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Leachate
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

ThisarticleisaboutlandfillleachateforuseinminingseeHeapleachingorInsituleach.
Aleachateisanyliquidthat,inthecourseofpassingthrough
matter,extractssolubleorsuspendedsolids,oranyother
componentofthematerialthroughwhichithaspassed.
Leachateisawidelyusedtermintheenvironmentalsciences
whereithasthespecificmeaningofaliquidthathasdissolved
orentrainedenvironmentallyharmfulsubstancesthatmaythen
entertheenvironment.Itismostcommonlyusedinthecontext
oflandfillingofputrescibleorindustrialwaste.
Inthenarrowenvironmentalcontextleachateisthereforeany
liquidmaterialthatdrainsfromlandorstockpiledmaterialand
containssignificantlyelevatedconcentrationsofundesirable
materialderivedfromthematerialthatithaspassedthrough.

Aleachateevaporationpondinalandfillsite
locatedinCancn,Mexico

Contents
1 Landfillleachate
1.1 Compositionoflandfillleachate
1.2 Leachatemanagement
1.3 Historyoflandfillleachatecollection
1.4 Goalsofleachatecollectionsystems
1.5 Componentsofleachatecollectionsystems
1.5.1 Liners
1.5.2 Leachatedrainagesystem
1.5.3 Filters
1.5.4 Sumpsorleachatewell
1.5.5 Membraneandcollectionfor
treatment
1.6 Reinjectionintolandfill
1.7 Treatment
1.8 Removaltosewersystem
1.9 Environmentalimpact
1.10 Problemsandfailureswithcollection
systems
2 Othertypesofleachate
3 References

Landfillleachate
Leachatefromalandfillvarieswidelyincompositiondependingontheageofthelandfillandthetypeofwaste
thatitcontains.[1][2]Itusuallycontainsbothdissolvedandsuspendedmaterial.Thegenerationofleachateiscaused
principallybyprecipitationpercolatingthroughwastedepositedinalandfill.Onceincontactwithdecomposing
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solidwaste,thepercolatingwaterbecomescontaminated,andifitthenflowsoutofthewastematerialitistermed
leachate.[3]Additionalleachatevolumeisproducedduringthisdecompositionofcarbonaceousmaterialproducing
awiderangeofothermaterialsincludingmethane,carbondioxideandacomplexmixtureoforganicacids,
aldehydes,alcoholsandsimplesugars.
Therisksofleachategenerationcanbemitigatedbyproperlydesignedandengineeredlandfillsites,suchasthose
thatareconstructedongeologicallyimpermeablematerialsorsitesthatuseimpermeablelinersmadeof
geomembranesorengineeredclay.TheuseofliningsisnowmandatorywithinboththeUnitedStatesandthe
EuropeanUnionexceptwherethewasteisdeemedinert.Inaddition,mosttoxicanddifficultmaterialsarenow
specificallyexcludedfromlandfilling.However,despitemuchstricterstatutorycontrols,leachatesfrommodern
sitesareoftenfoundtocontainarangeofcontaminantsstemmingfromillegalactivityorlegallydiscarded
householdanddomesticproducts.

Compositionoflandfillleachate
Whenwaterpercolatesthroughwaste,itpromotesandassiststheprocessofdecompositionbybacteriaandfungi.
Theseprocessesinturnreleasebyproductsofdecompositionandrapidlyuseupanyavailableoxygen,creatingan
anoxicenvironment.Inactivelydecomposingwaste,thetemperaturerisesandthepHfallsrapidlywiththeresult
thatmanymetalionsthatarerelativelyinsolubleatneutralpHbecomedissolvedinthedevelopingleachate.The
decompositionprocessesthemselvesreleasemorewater,whichaddstothevolumeofleachate.Leachatealso
reactswithmaterialsthatarenotpronetodecompositionthemselves,suchasfireash,cementbasedbuilding
materialsandgypsumbasedmaterialschangingthechemicalcomposition.Insiteswithlargevolumesofbuilding
waste,especiallythosecontaininggypsumplaster,thereactionofleachatewiththegypsumcangeneratelarge
volumesofhydrogensulfide,whichmaybereleasedintheleachateandmayalsoformalargecomponentofthe
landfillgas.
Inalandfillthatreceivesamixtureofmunicipal,commercial,andmixedindustrialwastebutexcludessignificant
amountsofconcentratedchemicalwaste,landfillleachatemaybecharacterizedasawaterbasedsolutionoffour
groupsofcontaminants:dissolvedorganicmatter(alcohols,acids,aldehydes,shortchainsugarsetc.),inorganic
macrocomponents(commoncationsandanionsincludingsulfate,chloride,iron,aluminium,zincandammonia),
heavymetals(Pb,Ni,Cu,Hg),andxenobioticorganiccompoundssuchashalogenatedorganics,(PCBs,dioxins,
etc.).[4]
Thephysicalappearanceofleachatewhenitemergesfromatypicallandfillsiteisastronglyodouredblack,
yellowororangecolouredcloudyliquid.Thesmellisacidicandoffensiveandmaybeverypervasivebecauseof
hydrogen,nitrogenandsulfurrichorganicspeciessuchasmercaptans.

