Geography Tnpsctamil in Model Questions

2014 SPECIAL
TNPSC Group II & VAO

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Rw;Wg;Gwr; Roiy mwpa cjTk; kdpjDk;

Gtpapd; gFjpfs; vit?
ghiwf;Nfhsk;> ePHf;Nfhsk;> tspf;
Nfhsk;
kw;
Rw;
Wg;Gwr;
RWk; capHf;Nfhsk;
kdpjHfs;> tpyq;Ffs;> jhtuq;fs;> fhyepiy>
ghiwfs; kw;Wk; kz; Mfpa
oYk;
fhuzpfspilNa nranyjpHr; nray;fs; eilngWtJ vJ?
Gtpapaypy; xU nghJj; njhFjp
gjpndl;lhk; E}w;whz;bd; Jtf;fj;jpy; Vw;gl;l njhopw;Gul;rp vtw;wpw;F
tpj;jpl;lJ?
mwptpay; njhopy; El;g tsHr;rpf;F tpj;jpl;lJ
,aw;ifahd Rw;Wg;Gwr; #oYf;Fk; kdpjHfSf;Fk; ,ilNaahd njhlHG
uPjpahd khw;wq;fs; vit?
(1) czT Nrfupj;jy; kw;Wk; Ntl;ilahLjy; fhyk;
(2) tsHg;G tpyq;Ffs; kw;Wk; Nka;r;ry; fhyk;
(3) tsHg;Gg; gapHfs; kw;Wk; Ntshz;ikf; fhyk;
(4) mwptpay; njhopy;El;gk; kw;Wk; njhopy;kakhjy; fhyk;
,aw;ifiar; rhHe;J tho;e;j kdpjHfs; vt;thW miof;fg;gl;ldH?
,aw;ifapd; kf;fs;
Rw;Wg;Gwr; #oiy kdpjHfs; jq;fspd; tpUg;gj;jpw;F Vw;g khw;wp mikj;Jf;
nfhs;s Kf;fpakhd rf;jpfspy; xd;W vJ?
neUg;G
gz;ila kdpjHfs; vjw;fhf tpyq;Ffis tPLfspy; tsHf;ff; fw;Wf;
nfhz;ldH?
RaNjitf;F
kdpjHfspilNa rKjha tho;T kyu J}z;LNfhyhf mike;jd vit?
tsHg;G tpyq;Ffs;
kdpjHfspd; eltbf;iffspdhy; Rw;Wr;#oypd; kPJ jpzpf;fg;gl;l khw;wq;fs;
midj;Jk; ve;j tiuaiwf;Fs; mike;jpUe;jd?
,aw;ifapd; Ra xOq;F Kiw ,af;fk;
Rw;Wg;Gwr; #oypd; xU gFjpahd capupdq;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; kdpjj;
jpwikfSf;F xU iky;fy;yhf fUjg;gLtJ vJ?
jhtuq;fis tsHg;Gg; gapHfshf khw;wpaikj;jJ
kdpj rKjhaj;jpy; goikahd Ntshz;KiwfSk; ,lg;ngaHT tho;f;if
KiwfSk; Njhd;w vJ J}z;LNfhyhf mike;jd?
tsHg;Gg; gapHfs;
Ke;ija ehfupfq;fs; Njhd;wpajw;F mbg;gilahf tpsq;fpaJ vJ?
Mw;wq;fiu ehfupfq;fs;
Ntshz;ik fhLfspd; moptpw;F Kf;fpa fhuzk; vJ?
goikahd Ntshz;Kiwfspy; xd;whd ,lg;ngaHT
njw;F kw;Wk; njd;fpof;F Mrpahtpd; kiyg;gpuNjrq;fspy; eilngw;W tUtJ
vJ?
goikahd Ntshz;Kiw
kdpjHfs; jq;fSf;nfd;W xU Rw;Wg;Gwr;#oiyj; Njhw;Wtpj;j #oy; vt;thW
miof;fg;gl;lJ?
fyhr;rhu Rw;Wg;Gwr;#oy;
njhopw;Gul;rpf;Fg; gpd;dH kf;fspd; tho;f;ifj; juj;ij caHj;jpaJ vit?
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mwptpaYk; njhopy;El;gKk;
Rw;Wg;Gwr;#oypd; kPjhd jhf;fq;fspd; ,uz;L ngUk; gpupTfs; vit?
(1) Neubj;jhf;Fjy; (2) kiwKfj;jhf;Fjy;
epygad;ghL khw;wq;fs;> fl;Lkhdg;gzpfs;> ePHepiy kw;Wk; Ruq;f mfo;Tfs;>
Ntshz; nraw;ghLfs; thdpiyia khw;Wfpd;w nray;jpl;lq;fs; Kjyhdit
vit?
Neubj;jhf;Fjy;
Rw;Wg;Gwr; #o;njhFjpfSf;Fs; nrYj;jg;gLk; er;Rg;nghUl;fSk;
njhopw;rhiyf;fopTfSk; vupthAtpdhy; cz;lhFk; er;Rg;GifAk;
mj;njhFjpia kiwKfkhfj; jhf;FtJ vit?
kiwKfj;jhf;Fjy;
Rw;WGwr; #o;njhFjpj; jhf;fq;fs; vit?
(1) fhLfspd; mopT> (2) thdpiy khw;wg;gLjy;> (3) epyj;jbePH cwpQ;rg;gLjy;>
(4) er;Rg;nghUl;fspd; ntspNaw;wk;> (5) i`l;Nuh fhHgd;fis vupj;jy;
(6) XNrhd; glyj;jpd; rPuopT
thdpiy epfo;r;rpapy; ve;j njhopy;El;gk; kz;lyf; fhyepiyia
khw;wptpLfpwJ?
