A PROJECT ON

BALANCING OF SEVERAL MASSES AS BLADES ON A SINGLE AXIS AS IMPELLER

Submitted by:
AASHUTOSH VYAS (090460119007)
SARTHAK PATEL (090460119013)
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

GUIDED BY
Mr.JITENDRAKUMAR PATEL
Mechanical Engineering Department
Universal college of Engg. And Tech.
Gandhinagar

A Project Report Submitted to

Gujarat Technological University
In Particular Fulfill of the Requirements for
The Degree of Engineering
In Mechanical

UNIVERSAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

9th November 2012

Acknowledgement
Today in every field, practical training is an important role in marking a trainee a perfect person
in his work and also makes him punctual.
.
We extend our sincere thanks to Mr. JITENDRAKUMAR PATEL (Lecturer) & Mr. HITESH
PATEL (External Guide) for their kind suggestions while working at C B DOCTOR
VENTILATORS PVT. LTD. and for guiding during the course of this work.

We are thankful to Mrs. MITTAL PATEL, H.O.D. of Mechanical Department and Principal
Dr. N. K SHERSIA for their kind support.

My special thanks to my family members, for their unique support in successful completion of
Project. Finally I would like to thank each and every person who has directly or indirectly helped
in this project.

AASHUTOSH VYAS (090460119007)

SARTHAK PATEL (090460119013)

ABSTRACT
Throughout the more enterprising countries of the world, the benefits to industry of undertaking
on site, the complete servicing and repair of strategic rotating machines have long been
recognized and applied with considerable reward. The higher the capacity of the machines and
the more strategic their nature of operation to production demands, the greater are the benefits to
be realized in terms of reduced overall costs and machine downtime. Final machining and
balancing of many types of rotor assemblies have always been perceived as being amongst the
most difficult procedures to undertake on site, particularly with larger rotors and the higher speed
Flexible rotors.

Virtually all rotating components experience significant improvements when balanced.

Consumers throughout the global market continue to demand value in the products they
purchase. They demand performance - smaller, lighter, more efficient, more powerful, quieter,
smoother running and longer lasting. Balancing can contribute to each of these and is one of the
most cost effective means of providing value to the consumer.

UNIVERSAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Department of Mechanical Engineering

CERTIFICATE
Date:
09/11/2012

This is to certify that the Project-work entitled BALANCING OF SEVERAL MASSES AS

BLADES ON SINGLE AXIS AS IMPELLER has been carried out by AASHUTOSH VYAS
(090460119007) and SARTHAK PATEL (090460119013) under my guidance in fulfillment of
the degree of bachelor of engineering in MECHANICAL (7th semester) of Gujarat Technological
University during the academic year 2012-13.

Internal Guides:

Mr. Jitendrakumar Patel

(Lecturer)

Mrs. Mittal Patel

(Head of Mechanical Department)

TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CERTIFICATE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Introduction.6
Description...7
Literature Review.19
Realization plan for the problem.21
Project schedule.....25
Conclusion..26
Reference27

1. INTRODUCTION
Unbalance occurs in a rotating machine when the mass centerline and the geometric center of the
rotating part do not coincide on each other. Unbalanced rotors generate vibration which may
damage their components. In order to extend the life of the machine, vibration due to unbalance
must be reduced to acceptable level. Despite the ability to reduce unbalance to low levels, these
levels or limits must be defined. It would be uneconomical to exaggerate balancing quality
requirements. However, if the balancing quality is underestimated, it would reduce machine
reliability and availability. Moreover, sometimes demanding overqualified balancing reduces
machine availability by consuming necessary time in unnecessary balancing. Hence it is
necessary to balance rotors in a way that it strike balance between economically precise and
technically sound way.

The purpose of balancing a rotor is to help ensure that the machinery is safe and reliable. This is
achieved when the rotor mass and rotational centreline are as close to equal as possible.
Excessive unbalance can cause vibration and stress in the shaft or attached pieces. For example,
a generator with high shaft vibration can cause the overhung exciter to loosen and fail. Dynamic
forces can also be transmitted to supporting structures, such as the bearing housing or equipment
case. An unbalanced centrifuge on a common deck can cause vibration in adjacent pieces of
equipment. If operators have to walk on vibrating grating, this can cause annoyance and fatigue.
Excessive vibration can cause wear in bearings, seals, gears, etc. and reduce the life expectancy
of these parts.

