sense. Fortunately, many scopes come with the
same system for both range estimation and shot adjustments, which I recommend for
several reasons, one being that you don’t have to convert between the two different
angles.
Now that we know what a mil and moa are and where they come from, how can
shooters use these? The answer is simple. With known angles (mils or moa) and lengths
(heights of objects), we can compute distances to targets using formulas which are based
on trigonometry, which is the math of right triangles. But before we get into that, let’s
talk about a few common conversions and relations.

We’ll start with the conversion between mils and moa. This is important because
as stated above, many scopes use reticles etched in mils but have there turret adjustments
in moa.

Since we know from above that we have 21,600 minutes and 6283.2 mils in every
circle, the conversion between the two is easy to figure out. Take 21,600 minutes and
divide that by 6283.2 mils and you get: 21600 minutes = 3.438 minutes per mil.
6283.2 mils

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 Therefore, the two different “angles” can be compared by saying 1 mil equals
3.438 moa.

Next is the common benchmark shooters use, the 100 yard shot. At that distance,
it would be nice to know the size in inches that the angle of one mil or one moa gives
you.
Look at the figure below. (Try to remember that this is really just a small section
of a much larger circle that has a radius of 100 yards).

We have an angle, 1 mil, and a distance down range, 100 yards (which is also
3,600 inches). This angle and distance forms a triangle. Our goal is to find out what the
size of “x”, the opposite side, is. Or put another way, what height does the angle of 1 mil
give us at 100 yards distance.

Math has supplied us with a nice tool to get that answer, the tangent function,
which is the ratio of the opposite side to the adjacent side of a right triangle. To use the
tangent function, it’s easier if we convert the angle that is expressed in “mils” into an
angle that is expressed in “degrees”. Similar to what we did earlier, but this time dividing
360° by 6283.2 mils, you’ll get the number of degrees in every mil. 360°/6283.2 mils =
.0573° per mil. Now break out the calculator and we can solve for “x”, the height that 1
mil at 100 yards equals:

1) Tan θ = opposite 2) Tan (.0573°) = x 3) 3,600 (Tan .0573) = x

adjacent 1 mil ↑ 3,600 in.

(Note: using your calculator, the tangent of .0573 = .001)

4) 3,600 (.001) = x 5) x = 3.6 inches

That’s where the familiar “1 mil at 100 yards equals 3.6 inches in height” comes from.
It’s always been just simple trigonometry.

Note: Even though the opposite side of the triangle, “x” in Fig.5 above, is really not a straight line but a
curve because it is actually a part of a much larger circle, it is a very small curve. At this distance and at this
small of an angle, for all practical purposes we can consider it a straight line and the curve’s effects on the
math are negligible.

How about 1 moa at 100 yards? Recall that 1 minute (or 1 moa) equals 1/60th of a
degree: 1° = .016667°.
60

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 Again, using the tangent function and solving for the opposite side “x”:

1) Tan θ = opposite 2) Tan (.016667°) = x 3) 3,600 (Tan .016667) = x

adjacent 1 moa ↑ 3,600 in.

Note: On the calculator, the tangent of .016667° = .00029089.

4) 3,600 (.00029089) = x 5) x = 1.047 inches

Therefore, the angle of 1 moa at 100 yards equals 1.047 inches in height. Having
1.047 inches at 100 yards is really nice since it can easily be rounded to 1 inch,
something we can comprehend and visualize easily.

There is a third angular measurement that many shooters use and that many
shooters don’t even know they have on some of their scopes.

Guessing simplicity being the reason, shooters wanted another angle that would
give them “exactly” 1 inch at 100 yards. This angular measurement is known as “inch per
100 yards”, or more simply, “shooters moa” (s-moa). It is close to the actual “true” moa
of 1.047 inches at 100 yards.

Some reticles are etched in this measurement, and some turret adjustments, even
though they say “moa”, are actually calibrated in s-moa instead of “true” moa. The math
is similar to what we just did above, except this time we first define the lengths we want
(100 yards distance and “1” inch in height), then solve for the angle that will give us
these measurements.

To do this we use the “inverse” tangent of trigonometry to solve for the angle:

1) Tan θ = opposite 2) Tan θ = 1 3) Tan (θ) = .000277778

adjacent 1 s-moa ↑ 3,600 inches.

Note: On the calculator, the “inverse tangent” of .000277778 = .0159154°.

Therefore, 1 s-moa equals .0159154°. Very close to what the actual “true” moa equals,
.016667°.

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 So let’s review. This is what we have while looking through a mil dot rifle scope
at 100 yards. Each dot is separated by 1 mil:

Keep in mind that when we talk about “mils”, we’re talking about the angular
measurement of a circle in “milliradians”. When we talk about “moa”, we’re talking
about the angular measurement of a circle in “minutes”, which are a subset of degrees.
They’re two different angular measurements, but measuring the same thing, which in our
case are really just small sections of a circle that look like triangles like in the figures
above.

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 The Range Estimation Equations

Using all this information and applying trigonometry and algebra, we can come
up with simple range estimation equations that we use to estimate the distance of objects
of known height without resorting to trigonometry and using calculators. (The math
unfortunately is to long for this article, but if you really want to see it, you can go to:
http://files.thetallengineer.com/RangeEstimation_Rev1.pdf

The basic range estimation equations are.

Height of Target (yards) x 1000 = Distance to Target (yards)

mils

Height of Target (inches) x 27.78 = Distance to Target (yards)

mils

Height of Target (inches) x 95.5 = Distance to Target (yards)

moa

Height of Target (inches) x 100 = Distance to Target (yards)

s- moa

Using the Range Estimation Equations:

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 In short, that’s the background of mils, moa and s-moa, and their range estimation
equations. I hope this article gives you a little better understanding of the angles and
terms we so often use in precision shooting.

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 MIL/MOA/S-MOA Distance Equations

Below are the distance equations for various combinations of reticles, units of
height, and units of distance to the target. Choose the one that you have a reticle for and
that has the units of measurement you prefer.

Height of Target (yards) x 1000 = Distance to Target (yards)

mils

Height of Target (inches) x 27.78 = Distance to Target (yards)

mils

Height of Target (inches) x 25.4 = Distance to Target (meters)

mils

Height of Target (meters) x 1000 = Distance to Target (meters)

mils

Height of Target (cm) x 10 = Distance to Target (meters)

mils

Height of Target (inches) x 95.5 = Distance to Target (yards)

moa

Height of Target (inches) x 87.32 = Distance to Target (meters)

moa

Height of Target (meters) x 3437.75 = Distance to Target (meters)

moa

Height of Target (cm) x 34.37 = Distance to Target (meters)

moa

Height of Target (inches) x 100 = Distance to Target (yards)

s- moa

Height of Target (inches) x 91.44 = Distance to Target (meters)

s- moa

Height of Target (meters) x 3600 = Distance to Target (meters)

s- moa

Height of Target (cm) x 36 = Distance to Target (meters)

s- moa