Nkftpijg;G
kioNkfq;fspd; kPJ jplepiyapYs;s fhHgd; -il - Mf;i]L kw;Wk;
mNahbd; $l;Lg;nghUisj; njspj;J mk;Nkfq;fisf; Fspu itj;J
cUthf;fg;gLtJ vJ?
nraw;ifahf kio
xU fdfpNyh kPl;lH Nkfj;ij FspHtpf;f vd;d msT jplepiyapYs;s
fhHgd; - il Mf;i]L kw;Wk; mNahbd; NrHe;j fyit Njitg;gLk;?
rpy 100 fpuhk;
ngupa Mw;wpd; FWf;Nf mizfisf; fl;b nraw;ifahf ePHj;Njf;fq;fis
mikg;gjd; tpisthf ePuOj;jk; $b me;ePHg;gug;gpd; mbapYs;s ghiwfs;
mOj;jg;gl;L cUthFtJ vJ?
epymjpHTfs;
g+r;rpf; nfhy;ypfSk; cuq;fSk; mtw;wpd; gad;ghl;bdhy; ntspNaWfpd;w
er;Rg;nghUl;fs; #o;njhFjpapy; cl;GFe;J vtw;iw khw;wptpLfpwJ?
czTr;rq;fpyp kw;Wk; czT tiyfs;
czTr;rq;fpyp %ykhf jhapd; njhg;Gs;nfhb topahff; fUtpy; tsUfpd;w
rpRitAk; ghjpg;gJ vJ?
er;Rf;fs;
tspkz;lyj;jpy; ,ay;ghd ntg;gepiyAk; $Ljyhfp ntg;gr; rkepiy
rPHFiya itg;gJ vJ?
i`l;Nuh fhHgd;fis vupj;jy;
tspkz;lyj;jpy; ve;j rPuoptpdhy; Gw Cjhf;fjpHfspd; ntg;gMw;wy; Fiwthf
cl;fpufpf;fg;gLfpwJ?
XNrhd; glyk;
mjpfupf;Fk; ntg;gj;jpdhYk; XNrhd; glyr; rPuoptpdhYk; vd;d NeupLfpwJ?
Njhy;Gw;WNeha;> Fiwe;j xspr;NrHf;if> cw;gj;jp FiwT Nghd;wit
tspkz;lyj;jpd; $Ljy; ntg;gj;jpdhy; FiwtJ vJ?
fly; jhtuq;fspd; xspr;NrHf;if msT
yhHth kw;Wk; gpshq;ld; capupfspd; ,wg;G tpfpjKk; ghjpg;Gf;F cs;shtJ
vjdhy;?
/igl;Nlh gpshq;ldpd; cw;gj;jp FiwT
Rw;Wr; #oypd; kPjhd ekJ typikiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;jg; GtpapayhsHfs; ve;j
Gjpa Nfhl;ghl;bidf; ifahSfpd;wdH?
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33.
fl;Lg;ghl;Lj; njhFjp(Control system)

Gtpapd; kpfg;gue;j #o;njhFjpahf fUjg;gLtJ vJ?
capHf;Nfhsk;
Gtpj;njhFjp mwptpay;
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Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;gpy; fhzg;gLk; ekJ Gtp> #upaj; njhFjpapy; jdpj;j

rpwg;Gld; tpsq;FtJ vJ?
capupdq;fspdhy;
kdpjHfs; fle;j vj;jid Mz;Lfshf cyfshtpa khw;wq;fis ve;j
mstpw;Ff; nfhz;L te;Js;sdH vd;gijg; gw;wpa mwpT gd;klq;fhf
caHe;Js;sJ?
Kg;gJ Mz;Lfs;
epyj;JlDk;> ePUlDk;> fhw;WlDk; capupdq;fs; Gupfpd;w nranyjpHTfspdhy;
vtw;wpy; Rw;Wg;Gwr; #oy;fs; cUthfpd;wd?
Nfhs; njhFjp
cyfshtpa khw;wq;fs; vtw;iwf; fhl;bYk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jd?
fhyepiy khw;wq;fs;
cyfshtpa ve;j tpjpf;Fs; khw;wq;fis Muha;tJ fbdkhFk;?
fhuzq;fs; - tpisTfs;
tpisthf Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs; ve;j gupkhzq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd?
tl;lhuk;> kz;lyk;
mZFKiwfspy; xd;whf ve;jf; Nfhl;ghL fUjg;gLfpd;wJ?
Gtpj;njhFjpf; Nfhl;ghL
Gtpj;njhFjp Nfhl;ghl;il ve;j ehl;L ty;Yeuhy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ?
thy;BH ntHdhd;]f
; p (Valdimir vernadsky) ,u~;a ehl;ilr; NrHe;j fdpk
ty;YeH (1920 Mk; Mz;L)
Gtp Rw;Wg;Gwr;#oy; vd;gJ mjd; njhlHGfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;
xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l xU cyfshfpa njhFjp vd;d?
tspkz;lyk;> Nguhop> epyk; kw;Wk; capupdq;fs; Mfpatw;wpdpilNa
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f msthFk;.
#upaf;FLk;gj;jpy; vJ kpfr; rpwg;ghdJ?
ekJ Gtpapd; miktplk;
Gtp Njhd;wpa fhyj;jpy; cUthd fly;fSk; fhuzpfshf ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;
vdf;fUjg;gLtJ vJ?
tspkz;ly kPj;Njd; fhHgd; -il - Mf;i]L> ePH> mNkhdpah Mfpait
Muk;g fhyj;jpy; Gtpia Mf;fpukpj;jpUe;j Kjy; capupdk; vJ?
jhtuq;fs;
Gtp ve;j tbtkhdJ?
Nfhstbtk;
Gtpj;njhFjpf;F ,U mirTfs; cs;sd mit ahit?
