Basic Structure of A Cell

Basic Structure of a Cell
copyright Ineke,SKG 1
Introduction to Cells
Cells are the basic units of organisms
Cells can only be observed under
microscope
Basic types of cells:
Animal Cell Plant Cell Bacterial Cell

Number of Cells
Organisms may be:
• Unicellular –
composed of one cell
• Multicellular-
composed of many
cells that may
organize
copyright Ineke,SKG
3
Cells May be Prokaryotic or
Eukaryotic
 Prokaryotes include bacteria &
lack a nucleus or membrane-bound
structures called organelles
Eukaryotes include most other cells
& have a nucleus and membrane-
bound organelles (plants, fungi, &
animals)
Prokaryotes
Nucleoid region
contains the DNA
•Cell membrane &
cell wall
• Contain ribosomes
(no membrane) to
make proteins in
their cytoplasm
Eukaryotic Cell
Contain 3 basic cell
structures:
• Nucleus
• Cell Membrane
• Cytoplasm with
organelles
Two Main Types of Eukaryotic Cells
Plant Cell Animal Cell

Organelles
Very small size

Can only be observed under a
microscope
Have specific functions
Found throughout cytoplasm
Organelles Found in Cells
Examples of Organelles include:
Endoplasmic reticulum (rough & smooth) –
canals for movement
Golgi Bodies – wrap & export proteins
Nucleolus – makes ribosomes
Lysosomes – digests & gets rid of wastes
Ribosomes – makes proteins
Golgi Bodies
• Stacks of flattened
sacs
• Have a shipping side &
a receiving side
• Receive & modify
proteins made by ER
• Transport vesicles
with modified proteins
pinch off the ends
Transport
vesicle
Lysosome
• Contain digestive
enzymes
• Break down food and
worn out cell parts for
cells
• Programmed for cell
death (lyse & release
enzymes to break down
& recycle cell parts)
Nucleolus
• Cell may have 1 to 3
nucleoli
• Inside nucleus
• Disappears when cell
divides
• Makes ribosomes that
make proteins
Smooth & Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Smooth ER lacks
ribosomes &
makes proteins
USED In the cell
Rough ER has
ribosomes on its
surface & makes
proteins to
EXPORT
Cell Powerhouse
Mitochondrion
( mitochondria )
Rod shape
Site of Cellular
respiration
copyright Ineke,SKG
14
In Animal Cells:
Mitochondria
Active cells like

muscles have more
mitochondria
Burn sugars to
produce energy ATP copyright Ineke,SKG
15
Surrounding the Cell
Cell membrane
Lies immediately
against the cell wall
in plant cells
Made of protein and
phospholipids
Selectively permeable
Cell or Plasma Membrane
Cell membrane
Living layer
Controls the
movement of
materials into and
out of the cell
Selectively
permeable copyright Ineke,SKG 17
Cell Wall
Cell wall
Nonliving layer
Gives structure and
shape to plant and
bacterial cells
Cytoplasm of a Cell
Cytoplasm
Jelly-like substance
enclosed by cell
membrane
Provides a medium
for chemical
reactions to take
place
More on Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
Contains organelles
to carry out
specific jobs
Examples:
chloroplast &
mitochondrion
Control Organelle
Nucleus
Controls the normal
activities of
the cell
Contain the DNA
Bounded by a copyright Ineke,SKG
21
More on the Nucleus
Nucleus
Each cell has fixed
number of
chromosomes that
carry genes copyright Ineke,SKG 22
Plant Cell Organelles
Chloroplast
Contain the green
pigment chlorophyll
Traps sunlight to
make to make
sugars (food)
Process called
photosynthesiscopyright Ineke,SKG 23
Plant Cell
Cell wall
Dead layer
Large empty spaces
present between
cellulose fibers
Freely permeable
Plant Cell
Cell wall
Made of cellulose
which forms very
thin fibers
Strong and rigid
Found in plant cells
Plant Cell
Cell wall
Protect and support
the enclosed
substances
(protoplasm)
Resist entry of
excess water into
the cell
Give shape to the
copyrightcell
Ineke,SKG 26
Plant Cell Organelles
Vacuole
Have a large central
vacuole
Surrounded by tonoplast
Contains cell sap
Sugars, proteins,
minerals, wastes, &
pigments
Different kinds of plant cells
Onion Epidermal Cells Guard Cells
root hair
Root Hair Cell 28

copyright Ineke,SKG
vacuole cytoplasm
Animal cell
No cell wall or
chloroplast
nucleus Stores glycogen
in the
mitochondrion cytoplasm for
food energy
cell
glycogen membrane
granule copyright Ineke,SKG 29
Animal Cell Organelles
• Near the nucleus

• Paired structures
• Help cell divide
Different kinds of animal cells
white blood cell
Amoeba
red blood cell
muscle cell
sperm
cheek cells
nerve cell
copyright Ineke,SKG Paramecium 31
Similarities between plant
cells and animal cells
Both have a cell membrane
surrounding the cytoplasm
Both have a nucleus
Both contain mitochondria
Differences between plant
cells and animal cells
Animal cells Plant cells
Relatively Relatively
smaller in size larger in size
Irregular shape Regular shape
No cell wall Cell wall present
Differences between Plant
Cells and Animal Cells
Animal cells Plant cells
Vacuole small or Large central
absent vacuole
Glycogen as food Starch as food
storage storage
Nucleus at the Nucleus near cell
center copyright Ineke,SKG wall 34
Compound Microscope
• Instrument for
observing small
objects
• Magnify images
up to 2000X
their size
Different parts of
a microscope
Revolving
Eyepiece
nosepiece
Body tube
Objective Coarse
adjustment
Clip Fine adjustment
Condenser Arm
Iris diaphragm Stage

Condenser
Mirror control knob
Base
The cell is the Basic Unit
of Life
• Cell is the smallest unit of living organisms
• Unicellular organisms are made of one cell
only
• The cells of multicellular organisms are
specialized to perform different functions
– e.g. mesophyll cells for photosynthesis
and root hair cells for water absorption
Levels of organization
• Cells are
grouped
together and
work as a
whole to
perform special
functions
Tissue
• A group of similar cells to
perform a particular function
– Animals : epithelial tissue,
muscular tissue
– Plants : vascular tissue,
mesophyll
Organ
• Different tissues group together
to carry out specialized functions
– Heart : consists of muscles,
nervous tissue and blood
vessels
– Leaf : consists of epidermis,
mesophyll and vascular tissue
The Structures of a Leaf
(Plant Organ)
Chloroplast
Palisade
Mesophyll Cell
Spongy Mesophyll
Cell
Air Space
Stoma
The Structures of a Heart
(Animal Organ)
System
• Several organs and tissues work together
to carry out a particular set of
functions in a co-ordinated way
– Human : digestive, respiratory, excretory,
circulatory and reproductive systems
– Plant : root and shoot systems
Human Body Systems
Examples of systems :
 Digestive System
 Respiratory System
 Circulatory System
 Nervous System
 Reproductive System
Examples of a Human Body System
The Res piratory Sys tem
Circulatory System
Nervous System
Levels of Organization
CELLS (muscle cells,nerve cells)
TISSUES (muscle, epithelium)
ORGANS (heart, lungs,
stomach)
SYSTEMS (circulatory system)
ORGANISM (human)
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Basic Structure of a Cell

Animal Cell Plant Cell Bacterial Cell

Plant Cell Animal Cell

Very small size

Active cells like

Onion Epidermal Cells Guard Cells

Root Hair Cell 28

• Near the nucleus

white blood cell

red blood cell

Both have a nucleus

Both contain mitochondria

Iris diaphragm Stage

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