Leachatemanagement
Inolderlandfillsandthosewithnomembranebetweenthewasteandtheunderlyinggeology,leachateisfreeto
leavethewasteandflowdirectlyintothegroundwater.Insuchcases,highconcentrationsofleachateareoften
foundinnearbyspringsandflushes.Asleachatefirstemergesitcanbeblackincolour,anoxic,andpossibly
effervescent,withdissolvedandentrainedgases.Asitbecomesoxygenatedittendstoturnbrownoryellow
becauseofthepresenceofironsaltsinsolutionandinsuspension.Italsoquicklydevelopsabacterialfloraoften
comprisingsubstantialgrowthsofSphaerotilusnatans.

Historyoflandfillleachatecollection
IntheUK,inthelate1960s,centralGovernmentpolicywastoensurenewlandfillsiteswerebeingchosenwith
permeableunderlyinggeologicalstratatoavoidthebuildupofleachate.Thispolicywasdubbed"diluteand
disperse".However,followinganumberofcaseswherethispolicywasseentobefailing,andanexposeeinThe
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SundayTimesofseriousenvironmentaldamagebeingcausedbyinappropriatedisposalofindustrialwastes,both
policyandthelawwerechanged.TheDepositofPoisonousWastesAct1972,[5]togetherwithThe1974Local
GovernmentAct,madelocalgovernmentresponsibleforwastedisposalandfortheenforcementof
environmentalstandardsregardingwastedisposal.Proposedlandfilllocationsalsohadtobejustifiednotonlyby
geographybutalsoscientifically.ManyEuropeancountriesdecidedtoselectlandfillsitesingroundwaterfreeclay
geologicalconditionsortorequirethatthesitehaveanengineeredlining.InthewakeofEuropeanadvancements,
theUnitedStatesincreaseditsdevelopmentofleachateretainingandcollectionsystems.Thisquicklyledfrom
lininginprincipletotheuseofmultiplelininglayersinalllandfills(exceptingthosetrulyinert).[6]

Goalsofleachatecollectionsystems
Theprimarycriterionfordesignoftheleachatesystemisthatallleachatebecollectedandremovedfromthe
landfillataratesufficienttopreventanunacceptablehydraulicheadoccurringatanypointovertheliningsystem.