(1) Gtp mjd; mr;rpy; jd;idj; jhNd Rw;wpf;nfhs;tJ>
(2) Gtp jdJ rha;e;j mr;rpy; Rod;W nfhz;L #upaidAk; tyk; tUfpd;wJ
Gtpapd; mr;Rf;Nfhzk; vt;tsT?
23 1/20
gUtfhyq;fs; vtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; tifg; gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd?
ntg;gepiyapd; mbg;gil
gUtfhyq;fs; ehd;F tifg;gLk; mit ahit?
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(1) tre;j fhyk;> (2) Nfhilf;fhyk;> (3) ,iyAjpHfhyk;

(4) FspHfhyk; vd;w ehd;F gUtq;fs; xU tUlj;jpy; cs;sd
GtpnjhFjpapd; capuw;w gFjpfs; vit?
(1) ghiwf;Nfhsk;
(2) ePHf;Nfhsk; kw;Wk;
(3) tspf;Nfhsk; Mfpa %d;Wk; GtpnjhFjpapd; capuw;w gFjpfshFk;
Gtpj;njhFjp vtw;wpd; Jizj;njhFjp vdf; fUjg;gLfpwJ?
Nfhs;njhFjp
RkhH vj;jid gpy;ypad; tUlq;fSf;F Kd;dH #upad; vd;w el;rj;jpuj;ijr;
Rw;wp thAf;fSk; J}RfSk; fhzg;gl;ld?
RkhH 5 gpy;ypad;
Gjd;> nts;sp> Gtp> nrt;tha;> tpahod;> rdp> ANud];> neg;ba+d;> G@l;Nlh
Mfpa xd;gJ Nfhs;fisAk; Vwf;Fiwa 90 Jizf;Nfhs;fisAk;
cs;slf;fpait vit?
Nfhs; njhFjp
Gtp kw;Wk; nrt;tha; Mfpa Nfhs;fs; rpwpa cUtj;Jld; ngUksT
ghiwfisAk; rpwpjsT thAf;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ vJ?
ghiwf;Nfhs;fs;
tpahod;> rdp> ANud]; kw;Wk; neg;ba+d; Mfpa Nfhs;fs; ngupa cUtj;Jld;
rpwpjsT ghiwfisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ vJ?
thAf;Nfhs;fs;
Nfhs; njhFjpapd; filrpapy; mike;Js;s cUtj;jpy; kpfr;rpwpaJ vJ?
G@l;Nlh
G@l;Nlhtpy; epyTk; ntg;gepiy fhuzkhf (-2100 nry;rpa];) thATk; jplkhf
khwpTs;sjhy; G@l;Nlh vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ?
xU gdpg;ge;J
#upaj; njhFjpapd; Jizj;njhFjpahff; fUjg;gLtJ vJ?
Nfhs;njhFjp
xd;gJ Nfhs;fs;> mtw;wpd; Jizf;Nfhs;fs; kw;Wk; tpz;ntspj; Jfs;fis
cs;slf;fpaJ vJ?
#upaj;njhFjpahFk;
#upadpd; ntsptpspk;gpYk; kw;Wk; mjd; ikaj;jpYk; vt;tsT ntg;gepiyAk;
fhzg;gLfpwJ?
60000 nry;]pa]; Kjy; 15>000>0000 nry;]pa];
Nguz;lj;jpy; vupe;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; #upaid> tpz;ntspahsHfs; vt;thW
miof;fpd;wdH?
ngupa neUg;Gg;ge;J
#upadpd; vupnghUs; 5>000 kpy;ypad; Mz;Lfs; cs;sjhy; vt;thW
miof;fg;gLfpwJ?
eLtaJ el;rj;jpuk;|
Nguz;lj;njhFjpapd; xU Jizj; njhFjp vJ?
#upaj;njhFjp
el;rj;jpuj; njhFjpfspy; xd;whd ekJ #upaj;njhFjp mike;jpUf;Fk;
njhFjpia vt;thW miof;fpNwhk;?
ghy;top kz;lyk;
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3. ghiwf; NfhsKk; epytpay; gyiffSk;
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Gtp jdJ tho;f;ifia vg;NghJ Jtq;fpajhf mwptpayhsHfs; fUJfpd;wdH?

RkhH 4.6 gpy;ypad; tUlq;fSf;F Kd;dH
Gtpf;Nfhsk; ehd;F mLf;Ffis nfhz;Ls;sJ vd;W mwptpayhsHfs; cWjp
nra;jJ vg;NghJ?
,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Jtf;fk;
Gtpf;Nfhsj;jpd; ehd;F mLf;Ffs; vit?
cl;fUtk;> ntspf;fUtk;> ftrk; (MANTLE) kw;Wk; NkNyhL
ftr mLf;fpy; cs;sJ vit?
,Uk;G> nkf;dp]pak;> mYkpdpak;> rpypfhd; kw;Wk; Mf;]p[d; rpypNfl;
$l;Lg;nghUl;fs; nfhz;Ls;sJ
NkNyhLk; ftr mLf;fpd; Nkw;gFjpAk; NrHe;J cWjpahd xU mLf;fpid
cUthf;Fk; mLf;F vJ?
ghiwf;Nfhsk;
ftr mLf;fpd; xU gFjp vJ?
m];jpNdh];gpaH
NkNyhL ve;j ,Utpjkhd ghiwfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Ls;sJ?
fpuhidl; kw;Wk; grhy;l;
NkNyhL ve;j ,UgpupTfis cs;slf;fpaJ?
fz;l XL kw;Wk; ngUq;fly; XL
fz;l XL ngUksT ve;j ghiwfshy; MdJ?
fpuhidl;
ngUq;fly; XL vupkiy yhthtpdhy; Md ve;j ghiwfshy; MdJ?
grhy;l;
Gtpapd; ntsp mLf;fhd ghiwf;Nfhsk; VO cWjpahd ngupa Jz;Lfs;
vit?
epytpay; gyiffs;
Mg;gpupf;fh> tlmnkupf;fh> njd; mnkupf;fh> ANu~pah> M];jpNuypah>
mz;lhHbf; kw;Wk; grpgpf; rpwpa epytpay; gytiffs; vit?
mNugpah> eh];fh kw;Wk; gpypigd;];
Gtp vt;thW ,aq;FfpwJ vd;gij ve;j Nfhl;ghL tpsf;FfpwJ?
epytpay; gyifaikg;G
,uz;L epytpay; jl;Lfs; re;jpf;Fk; gFjp vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ?
epytpay; gyif vy;iy
,uz;L epytpay; gyiffSk; NkhJfpd;w my;yJ NrHe;J eRf;fg;gLfpd;w
gFjpia vt;thW miof;fyhk;?