We are working in C B DOCTOR VENTILATORS PVT LTD. For analyzing its unbalance
problem in their impeller and rotors. Our approach is to address the issue of unbalance of rotors
from its core which means we are trying to solve the problem while all manufacturing processes
are being done on rotors from beginning. This approach will prove to be useful to reduce the
quantity of unbalance to levels of tolerable limits. If it is done with care using all the knowledge
of data available, possibility of minimum balancing time or no balancing time cant be ruled out.

This report provides brief of different unbalanced conditions with its type, and criteria used when
balancing rotating equipment.

2. DESCRIPTION
As a rotor spins, centrifugal forces act upon it. The surface around the periphery is stressed as
particles are pulled outward from the axis of rotation. If all of these radial forces are equal, the
rotor is said to be balanced and should not vibrate. However, if the rotor contains a heavy spot to
one side, these radial forces will not cancel and the unbalanced force will tend to pull the rotor
from the centre of rotation
.
The location of the mass center and the principal inertia axes are determined by the distribution
of mass within the part. Unbalance exists when the axis of rotation is not coincident with a
principal inertia axis. It is important to draw a distinction between unbalance and balance
correction. Unbalance is a mass property. It becomes a characteristic of the part when an axis of
rotation is defined. Balance correction is a means to alter the mass properties to improve the
alignment of the axis of rotation with the mass center and/or the central principal axis. Both can
be expressed as weights and radii and have shared terminology.

Balancing is the process by which we learn the amount and position of the heavy spot so we can
either add an equal amount of weight to the opposite side of the rotor or remove at the heavy
spot. We know that the more unbalance we have, the greater force, and thus, the greater the
vibration amplitude. For this reason, we use amplitude of vibration to help us to determine the
amount of unbalance we have.

At the start of a balancing problem we have no idea how large the heavy spot is nor do we know
where the part is located.

If an unbalance weight is added to a perfectly balanced rotor, the part will vibrate at a frequency
equal to its rotating speed. The part will vibrate with certain amplitude, and a reference mark on
the park will appear.
By adding a trial weight to the unbalanced part, one of the three things might happen:
1) First, we might add the trial weight on the heavy spot. If we do, the vibration will
increase, but the reference mark will appear in the same position in the it did on the
original run. To balance the part all we have to do is move the trial weight directly
opposite to its initial position and adjust the amount of weight until we achieve a
satisfactory balance.
2) The second thing that could happen is that we could add the trial weight in exactly the
right location opposite the heavy spot. If the trial weight were less than the unbalance, we
would see a decrease in vibration. To balance the part all we have to do is to increase the
weight until we achieve a satisfactory level.
If the trial weight were larger than the unbalance, then its position now be the heavy spot.
In this case, all we would have to do to balance the part is reduce the amount of trial
weight until we achieve a satisfactory level.
3) The third thing that can happen by adding a trial weight is the usual one where the trial
weight is added neither at the heavy spot nor in the position opposite to it. In this case,
the angle and direction the trial weight must be increased or decreased to be equal and
opposite the original unbalance heavy spot is determined by vector diagram.

Any rigid rotor can be balanced in any two planes on the rotor. For convenience, most rotors are
balanced in the two planes nearest the bearing journals, since access to add weights is usually
convenient and the weights have the greatest effect on the vibration level. This approach to
balancing is referred to as the influence coefficient method of balancing. It involves observing
the original vibration occurring in a rotor, then adding calibration (trial) weights in each of the
two selected balancing planes. The result of these readings are calculated in the instrument to
give a balance weight to be added in each of the two planes. When the rotor is being balanced in

a balancing machine, direct reading of unbalance may be available and calibration runs may not
be required.