Componentsofleachatecollectionsystems
Therearemanycomponentstoacollectionsystemincludingpumps,manholes,dischargelinesandliquidlevel
monitors.However,therearefourmaincomponentswhichgoverntheoverallefficiencyofthesystem.Thesefour
elementsareliners,filters,pumpsandsumps.
Liners
Naturalandsyntheticlinersmaybeutilizedasbothacollectiondeviceandasameansforisolatingleachatewithin
thefilltoprotectthesoilandgroundwaterbelow.Thechiefconcernistheabilityofalinertomaintainintegrity
andimpermeabilityoverthelifeofthelandfill.Subsurfacewatermonitoring,leachatecollection,andclayliners
arecommonlyincludedinthedesignandconstructionofawastelandfill.Toeffectivelyservethepurposeof
containingleachateinalandfill,alinersystemmustpossessanumberofphysicalproperties.Thelinermusthave
hightensilestrength,flexibility,andelongationwithoutfailure.Itisalsoimportantthatthelinerresistabrasion,
puncture,andchemicaldegradationbyleachate.Lastly,thelinermustwithstandtemperaturevariationandbe
black(toresistUVlight),easilyinstalled,andeconomical.
Thereareseveraltypesoflinersusedinleachatecontrolandcollection.Thesetypesincludegeomembranes,
geosyntheticclayliners,geotextiles,geogrids,geonets,andgeocomposites.Eachstyleoflinerhasspecificuses
andabilities.Geomembranesareusedtoprovideabarrierbetweenmobilepollutingsubstancesreleasedfrom
wastesandthegroundwater.Intheclosingoflandfills,geomembranesareusedtoprovidealowpermeability
coverbarriertopreventtheintrusionofrainwater.Geosyntheticclayliners(GCLs)arefabricatedbydistributing
sodiumbentoniteinauniformthicknessbetweenwovenandnonwovengeotextiles.Sodiumbentonitehasalow
permeability,whichmakesGCLsasuitablealternativetoclaylinersinacompositelinersystem.Geotextilesare
usedasseparationbetweentwodifferenttypesofsoilstopreventcontaminationofthelowerlayerbytheupper
layer.Geotextilesalsoactasacushiontoprotectsyntheticlayersagainstpuncturefromunderlyingandoverlaying
rocks.Geogridsarestructuralsyntheticmaterialsusedinslopeveneerstabilitytocreatestabilityforcoversoils
oversyntheticlinersorassoilreinforcementinsteepslopes.Geonetsaresyntheticdrainagematerialsthatareoften
usedinlieuofsandandgravel.Radzcantake12in(30cm)ofdrainagesand,thusincreasingthelandfillspacefor
waste.Geocompositesareacombinationofsyntheticmaterialsthatareordinarilyusedsingly.Acommontypeof
geocompositeisageonetthatisheatbondedtotwolayersofgeotextile,oneoneachside.Thegeocomposite
servesasafilteranddrainagemedium.
Geosyntheticclaylinersareatypeofcombinationliner.Oneadvantagetousingageosyntheticclayliner(GCL)is
theabilitytoorderexactamountsoftheliner.Orderingpreciseamountsfromthemanufacturerpreventssurplus
andoverspending.AnotheradvantagetoGCLsisthatthelinercanbeusedinareaswithoutanadequateclay
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source.Ontheotherhand,GCLsareheavyandcumbersome,andtheirinstallationisverylaborintensive.In
additiontobeingarduousanddifficultundernormalconditions,installationcanbecancelledduringdamp
conditionsbecausethebentonitewouldabsorbthemoisture,makingthejobevenmoreburdensomeandtedious.
Leachatedrainagesystem
Theleachatedrainagesystemisresponsibleforthecollectionandtransportoftheleachatecollectedinsidethe
liner.Thepipedimensions,type,andlayoutmustallbeplannedwiththeweightandpressureofwaste,and
transportvehiclesinmind.Thepipesarelocatedonthefloorofthecell.Abovethenetworkliesanenormous
amountofweightandpressure.Tosupportthis,thepipescaneitherbeflexibleorrigid,butthejointstoconnect
thepipesyieldbetterresultsiftheconnectionsareflexible.Analternativetoplacingthecollectionsystem