FtpAk; vy;iyfs;
xU mfop kbg;GfshYk; tisTfshYk; epytpay; gyiffspYs;s ghiwfs;
cile;J eOTtjhy; Vw;gLtJ vJ?
epy mjpHTfs;
ghiwf;Fok;G Gtp Nkw;gug;ig te;jile;J ntbg;gJ vJ?
vupkiy
epytpay; jl;Lfs; Ftpfpd;w vy;iyfspy; Njhd;WtJ vJ?
kiyfs;> epy mjpHTfs; kw;Wk; vupkiyfs;
epytpay; gyiffspd; Nkhjy;fshy; cUthdJ vit?
~5~
www.tnpsctamil.in
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tl mnkupf;fhtpy; uhf;fP];> INuhg;ghtpy; My;g;];> JUf;fpapy; ghd;bf;

kiyfs;> <uhdpf; [hf;uh]; kw;Wk; kj;jpa Mrpahtpy; ,kakiy
,e;NjhNdrpahtpy; fuhfhNlh vupkiy ve;j Mz;L ntbj;jJ?
1883 Mk; Mz;L
rPdhtpy; ve;j Mz;L lhd;~hdpy; epy mjpHT Vw;gl;lJ?
1976 Mk; Mz;L
nfhy;gpahtpy; ve;j Mz;L vupkiy ntbj;jJ?
1983 Mk; Mz;L
xd;iw tpl;L kw;nwhd;W gpupe;J nry;Yfpd;w epytpay; gyiffspd; gFjpfis
vt;thW miof;fpNwhk;?
tpyF vy;iyfs;
kj;jpa ml;yhz;bf; kiyj;njhliu xl;b epytpay; gyif tpyfpagb
cs;sjhy; ml;yhz;bf; ngUq;fly; tUlj;jpw;F ve;j mstpy; tpuptile;J
nfhz;bUf;fpwJ?
2 nr.kP
cyfj;jpy; nray;gLfpd;w vupkiyfspy; ngUk;ghyhdit ,lk; ngUfpd;w
epytpay; gyiffSf;F ,ilapy; mtw;iw xl;b my;yJ mtw;wpd; mUfpy;
mike;Js;s kiy vit?
epytpay; gyif vy;iy vupkiyfs;
epytpay; gyiffs; vy;iyfs; gy grpgpf; ngUq;flypd; tpspk;G gFjpapy;
epiwe;jpUf;Fk; vupkiyfs; nray;gLk; epiyapy; ,Ug;gjhy; ,g;gFjp vit
vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ?
neUg;G tisak;
epytpay; gyiffspd; vy;iyNahu vupkiyfSf;Fr; rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;L vJ?
n`ydh vd;w vupkiy
ePuhy; #og;gl;l cilahj xU ngupa epyg;gug;G vJ?
fz;lk;
VO fz;lq;fs; vit?
(1) tl mnkupf;fh> (2) njd; mnkupf;fh> (3) INuhg;gh> (4) Mrpah>
(5)Mg;gpupf;fh> (6) M];jpNuypah> (7) mz;lhHbfh
Rw;Wg;Gwj;ijf; fhl;bYk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f msT caukhfj; Njhw;wkspf;Fk; xU
epyg;gug;G vJ?
kiy
fz;lg;gug;gpd; kPJ fhzg;gLk; kw;nwhU Njhw;wk; vJ?
gPlg+kpfs;
cyfpNyNa kpf caukhd gPlg+kpapy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd vit?
jpngj; gPlg+kp> nfhyuhNlh gPlg+kp> jf;fhz gPlg+kp> nfhyk;gpah gPlg+kp> fpof;F
Mg;gpupf;f gPlg+kp Kjypad
fz;lg;gug;gpy; gue;j kpfj; jho;thd gFjpfs; vit?
rkntspfs;
cyfpNyNa kpfg;ngupa Mw;Wr; rkntspfs; vit?
fq;if kw;Wk; gpuk;kGj;jpuh
fhw;Wg; gbTfshy; cUthF rkntspia vt;thW $wyhk;?
fhw;wb tz;ly; rkntsp
irdhtpy; ve;j gFjp fhw;wb tz;lyhy; cUthdjhFk;?
kQ;rshW ghAk; gFjp
fly; miyfspdhy; cUthFk; rkntspia vt;thW $wyhk;?
flw;fiur; rkntsp
flw;fiur; rkntspf;F v.fh. jUf?
,e;jpahtpy; cs;s fpof;Ff; flw;fiur; rkntsp xU rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;
~6~
www.tnpsctamil.in
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kiyfs; gPlg+kpfs; kw;Wk; rkntspfs; midj;Jk; vtw;wpd; xU gFjpahFk;?

ghiwf;Nfhsk;
ghiwfspy; cs;s jhJf;fs; vit?
rpypfh> mYkpdpak;> ,Uk;G> kf;dr
P pak; Nghd;wit
ghiwfspy; fhzg;gLk; jd;ikia epHzapg;git vit?
jhJf;fs;
ghiwfis mit cUthd Kiwapd; mbg;gilapy; %d;whf tifg;gLj;jyhk;
mit ahit?