2.1) STATIC UNBALANCE:

A condition of static unbalance exists when the mass center does not lie on the axis of
rotation. Static unbalance is also known as Force Unbalance. As defined, static unbalance is an
ideal condition, it has the additional condition that the axis of rotation be parallel to the central
principal axis . No couple unbalance.

Fig. no. 2.1.1

Static unbalance has the units of weightlength or masslength and is expressed
U=w.r
where w is weight (or m is mass) and r is the effective radius of the weight.

2.2) DYNAMIC UNBALANCE:

The most general case of unbalance in which the central principal axis is not parallel to and does
not intersect the axis of rotation.

Fig. no. 2.2.1

2.3) COUPLE UNBALANCE

It is that condition of unbalance where the Principal Axis of Inertia intersects the Shaft Axis at
the Center of Gravity (CG) of the rotor. An illustration of couple unbalance is shown in Figure .
If we used the same example as we did with static unbalance and placed a rotor with couple
unbalance on knife edges, it would not roll to the bottom but would appear to be in balance.
Couple unbalance can only be seen if the rotor is turning and is best described in everyday terms
as a wobble. Couple unbalance is two equal weights in two different planes 180 degrees from
each other.

Fig. no. 2.3.1

2.4) QUASI-STATIC UNBALANCE:

A special form of dynamic unbalance in which the static and couple unbalance vectors lie in the
same plane. The central principal axis intersects the axis of rotation, but the mass centre does not
lie on the axis of rotation. This is the case where an otherwise balanced rotor is altered (weight

added or removed) in a plane some distance from the mass centre. The alteration creates a static
unbalance as well as a couple unbalance. Conversely, a rotor with quasi-static unbalance can be
balanced with a single correction of the right magnitude in the appropriate plane.

Fig. no. 2.4.1

In the case of static unbalance, as long as the distance from the center of gravity times the radius
at which the weight is added times the amount of weight is equal, two or more different weights
can be used. In Figure 5, if the distance to the plane containing one weight is twice the distance
as to the other weight and the radius at which the weights are placed are the same, then only half
as much weight is required in that plane.

Couple unbalance is a little easier since the distance from the CG is not important. As long as the
weight times the radius for both weights are equal, then both portions of the couple are equal.
For example, if the radius at which one weight is added is twice the radius of the other, then only
half as much weight is required. If the radius can remain the same, the position of the couple
weights along the axis of the rotor can be adjusted by the distance between the weights. For
example, couple weights that weigh 5 grams and are 20 inches apartwould be equal to couple
weights that weigh 10 grams and are 10 inches apart.Dynamic unbalance is also referred to as
two plane unbalance, indicating that correction is Required in two planes to fully eliminate
dynamic unbalance. A two plane balance specification is normally expressed in terms of wr per
plane and must include the axial location of the correction planes to be complete. Dynamic

unbalance captures all the unbalance which exists in a rotor. This type of unbalance can only be
measured on a rotating balancer since it includes couple unbalance.

Any rigid rotor can be balanced in any two planes on the rotor. For convenience, most rotors are
balanced in the two planes nearest the bearing journals, since access to add weight is usually
convenient and the weights have the greatest effect on the vibration level. This approach to
balancing is referred to as the influence coefficient method of balancing. It involves observing
the original vibration occurring in a rotor, then adding calibration (trial) weights in each of the
two selected balancing planes. The result of these readings are calculated in the instrument to
give a balance weight to be added in each of the two planes. When the rotor is being balanced in
a balancing machine, direct reading of unbalance may be available and calibration runs may not
be required. There are several type rotors, however, that have characteristics that lend themselves
to a different type of weight correction. Rotors that are dominated by static unbalance may be
better corrected by spacing the static corrections in several (or numerous) planes along the rotor
length. Narrow plane rotors normally respond better by balancing the static unbalance first and
then reducing the couple unbalance to an acceptable level. A rotor is considered as a narrow
plane rotor if the distance between the correction planes is less than 1/3 of the distance between
the bearing journals.