underneaththewasteistopositiontheconduitsintrenchesorabovegrade.
Thecollectionpipenetworkofaleachatecollectionsystemdrains,collects,andtransportsleachatethroughthe
drainagelayertoacollectionsumpwhereitisremovedfortreatmentordisposal.Thepipesalsoserveasdrains
withinthedrainagelayertominimizethemoundingofleachateinthelayer.Thesepipesaredesignedwithcuts
thatareinclinedto120degrees,preventingentryofsolidparticles.[7]
Filters
Thefilterlayerisusedabovethedrainagelayerinleachatecollection.Therearetwotypesoffilterstypicallyused
inengineeringpractices:granularandgeotextile.Granularfiltersconsistofoneormoresoillayersormultiple
layershavingacoarsergradationinthedirectionoftheseepagethanthesoiltobeprotected.
Sumpsorleachatewell
Asliquidentersthelandfillcell,itmovesdownthefilter,passesthroughthepipenetwork,andrestsinthesump.
Ascollectionsystemsareplanned,thenumber,location,andsizeofthesumpsarevitaltoanefficientoperation.
Whendesigningsumps,theamountofleachateandliquidexpectedistheforemostconcern.Areasinwhich
rainfallishigherthanaveragetypicallyhavelargersumps.Afurthercriterionforsumpplanningisaccountingfor
thepumpcapacity.Therelationshipofpumpcapacityandsumpsizeisinverse.Ifthepumpcapacityislow,the
volumeofthesumpshouldbelargerthanaverage.Itiscriticalforthevolumeofthesumptobeabletostorethe
expectedleachatebetweenpumpingcycles.Thisrelationshiphelpsmaintainahealthyoperation.Sumppumpscan
functionwithpresetphasetimes.Iftheflowisnotpredictable,apredeterminedleachateheightlevelcan
automaticallyswitchthesystemon.Otherconditionsforsumpplanningaremaintenanceandpumpdrawdown.
Collectionpipestypicallyconveytheleachatebygravitytooneormoresumps,dependinguponthesizeofthe
areadrained.Leachatecollectedinthesumpisremovedbypumpingtoavehicle,toaholdingfacilityfor
subsequentvehiclepickup,ortoanonsitetreatmentfacility.Sumpdimensionsaregovernedbytheamountof
leachatetobestored,pumpcapacity,andminimumpumpdrawdown.Thevolumeofthesumpmustbesufficient
toholdthemaximumamountofleachateanticipatedbetweenpumpcycles,plusanadditionalvolumeequaltothe
minimumpumpdrawdownvolume.Sumpsizeshouldalsoconsiderdimensionalrequirementsforconducting
maintenanceandinspectionactivities.Sumppumpsmayoperatewithpresetcyclingtimesor,ifleachateflowis
lesspredictable,thepumpmaybeautomaticallyswitchedonwhentheleachatereachesapredeterminedlevel.
Membraneandcollectionfortreatment
Moremodernlandfillsinthedevelopedworldhavesomeformofmembraneseparatingthewastefromthe
surroundingground,andinsuchsitesthereisoftenaleachatecollectionseriesofpipeslaidonthemembraneto
conveytheleachatetoacollectionortreatmentlocation.Anexampleofatreatmentsystemwithonlyminor
membraneuseistheNantmelLandfillSite.
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Allmembranesareporoustoalimitedextentsothat,overtime,lowvolumesofleachatewillcrossthemembrane.
Thedesignoflandfillmembranesisatsuchlowvolumesthattheyshouldneverhaveameasurableadverseimpact
onthequalityofthereceivinggroundwater.Amoresignificantriskmaybethefailureorabandonmentofthe
leachatecollectionsystem.Suchsystemsarepronetointernalfailureaslandfillssufferlargeinternalmovements
aswastedecomposesunevenlyandthusbucklesanddistortspipes.Ifaleachatecollectionsystemfails,leachate
levelswillslowlybuildinasiteandmayevenovertopthecontainingmembraneandflowoutintothe
environment.Risingleachatelevelscanalsowetwastemassesthathavepreviouslybeendry,triggeringfurther
activedecompositionandleachategeneration.Thus,whatappearstobeastabilisedandinactivesitecanbecome
reactivatedandrestartsignificantgasproductionandexhibitsignificantchangesinfinishedgroundlevels.