(1) jPg;ghiwfs; (Igneous rocks)
(2) gbTg;ghiwfs; (Sedimentary rocks)
(3) cUkhwpa ghiwfs; (Metamorphic rocks)
Gtp Njhd;wp Vwf;Fiwa vj;jid tUlq;fs; Mfpd;wd?
4600 kpy;ypad; tUlq;fs;
Gtp Xl;bw;Ff; fPNo cs;s ghiwf;Fok;ig vt;thW miof;fpNwhk;?
khf;kh
vupkiyahf ntbj;J ntspNaWfpd;w ghiwf;Fok;ig vt;thW miof;fyhk;?
yhth
Gtp Xl;by; fhzg;gLk; ghiwfspy; vj;jid rjtPjk; jPg;ghiw tifiar;
rhHe;jit?
95 rjtPjk;
gbTg;ghiwfs; Gtp Xl;by; vj;jid rjtPjk; fhzg;gbDk; epyg;gug;gpy;
ghiwfspd; gad; vd;d?
5 rjtPjk; ,g;ghiwfspd; gad; 75 rjtPjkhFk;
Gtp NkNyhl;by; fhzg;gLk; ghiwfspy; cUkhwpa ghiwfs; vj;jid
rjtPjkhFk;?
xU rjtPjkhFk;
khf;kh FspHe;J gbfq;fs; Njhd;Wk; nghOJ vit cUthfpd;wd?
jPg;ghiwfs;
cUfpa fdpkq;fis nfhz;l khf;kh caHntg;gepiy nfhz;l vJthFk;?
jputkhFk;
khf;kh Gtp NkNyhl;bw;F mbapy; jPg;ghiwfs; vt;thW cUthfpd;wd?
nkJthff; FspUk; nghOJk; Gtp Xl;bw;F NkNy Ntfkhff; FspUk; nghOJk;
ghiwr;rpijT vd;gJ vd;d?
fdpkq;fs; Gtp Nkw;gug;gpd; kPNjh my;yJ mUfpNyh epyTfpd;w Rw;Wr;
#oYf;F Vw;w rkepiyiaf; nfhz;l nghUl;fshfr; rpijf;fg;gLtjhFk;
Gtp Nkw;gug;gpy; fhzg;gLk; vit jhf;FjYf;F cs;shfpr; rpije;J vspjpy;
mupg;Gf;F Mshfpd;wd?
,ay;G kw;Wk; Ntjpay; nray;fs;
kz; cUthfj; Njitg;gLk; ghiwfspd; rpijtpdhy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLit
vit?
fdpkq;fshd kzy;> gbTfs; kw;Wk; fspkz;
rpijtpdhy; ghiwfspYk; fdpkq;fspYk; tpisTfy; Vw;gLfpd;wd mit
vd;d?
rpijTw;w gug;gpy; rpwg;ghd mZf;fs; my;yJ $l;Lg; nghUs;fs;
NrHf;fg;gLfpd;wd
Ntjpapay; khw;wj;Jf;F Ml;glhky; gutyhff; fhzg;gLtJ vJ?
FthHl;];
Fiwe;j vjpHg;G rf;jpiaf; nfhz;l vit rpijtpdhy; fspkz;zhf
khwptpLfpd;wJ?
mYkpNdh - rpypNfl;
~7~
www.tnpsctamil.in
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ghiwr;rpijtpd; %ykhf kz; cUthf vj;jid tUlq;fs; Mfpd;wd?

1 nr.kP. kz; cUthf E}W tUlq;fs; Mfpd;wd
Gtpg;gug;gpy; nfl;bg;glhj fdpkq;fs; my;yJ capHr;rj;Jkpf;f nghUl;fisf;
nfhz;lit vJ?
kz;
epyj;jpd; Nky; tsUk; jhtuq;fspd; tsHr;rpf;F kz; vt;thW tpsq;FfpwJ?
xU ,aw;if ClfkhfTk;
kzy; Jfs;fis tplg; ngupajhf ,Ug;gpd; mit vt;thW
tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ?
guty;fs;
jhtuq;fspd; kz; vtw;wpw;F MjhukhfpwJ?
NtHg;gpizg;gpw;F
vit kf;fpr; rpijtjd; %ykhf kz;tsk; guhkupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ?
jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; tpyq;fpdq;fs;
nghJthf ,urhad cuq;fs; kz;zpy; thOfpd;w vit moptjd; %ykhf
kz; tsj;ijAk; mopj;J tpLfpd;wJ?
Ez; capupfs;
ePH MWfspYk;> VupfspYk;> Fsq;fspYk; fhzg;gLk; ,itaidj;jpw;Fk; vd;d
ngaH?
Gtpapd; ePHf;NfhskhFk;
ePHf;NfhsKk; ePNuhl;lq;fSk;
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Gtpapy; fhzg;gLk; nkhj;j ePupd; mstpy; vj;jid rjtPjk; ngUq;fly;fspy;

Nrkpg;ghf ,Uf;fpd;wJ?
97 rjtPjk;
,uz;L rjtPjj;jpw;Fk; Fiwthd ePH vtw;wpy; Nrkpj;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ?
mz;lhHbf;fhtpy; gdpf;Ftpg;GfshfTk; kw;Wk; My;g;]; kiyfspYk;
gdpahWfshfTk; Nrkpf;fpd;wd
cyfshtpa ntg;g caHthy; ngupa fly;kl;lk; NkYk; cauf;$Lk; vd;w
mr;rKk; epyTtJ vjdhy;?
gdptpupg;Gfs; (Ice sheet)
kpy;ypad; fzf;fhd kf;fs; ,lk;ngau vtw;iwg; Nguoptpw;Ff; nfhz;L
nry;Yk;?
ed;dHP j; njhFjpfisAk;> thoplq;fisAk; Nguoptpw;F nfhz;L nry;Yk;
epyj;jb ePUk; kz;zpy; <uKk; ,ize;J Gtpapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w nkhj;j ePupy;
RkhH vj;jid rjtPj ePiuf; nfhz;Ls;sd?