Any rotor with an uneven distribution of mass about its axis of rotation has an unbalance. Figure
shows a rotor with an unbalance caused by an extra mass m. A similar effect is created by
out of centre machining, non uniform windings in armatures, blades of different sizes on rotors,
internal flaws in casting, uneven density of material etc.

When rotor rotates, the extra mass m exerts a centrifugal force. This centrifugal force moves
around with the rotating mass and causes deformation to the shaft and vibration to the system.
Since excessive vibrations are objectionable, we try to reduce them and are done by reducing
Unbalance.

The unbalance U of the rotor is given by:

U = m*r
m = unbalance mass.
r = Radius at which this mass is located.
It is seen that unbalance U is independent of speed and it exists even when the rotor is
stationary. When the unbalanced rotor rotates, the centrifugal force is given by:
F = mv2 = mr2 = U2
v = Linear velocity
= Angular Velocity
This is clear that the centrifugal force F is directly proportional to the unbalance U hence we
can reduce this force and therefore vibration by reducing unbalance.

What is the effect of unbalance on a rotating part? At one extreme, if the rotor mounts are rigid,
the forces exerted at the bearing supports can be very high and potentially damaging. The forces
are a function of the unbalance. They are the centrifugal forces described earlier. At the other
extreme, with flexible mounts, the part is loosely constrained and may exhibit large amplitudes
of displacement. The amplitude of vibration is proportional to unbalance and limited by the
distance between the mass center and the axis of rotation. Most applications are a combination of
both.

Amplitude Ratio and Frequency Ratio are non-dimensional measures of displacement and speed
respectively. Frequency Ratio is speed with respect to the systems natural frequency, both
expressed in similar units; i.e. rpm, Hz, rad/sec. Amplitude Ratio is displacement, x, with respect
to the unbalanced mass eccentricity, e from U = me. At low speeds, displacement is small with
respect to the mass center offset. It increases slowly as the centrifugal force increases. At higher
speeds, more than twice the natural frequency, displacement varies little with speed or damping

and approaches a limit of the unbalanced mass eccentricity. At speeds near resonance (/n = 1)
displacement can be very large and varies greatly with the damping ratio, = c/cc.

The relationship of the location of the unbalance force with respect to the shaft center and
rotational axis is greatly affected by the proximity of the shaft speed to the lateral natural
frequency. Recall that the amount of unbalance is defined as the mass of the disc times the
eccentricity of the center-of-gravity (CG). Well below the critical speed, the high side of the
whirling shaft coincides with the angular location of the CG . As the running speed of the rotor
approaches the critical speed, the center of rotation begins to shift toward the CG . At resonance,
the phase angle between the exciting force (direction of the unbalance) and the actual vibration
(high side) will be 90.
After getting the brief of the types of balancing, we take a look at what kind of machine is used
in the industry and understand its fundamentals.
In C B DOCTOR VENTILATORS PVT. LTD. They use a horizontal balancing machine. Here
we take a summary of types of balancing machines available.
Classification of Balancing Machine
Balancing Machine

Soft
bearing

Hard
bearing

Vertical

Single
plane

Horizonta
l

Two
planes

Belt
drive

End
drive

Combin
ed belt
and end
drive

Hard Bearing
Machine

Balancing Soft Bearing

Machine

Balancing

Outline

Dynamic balancing machine

that detects unbalancing as a
centrifugal force by using
solid supporting systems for
bearing

Dynamic balancing machine

that detects unbalancing as a
vibration by using flexible
supporting systems for bearing

Method of Detection

Detects centrifugal force that

acts on bearing
a. Measures a small
displacement between
bearing benches when
bearing are supported
by hard springs.
b. A force detector is
attached
to
the
passageway of a force
between frame and
bearing.

Detects vibration of the

bearing. A velocity detector is
attached to the passageway of
a force between frame and
bearing.

Natural
frequency
of The natural frequency of The natural frequency of
bearing supporting system bearing is higher than the bearing is lower than the
and test revolution speed
revolution n speed.
revolution n speed.

Suitable rotors

Rotors that are manufactured

in multi small-item lot
production,
thus
the
calculating circuit setting has
to be changed frequently.
Rotors that spend more time in
starting
and
stopping
reactions, thus it take time to
set circuit calculation. Rotors
have large initial unbalance.