Reinjectionintolandfill
Onemethodofleachatemanagementthatwasmorecommoninuncontainedsiteswasleachaterecirculation,in
whichleachatewascollectedandreinjectedintothewastemass.Thisprocessgreatlyaccelerateddecomposition
andthereforegasproductionandhadtheimpactofconvertingsomeleachatevolumeintolandfillgasandreducing
theoverallvolumeofleachatefordisposal.However,italsotendedtoincreasesubstantiallytheconcentrationsof
contaminantmaterials,makingitamoredifficultwastetotreat.

Treatment
Themostcommonmethodofhandlingcollectedleachateisonsitetreatment.Whentreatingleachateonsite,the
leachateispumpedfromthesumpintothetreatmenttanks.Theleachatemaythenbemixedwithchemical
reagentstomodifythepHandtocoagulateandsettlesolidsandtoreducetheconcentrationofhazardousmatter.
Traditionaltreatmentinvolvedamodifiedformofactivatedsludgetosubstantiallyreducethedissolvedorganic
content.Nutrientimbalancecancausedifficultiesinmaintaininganeffectivebiologicaltreatmentstage.The
treatedliquorisrarelyofsufficientqualitytobereleasedtotheenvironmentandmaybetankeredorpipedtoa
localsewagetreatmentfacilitythedecisiondependsontheageofthelandfillandonthelimitofwaterqualitythat
mustbeachievedaftertreatment.Withhighconductivity,leachateishardtotreatwithbiologicaltreatmentor
chemicaltreatment.
Treatmentwithreverseosmosisisalsolimited,resultinginlowrecoveriesandfoulingoftheROmembranes.
Reverseosmosisapplicabilityislimitedbyconductivity,organics,andscalinginorganicelementssuchasCaSO4,
Si,andBa.
Leachatehasbeentreatedonapilotscalewithadvancedleachatecrystallizers.[8]Thesesystemsproduce
freshwaterandhighlyconcentrateddischargeand/orsolidsviaamultipleeffectshumidificationdehumidification
cycle.

Removaltosewersystem
Insomeolderlandfills,leachatewasdirectedtothesewers,butthiscancauseanumberofproblems.Toxicmetals
fromleachatepassingthroughthesewagetreatmentplantconcentrateinthesewagesludge,makingitdifficultor
dangeroustodisposeofthesludgewithoutincurringarisktotheenvironment.InEurope,regulationsandcontrols
haveimprovedinrecentdecades,andtoxicwastesarenownolongerpermittedtobedisposedofintheMunicipal
SolidWastelandfills,andinmostdevelopedcountriesthemetalsproblemhasdiminished.Paradoxically,however,
assewagetreatmentplantdischargesarebeingimprovedthroughoutEuropeandmanyothercountries,theplant
operatorsarefindingthatleachatesaredifficultwastestreamstotreat.Thisisbecauseleachatescontainveryhigh
ammoniacalnitrogenconcentrations,areusuallyveryacidic,areoftenanoxicand,ifreceivedinlargevolumes
relativetotheincomingsewageflow,lackthePhosphorusneededtopreventnutrientstarvationforthebiological
communitiesthatperformthesewagetreatmentprocesses.Theresultisthatleachatesareadifficulttotreatwaste
stream.However,withinagingmunicipalsolidwastelandfills,thismaynotbeaproblemasthepHreturnscloseto
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neutralaftertheinitialstageofacidogenicleachatedecomposition.Manysewerundertakerslimitmaximum
ammoniacalnitrogen[9]concentrationintheirsewersto250mg/ltoprotectsewermaintenanceworkers,asthe
WHO'smaximumoccupationalsafetylimitwouldbeexceededatabovepH9to10,whichisoftenthehighestpH
allowedinsewerdischarges.
Manyolderleachatestreamsalsocontainedavarietyofsyntheticorganicspeciesandtheirdecomposition
products,someofwhichhadthepotentialtobeacutelydamagingtotheenvironment.