RkhH 0.5 rjtPjk;
kz;zpy; fhzg;gLk; ePH kz;Jfs;fSf;F ,ilNaahd vtw;iw Nrkpj;J
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd?
nghiwaplq;fs;
Kf;fpakhd ePH %yq;fs; vit?
kz;Zk;> epyj;jbePUk;
epyj;jbePH vtw;wpw;Fg; gad;gLfpwJ?
ePHg;ghrdj;jpw;Fk; FbePUf;Fk; gad;gLfpwJ
ePuhdJ Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;gpy; vt;thW fhzg;gLfpwJ?
XilfshfTk;> MWfshfTk;> VupfshfTk; fhzg;gLfpwJ
XilfSk;> MWfSk;> VupfSk; Gtpj; njhFjpapd; nkhj;j ePupy; vj;jid
rjtPjj;ij kl;LNk nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd?
ePupy; 0.05 rjtPjk;
~8~
www.tnpsctamil.in
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,Wjpahf tspkz;lyj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; ePupd; msT nkhj;j ePupy; vj;jid

rjtPjkhFk;?
0.0001
Fiwe;j Moj;Jld; xU gFjpapy; epyj;jhy; #og;gl;bUf;Fk; ePHg;gug;ig
vt;thW miof;fyhk;?
fly;
ngUq;fly;fspy; kpfg; ngupaJ ve;jf; flyhFk;?
grpgpf; ngUq;fly;
ePUf;fbapy; vt;tsT Moj;jpy; ePzl
; kiyj; njhlH xd;W mike;Js;sJ?
3300 kPl;lH
M];jpNuypah flw;fiuf;F mg;ghy; cyfpNyNa kpfg;ngupa vit grpgpf;
ngUq;flypy; mike;Js;sJ?
gtoj;njhlH
gtoj;njhlupd; ,d;ndhU ngaH vJ?
ngupa muz; gtoj;njhlH
,uz;lhtJ kpfg;ngupa ngUq;fly; vJ?
ml;yhz;bf; ngUq;fly;
ePUf;fbapy; tlf;F njw;fhf mike;Js;s vupkiyfis xl;b ngUq;fly;
tUlj;jpw;F vj;jid nr.kP. tPjk; mfd;W tpLfpwJ?
2 Kjy; 4 nrkP tPjk;
kiyj;njhlH vj;jid kPl;lH cauk; tiu fhzg;gLfpd;wJ?
4000 kPl;lH cauk;
ml;yhz;bf; ngUq;flypd; Nkw;Fg; gFjpapy; rydkw;w ve;jf; fly;
mike;Js;sJ?
rHNfh]h
flw;ghrpapdhy; %lg;gl;Ls;sit vit?
gr;ir - gOg;G epw rHNfh]h
nkhj;j fly;ePupd; mstpy; Ie;jpy; xU gq;if ve;jf;fly; nfhz;Ls;sJ?
,e;jpag;ngUq;fly;
ehd;fhtJ ngupa fly; vJ?
njd;ngUq;fly;
kpfr;rpwpa Mokw;w ePHg;gug;G vJ?
MHbf; ngUq;fly;
cg;G ePH Vupfshff; fUjg;gLtJ vJ?
rhf;flYk; fh];gpad; flYk;
M];jpNuypah kw;Wk; epa+nfypNlhdpahtpw;Fk; ,ilapy; mike;Js;s fly;
vJ?
grpgpf; ngUq;flypd; xU gFjpahd gtof;fly;
grpgpf; ngUq;flypd; xU gFjp vJ?
irdhf; fly;
irdhf; flypd; ,U gpupTfs; vd;d?
fpof;F irdhf;fly;> njw;F irdhf;fly;
myh];fh kw;Wk; fhk;rl;fhtpw;F ,ilapy; tlgrpgpf; ngUq;flypd; gFjpahd
vq;F mike;Js;sJ?
ngupapq;fly;
,u~;ahtpd; fpof;F flw;fiuf;F mg;ghy; tlNkw;F grpgpf; ngUq;flypd;
njhlHr;rpahf ve;jf;fly; mike;Js;sJ?
xf;fh];f; fly;
[g;ghd;> nfhupah kw;Wk; ,u~;ahtpw;F ,ilapy; tlgrpgpf; ngUq;flypy; ve;jf;
fly; mike;Js;sJ?
~9~
www.tnpsctamil.in
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[g;ghd; fly;
gy jPTfisf; nfhz;Ls;s fly; vJ?
fuPgpad; fly;
me;jkhd; jPTfSf;Fk;> jha;yhe;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; ,e;jpag; ngUq;flypy; vit
mike;Js;sJ?
me;jkhd; fly;
ngUq;fly;fspd; jiuapy; fhzg;gLk; epyj;Njhw;wq;fs; ehd;fhf
tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd mit ahit?
(1) fz;lj;jpl;L> (2) fz;lr;rupT> (3) ngUq;fly; mfop> (4) ngUq;fly; Fopfs;
fz;l vy;iyfSf;F mUfhikapy; mike;Js;s ngUq;fly; gFjpia vt;thW
$wyhk;?
fz;lj;jpl;L
fz;lj;jpl;L vj;jid kPl;lupypUe;J vj;jid kPl;lH tiu Mok; fhzg;gLfpwJ?