Table No. 1

Rotors that are manufactured

in multi small-item lot
production,
thus
the
calculating circuit setting must
not be changed frequently.
Light weight rotors. Very high
speed rotors.

2.5) CORRECTIONS
When unbalance has been identified and quantified, the correction is straight forward. Weight
has to be either added or removed from the rotating element. The ultimate aim being to reduce
the uneven mass distribution so that the centrifugal forces and hence the vibrations induced in
the supporting structures are at an acceptable level.
2.5.1) Field Balancing
Many rotors can often be balanced in place, running at their own operating speed, with minimum
disassembly. To balance in place, of course, a basic requirement is that the rotor has to be
accessible to make corrections. Machines such as fans and blowers are good candidates. Totally
enclosed motor armatures and pump impellers are not. The technique of balancing in place is
referred to as Field Balancing and it offers some distinct advantages including:

Balancing is performed on the complete assembled machine and compensates for the

assembly tolerances discussed earlier.

Costly and time-consuming disassembly to remove the rotor to a balancing machine is

eliminated.
The effects of temperature, pressure, distortion and other environmental influences can be

incorporated.
The resultant vibration can be the tolerance applied to the rotor, rather than the published
balance tolerances normally used in a balancing machine.

This is particularly advantageous if the supporting structure is close to a resonance. The

unbalance in the rotor may have to be adjusted to abnormally fine levels to minimize the
resultant resonant structural vibration Modern instruments such as vibration analyzers, data
collectors and portable balancers provide accurate information to assist in the balancing process.
The vibration level measured at the rotating speed frequency is used as an indicator of the
amount of unbalance. The location is determined by measuring the phase. Phase, (the relative
motion of one part of a machine to another) is measured by means of a stroboscopic light or by
an indicator in the instrument, triggered by a photocell.

It is imperative that the vibration measured is a result of the unbalance and not some other
exiting force. Only a detailed, thorough, analysis can identify where the vibration measured is
coming from. Many sources of vibration can occur at the rotating speed frequency. (1) When
field balancing, trial weights for balance computation and permanent weights for final correction
are normally added to the rotor. Care should be taken when attaching weights. They should be
attached securely so that they cannot fly off when the machine is operating. They not only
constitute a personnel safety hazard but also can cause damage. Loose balance weights rattling
around inside a turbine for example can wreck the machine.

3. LITERATURE REVIEW

Sr.
no.
1

Technical paper title

DYNAMIC
ROTORS

BALANCING

Author
OF DR. RAJIV TIWARI
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
INDIAN
INSTITUTE
OF
TECHNOLOGY GUWAHATI 781039

DYNAMIC BALANCING

RANDALL L FOX
DISTRICT MANAGER

IRD MECHANALYSIS
DESIGN OF A LOW-COST MIKLS T. KONCZ
BALANCING MACHINE
AERO-TARGET
BT.
FOR THE GAS TURBINE OF KISKUNFLEGYHZA, HUNGARY
UAVS

PRIMER ON
DYNAMIC BALANCING

STATIC
AND
DYNAMIC BRUEL AND KAJER
BALANCING OF ROTORS
THE DYNAMIC BALANCING J. ~T. KING-SALLER,
OF ROTATING MASSES
M.INST., N.A.

JIM LYONS
INTERNATIONAL SALES MANAGER
IRD BALANCING DIV.
ENTEKIRD INTERNATIONAL

DYNAMIC BALANCING
JIM LYONS
CAUSES, CORRECTIONS AND
CONSEQUENCES

THE BASICS OF BALANCING

TECHNIQUES FOR ROTOR

BALANCE IN SITE

GARY K. GRIM
JOHN W. HAIDLER
BRUCE J. MITCHELL, JR.
S.L AN, L.M. YNGL

R.C.N.C.,

10

11
12

ROTATING
MACHINERY J.G. YANG
VIBRATION
ANALYSIS AND ENGINEERING
APPLICATIONS
VIBRATION AND ACCIDENT OF W. X. SHI, J. B. SHI.
TURBOGENERATOR
JOURNAL OF VIBRATION
P.GNILKA
Table no. 2

After reviewing these and few more pages we understood the basic of balancing and found a
whole new direction to explore in order to solve the problem.