Environmentalimpact
Therisksfromwasteleachateareduetoitshighorganiccontaminantconcentrationsandhighconcentrationof
ammonia.Pathogenicmicroorganismsthatmightbepresentinitareoftencitedasthemostimportant,but
pathogenicorganismcountsreducerapidlywithtimeinthelandfill,sothisonlyappliestothefreshestleachate.
Toxicsubstancesmay,however,bepresentinvariableconcentrations,andtheirpresenceisrelatedtothenatureof
thewastedeposited.
Mostlandfillscontainingorganicmaterialwillproducemethane,someofwhichdissolvesintheleachate.This
could,intheory,bereleasedinpoorlyventilatedareasinthetreatmentplant.AllplantsinEuropemustnowbe
assessedundertheEUATEXDirectiveandzonedwhereexplosionrisksareidentifiedtopreventfutureaccidents.
Themostimportantrequirementisthepreventionofthedischargeofdissolvedmethanefromuntreatedleachate
intopublicsewers,andmostsewagetreatmentauthoritieslimitthepermissibledischargeconcentrationof
dissolvedmethaneto0.14mg/l,or1/10ofthelowerexplosivelimit.Thisentailsmethanestrippingfromthe
leachate.
Thegreatestenvironmentalrisksoccurinthedischargesfromoldersitesconstructedbeforemodernengineering
standardsbecamemandatoryandalsofromsitesinthedevelopingworldwheremodernstandardshavenotbeen
applied.Therearealsosubstantialrisksfromillegalsitesandadhocsitesusedbyorganizationsoutsidethelawto
disposeofwastematerials.Leachatestreamsrunningdirectlyintotheaquaticenvironmenthavebothanacuteand
chronicimpactontheenvironment,whichmaybeverysevereandcanseverelydiminishbiodiversityandgreatly
reducepopulationsofsensitivespecies.Wheretoxicmetalsandorganicsarepresentthiscanleadtochronictoxin
accumulationinbothlocalandfardistantpopulations.Riversimpactedbyleachateareoftenyellowinappearance
andoftensupportsevereovergrowthsofsewagefungus.

Problemsandfailureswithcollectionsystems
Leachatecollectionsystemscanexperiencemanyproblemsincludingcloggingwithmudorsilt.Thecloggingcan
beexacerbatedbythegrowthofmicroorganismsintheconduit.Theconditionsinleachatecollectionsystemsare
idealformicroorganismstomultiply.Chemicalreactionsintheleachatemayalsocausecloggingthrough
generationofsolidresidues.Thechemicalcompositionofleachatecanweakenpipewalls,whichmaythenfail.

Othertypesofleachate
Leachatecanalsobeproducedfromlandthatwascontaminatedbychemicalsortoxicmaterialsusedinindustrial
activitiessuchasfactories,minesorstoragesites.Compostingsitesinareasofhighrainfallalsoproduceleachate.
Leachateisalsoassociatedwithstockpiledcoalandwithwastematerialsfrommetaloreminingandotherrock
extractionprocesses,especiallythoseinwhichsulfidecontainingmaterialsareexposedtoairproducingsulfuric
acid,oftenwithelevatedmetalconcentrations.

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Inthecontextofcivilengineering(morespecificallyreinforcedconcretedesign),leachatereferstotheeffluentof
pavementwashoff(thatmayincludemeltingsnowandicewithsalt)thatpermeatesthroughthecementpasteonto
thesurfaceofthesteelreinforcement,therebycatalyzingitsoxidationanddegradation.Leachatescanbegenotoxic
innature.[10]

References
1.Henry,J.Heinke,G.(1996)EnvironmentalScienceandEngineering,PrenticeHall,ISBN0131206508
2.DoEReportCWM039A+B/92(http://users.ox.ac.uk/~ayoung/landfill.html)Young,A.(1992)
3.WashingtonStateDepartmentofEcology,SolidWasteLandfillDesignManual(http://www.ecy.wa.gov/pubs/87013.pdf)
4.PresentandLongTermCompositionofMSWLandfillLeachate:AReview(http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.108
0/10643380290813462)"PeterKjeldsen,MortonA.Barlaz,AlixP.Rooker,AndersBaun,AnnaLedin,andThomasH.
Christensen"
5.HansardTheDepositofPoisonousWastesAct1972(http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/acts/depositofpoisonouswa
steact1972)
6.http://www.leachate.co.uk/html/an_introduction.html>.
7.Christensen,T.H.,R.Cossu,andR.Stegmann,eds.Landfillingofwasteleachate.London:ElsevierAppliedScience,
1992.Print
8.Frank,Mitchell."CaseStudy:LandfillLeachateCrystallizer"(PDF).CaseStudy:LandfillLeachateCrystallizer.
SaltworksTechnologiesInc.Retrieved2015.
9.DictionaryofEnvironmentalScienceandTechnologyThirdEditionAndrewPorteousISBN0471634700,pg25.
10.Singh,AChandra,SKumarGupta,SChauhan,LKKumarRath,S(Feb2007)."Mutagenicityofleachatesfrom
industrialsolidwastesusingSalmonellareversemutationassay".EcotoxicolEnvironSaf.66(2):2106.
doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2006.02.009.

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