150 kPl;lupypUe;J 200 kPl;lH tiu
mfd;w fz;lj;jpl;Lfs; kpfr;rpwe;j kPdg
; pbj;jsq;fshf tpsq;f tsu Ntz;ba
jhtuk; vJ?
gpshq;ld;fs;
rpwe;j kPdg
; pbj;jsq;fshf cs;sd vit?
tl mnkupf;fhtpd; fpof;Ff; flw;fiu> INuhg;ghtpd; tlNkw;Ff; flw;fiu
kw;Wk; [g;ghd; jPTfisr; Rw;wpAs;s fz;lj;jpl;Lg; gFjpfs;
fz;lj;jpl;il mLj;Jg; ngUq;flypd; jiuia Nehf;fp nrq;Fj;jhf rupfpd;w
gFjp vJ?
fz;lr;rupT
fz;lr;rupT Mokhd ePubr; rkntsp Nghd;W fhzg;gLtJ ve;j mfopapy;
KbtilfpwJ?
ngUq;fly; mfopapy;
ngUq;fly; mfopapy; vit mike;Js;sd?
kiyj;njhlHfs;> gPlg+kpfs;> Mokhd gs;sj;jhf;Ffs; kw;Wk; rkntspfs;
ngUq;fly; mfopapd; gug;G vtw;why; MdJ?
Ez;zpa capupfs; kw;Wk; ghiwfspd; gbkq;fspdhy; MdJ
ngUq;fly; kiyj;njhlHfspy; kpfg;ngupaJ vJ?
kj;jpa ml;yhz;bf; kiyj;njhluhFk; ,j;njhlH 14>000 fp>kP ePsk; nfhz;lJ
flybapypUe;J ntbj;J cUthd vupkiyj; jPTfs; vJ?
grpgpf; ngUq;flypy; mike;Js;s `tha; jPTfSk; ml;yhz;bf; ngUq;flypy;
mike;Js;s mN[h]; jPTfs;
ngUq;fly;fspy; ntF Moj;jpy; Njhd;Wtd vit?
mfopfs;
mfopfs; vq;F Vuhskhf fhzg;gLfpd;wd?
grpgpf; ngUq;fly;
cyfpNyNa kpf Mokhd mfop vJ?
kupahdh mfop (11033 kP)
ngUq;fly;fspd; gz;Gfspy; mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ vJ?
rydq;fs;
rydq;fspy; tiffs; vit?
miyfs;> Xjq;fs; kw;Wk; ePNuhl;lq;fs;
Fwpg;gpl;l fhy ,ilntspapy; ngUq;flypd; ePHkl;lk; caHe;J jho;tij
vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ?
Xjq;fs;
Gtpf;Fk; re;jpuDf;Fk; ,ilNaahd <Hg;G tpirapd; fhuzkhf cUthFgit
vit?
~ 10 ~
www.tnpsctamil.in
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Xjq;fs;
xU ml;rf;Nfhl;bypUe;J kw;nwhU ml;rf;Nfhl;Lf;F ntg;g Mw;wiyg; gug;GtJ
vJ?
ePNuhl;lq;fs;
ngUq;fly;fspd; Nkw;gug;gpy; fpilahf efUfpd;w fly;ePiu vt;thW
miof;fyhk;?
ePNuhl;lq;fs;
ngUq;fly;fspy; Njhd;Wtjw;F Kf;fpaf; fhuzp tspkz;lykhdit?
ePNuhl;lq;fs;
%d;W ngUq;fly;fSf;Fk; ePNuhl;lq;fspd; ghijfspy; jilfshf miktJ
kl;Lkpd;wp me;ePNuhl;lq;fs; Vwf;Fiwa tl;ltbtpy; RoyTk; fhuzkhf
mikAk; Roy; Njhw;wq;fis vt;thW miof;fpNwhk;?
ngUq;fly; Roy;fs; (Ocean gyres)
ePNuhl;lq;fspd; ngUk;gq;F %d;W Roy;fSk; vt;thW fhzg;gLfpd;wJ?
tl miuf;Nfhsj;jpy; ,uz;L Roy;fSk; njd; miuf;Nfhsj;jpy; cs;sd
tl ml;yhz;bf; Roypy; ehd;F ePNuhl;lq;fs; cs;sd? mit ahit?
(1) tlepyeLf;Nfhl;L ePNuhl;lk;> (2) fy;g; ePNuhl;lk;> (3) tl ml;yhz;bf;
ePHg;gpupT> (4) fhduP]; ePNuhl;lk;
tlepyeLf;Nfhl;L ePNuhl;lk; vd;gJ vd;d?
ml;yhz;bf; ngUq;flypy; epyeLf;Nfhl;L kz;lyj;ij xl;bAs;s ntg;gePH
tlepyeLf;Nfhl;L ePNuhl;lk; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ
tpahghuf; fhw;W vd miof;fg;gLtNjd;?
Jizntg;g kz;ly caH mOj;jj;jpy; ,Ue;J epyeLf;Nfhl;L jho;
mOj;jj;ij Nehf;fp tPRfpwJ ,e;jf;fhw;W tpahghuf; fhw;W vdTk;
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ
tlf;F Nehf;fpg; ghAk; ePNuhl;lj;jpd; ngaH vd;d?
fy;/g; ePNuhl;lk;
tl ml;yhz;bf; ePHg;gpuptpd; ,U fpisfs; vit?