4. REALIZATION PLAN OF THE PROBLEM

After studying technical papers we realized that we have to stop unbalance in rotors from its
origin. So we had to dig deep to find the causes of unbalance of rotors and the procedure we have
to undergo to reduce the unbalance to the permissible limit. Causes for unbalance can be
classified in following types

1. Manufacturing causes
Many causes are listed as contributing to an unbalance condition, including material
problems such as density, porosity, voids and blowholes. Fabrication problems such as
misshapen castings, eccentric machining and poor assembly. Distortion problems such as
rotational stresses, aerodynamics and temperature changes. Even inherent rotor design
criteria that cannot be avoided. Many of these occur during manufacture, others during the
operational life of the machine. Whilst some corrections for eccentricity can be counteracted
by balancing, it is a compromise. Dynamic balancing should not be a substitute for poor
machining or other compromise manufacturing practices. In the manufacturing process, if
proper care is taken to ensure that castings are sound and machining is concentric, then it
follows that the two axis will coincide and the assembled rotor will be in a state of balance.
2. Assembly causes
There are many reasons why unbalance occurs when a rotor is being fabricated. Principle
among these is a stack up of tolerances. When a well-balanced shaft and a well-balanced
rotor are united, the necessary assembly tolerances can permit radial displacement, which
will produce an out of balance condition. The addition of keys and keyways adds to the
problem. Although an ISO standard does exist for Shaft and Fitment Key Conventions, in
practice, different manufacturers follow their own procedures. Some use a full key, some a
half key, and some no key at all. Thus, when a unit is assembled and the permanent key is

added, unbalance will often be the result.Failure to do so will mean that the low-level balance
tolerances specified in these standards will be impossible to achieve.
3. Installed machine cause
When a rotor has been in service for some time, various other factors can contribute to the
balance condition. These include corrosion, wear, distortion, and deposit build up. Deposits
can also break off unevenly, which can lead to severe unbalance. This particularly applies to
fans, blowers, compressors and other rotating devices handling process variables. Routine
inspection and cleaning can minimize the effect, but eventually the machines will have to be
removed from service for balancing. Large unbalances will of course require large weight
corrections and unless care is taken, this can have a detrimental effect on the integrity of the
rotor. Concentrating a weight adjustment (whether adding or taking away) at a given point
can weaken the rotor. For example paper rolls are fabricated from tubing and large additions
or removal of weight can effect the strength of the walls of the roll. This may cause it to
deflect when spinning at operating speed and thus induce harmful vibrations on the bearings
and paper machine frame.

4. Other Causes
Another cause of unbalance that is not readily apparent, is the difference between types of
rotors. There are two distinct types - rigid and flexible. If a rotor is operating within 70% 75% of its critical speed (the speed at which resonance occurs, i.e. its natural frequency) it
can be considered to be a flexible rotor. If it is operating below that speed it is considered
rigid. A rigid rotor can be balanced at the two end planes and will stay in balance when in
service. A flexible rotor will require multi-plane balancing. If a rotor is balanced on a low
speed balancing machine assuming it is rigid and then in service becomes flexible, then
unbalance and thus high vibration, will be the result. Typical machines, which fit this
category, include steam and gas turbines, multistage centrifugal pumps, compressors and
paper rolls. In the paper industry particularly, use of roll balancing methods that were
satisfactory when paper machines were running at low speed, are now inadequate. As older
machines speed up and new high-speed machines are installed, precision roll balancing is

mandatory. Failure to do so will result in roll deflections which can effect product quality and
even cause structural damage.
After deciding the effect of the causes we have to evaluate the value of permissible unbalance
according to the operating condition of its use. It can be done following this method. The
vibration standards commonly used in industry put their criteria based on the Unbalance
response (vibration amplitude) irrespective of rotor and foundation stiffness. Also, the magnitude
of the force generated due to unbalance and rotor mass are not addressed. In balancing, the mass,
stiffness and vibration of an unbalanced rotor are related through a parameter called influence
vector.

4.1) Unbalance: Existing and Limit

The term "unbalance" is referred to two quantities. First is the balancing acceptanc limit of a
rotor and is usually called permissible or allowable unbalance. Second I Determination of
Balancing Quality Limit the existing or residual unbalance in a rotor. In acceptance tests, the
following logic is implicitly applied:
ULimit > UExisting this Balancing Quality within Tolerance (Accepted)
ULimit < UExisting this Balancing Quality out of Tolerance (Rejected)

When Field Balancing, acceptable balancing is related to the vibration level. If the vibration level
is acceptable, the balance level is acceptable. When balancing in a balancing machine, a guide is
required that equates the level of unbalance in the rotor to what will be an acceptable vibration
level when the rotor is installed and operating in its own environment. The most widely used
guide is the ISO Standard referenced earlier. It is important to review ISO Standard 1940/1 for an
unbalance tolerance when using the static/couple method of balancing in a balancing machine.
The shape of a rotor dictates the unbalance tolerance and becomes a large factor at the extremes
of rotor dimensions. For example, if the normal unbalance tolerance for a symmetrical rotor is

applied to a narrow plane rotor, the resulting couple unbalance may be 5 to 6 times better than
required. This can result in excessive removal of metal or addition of more weight than is
required to achieve acceptable forces at the bearings due to the couple unbalance. In the same
manner, the static unbalance in an overhung rotor requires the unbalance tolerance be reduced at
the major load carrying bearing to achieve acceptable forces on the bearings.

5. PROJECT PLAN

6. CONCLUSION

The use of the static/couple method of balancing in field balancing should be used with some
type rotors, especially rotors dominated by static unbalance, narrow plane rotors and overhung
rotors to reduce balancing time and improve the results. Other applications include reducing the
flex or bow in rotors and reducing the vibration level at resonance frequencies, especially those
associated with static unbalance.

When using the static/couple method of balancing in a

balancing machine, it isimportant to apply ISO Standards properly to establish realistic

tolerances for both the static and the couple unbalance.

Most of todays instrumentation includes the ability to display both the correction as well as the
vibration level in a static/couple mode. If not, computer programs and calculators are available to
perform this function. Placing correction weights with or against rotation differs from instrument
to instrument. Specific procedures to solve for static/couple unbalance are available for certain
instruments.

When unbalance has been identified and quantified, the correction is straightforward. Weight has
to be either added or removed from the rotating element. The ultimate aim being to reduce the
uneven mass distribution so that the centrifugal forces and hence the vibrations induced in the
supporting structures are at an acceptable level. Everything that rotates needs to be in a state of
balance to ensure smooth running when in operation. Precision balancing is essential to the
manufacture of rotating equipment and to the repair and renovation of installed machines. As
machine speeds increase, the effects of unbalance become more detrimental. Modern technology
allows for accurate balancing to be performed both in the field and in the workshop. Increased
time between outages and availability for production is the prime benefit.

7. REFENRECE

1. Dynamic balancing of rotors by Dr. Rajiv Tiwari

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati 781039
2. Dynamic balancing by Randall L Fox
3. Design of a low-cost balancing machine for the gas turbine of UAVs by MIKLS T.
KONCZ
AERO-TARGET Bt. Kiskunflegyhza, Hungary
4. Primer on dynamic balancing by Jim Lyons
International Sales Manager
IRD Balancing Div.
EntekIRD International
5. THE DYNAMIC BALANCING OF ROTATING MASSES by J. ~T. KING-SAL'l'ER,
R.C.N.C., M.Inst., N.A.
6. ROTATING MACHINERY VIBRATION by Maurice L Adams Jr. , case western
university, Cleveland, Ohio
7. 2011 Guideline for Mechanical Balance of Fans and Blowers
8. Shigley, Joseph E. and Vicker, John J., Jr., "Theory of Machines and Mechanisms",McGraw Hill
inc., 1980.
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