(1) fhduP]; ePNuhl;lk;
(2) IgPupad; ePNuhl;lk;
tl ml;yhz;bf; Roypy; fhzg;gLk; ehd;fhtJ ePNuhl;lk; vJ?
fhduP]; ePNuhl;lk;
,aw;iff; fhyepiyr; Row;rpapd; xU gFjp vJ?
grpgpf; ngUq;flypy; Njhd;Wk; vy;ePdN
; ahTk; yhePda
; hTk;
vy;ePdN
; ah kw;Wk; yhePd;ah vd;W nghUs;gLk; ];ghdp\; nrhw;fs; vd;d?
vy;ePdN
; ah vd;why; Mz;Foe;ij vd;Wk; yhePda
; h vd;why; ngz;Foe;ij
vd;Wk; nghUs;gLk;
grpgpf; ngUq;flypy; epyeLf;Nfhl;il xl;ba gug;gpy; njd; mnkupf;f
fz;lj;jpd; Nkw;F flw;fiuNahuq;fspy; xU ntg;gePNuhl;lk; Njhd;Wk;
,e;ePNuhl;lj;ij vt;thW miof;fyhk;?
vy;ePdN
; ah
ePNuhl;lk; Njhd;Wfpd;w tUlq;fs; vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ?
vy;ePdN
; ah tUlq;fs;
xt;nthU tUlKk; ve;j khjq;fspy; rpwpa mstpy; eilngWk; vy;ePdN
; ah
epfo;r;rp rpy thuq;fs; kl;LNk ePbf;Fk;?
jprk;gH
,e;NjhNd~pah kw;Wk; M];jpNuypahtpd; fhyepiyfisAk; ghjpg;gd vit?
vy;ePdN
; ah ePNuhl;lk;
vy;ePdN
; ah epfo;r;rpapdhy; grpgpf; Nguhopapy; vg;NghJ ele;jJ?
1982 -1983 Mk; Mz;L
njd; mnkupf;f flw;fiuf;F mg;ghy; Ke;ija tUlj;ij tpl kPdg
; pbg;G
~ 11 ~
www.tnpsctamil.in
201.
202.
203.
vt;tsT Fiwe;jJ?
50 rjtPjk;
yhePda
; h epfo;r;rp vg;NghJ Vw;gl;lJ?
1988 Mk; Mz;L
ml;yhz;bf; Nguhopapy; ùpNfd;fspd; gUtfhykhf tpsq;fpa Mz;L vJ?
1998 kw;Wk; 1999 Mz;Lfs;
Fwpg;ghf ntg;gkz;ly #whtspfs; gj;J cUthdJ ve;j Mz;L?
1998 Mk; Mz;L
tspkz;lyKk; #upa Mw;wYk;

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Gtpiar; Rw;wp vit #o;e;Js;sJ?

tspkz;lyk;
ngUk;gFjp mZg;gpstpw;F <lhd ntg;gepiyiaf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; i`l;u[d;
thAtpdhy; MdJ vJ?
#upad;
#upadplkpUe;J ntspg;gLk; kpd;fhe;j Mw;wypd; tPr;R vy;iyfs; vt;thW
miof;fg;gLfpwJ?
#upa epwg;gpupif
Kjd;ikahd %d;W kz;lyq;fs; vit?
Gw Cjhf;fjpHfs;> ghHit tag;gLk; fjpHfs;> mfr;rptg;Gf; fjpHfs;
kdpjHfSf;Fk;> tpyq;fpdq;fSf;Fk; vit kpfr;rpwg;G tha;e;jjhff;
fUjg;gLfpwJ?
xsp
epwq;fspd; NtWg;gl;l tPr;R vy;iy vit?
#upantspr;rk;
kioj;Jsp xd;W tpz;zpy; Kg;gl;ilf; fz;zhbahf nray;gLk; Ntisfspy;
vit Njhd;WfpwJ?
thdtpy;
ntg;gf; fjpHtPry; vd;gJ vd;d?
ghHittag;gLk; fjpHfis fz;fs; NtWgLj;jp ntspr;rkhf fz;lwptJ Nghy
mfr;rptg;Gf; fjpHfis Njhy; ntg;gkhf czUfpwJ
tspkz;lyj;jpd; tpisthf gy $l;likg;GfSld; kpf Ez;ikahd vit
cUthfpd;wJ?
rkepiyj; njhFjp
nranyjpHTfs; Gtpapy; capupdq;fisj; njhlHe;J guhkupf;f Njitg;gLgit
vd;d?
tspkz;lyk; xU tbg;ghdhf nray;gl;L kdpjHfSf;Fk; ,ju
capupdq;fSf;Fk; kpd;fhe;j epwg;gpupifapy; jPikfis tpistpf;ff; $ba Gw
Cjhf; fjpHfis cl;fpufpj;J xU gFjpia kl;Lk; gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ
Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;ig te;jilAk; #upaf;fjpH tPrypd; msT vtw;why;
fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ?
tspkz;lyk;
tspkz;ly $l;Lg;nghUl;fspy; vit ngUkstpy; cs;sd?
iel;u[Dk; (NS) Mf;]p[Dk; (O2)
kpff; Fiwe;j mstpy; ,aw;ifahf cw;gj;jpahFgit vit?
thAf;fshd MHfd;> fhHgd; -il -Mf;i]L> iel;u]; Mf;i]L kw;Wk;
XNrhd; thAf;fs; Mfpait
thAf;fisj; jtpu vit tspkz;lyj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ?
~ 12 ~
www.tnpsctamil.in
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ePuhtp
fle;j E}w;whz;by; njhopy; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g mwptpay; eltbf;iffspdhy;
ve;j thAf;fs; tspkz;lyj;jpy; GFj;jg;gl;Ltpl;ld?
fhHgd; Nkhdhf;i]L kw;Wk; FNshNuh/GYNuh fhHgd;
,aw;if Row;rpapd; rkepiyiaAk; fjpHtPry; kw;Wk; cl;fpufpj;jy;
Kjyhdit vt;thW jilg;gLfpd;wd?
l;uhg;Ngh];gpaH
tspkz;lyk; Ie;J mLf;Ffshy; MdJ mit ahit?
l;Nuhg;Ngh];gpaH> ];l;uhl;Nlh];gpaH> kPN]h];gpaH> njHNkh];gpaH kw;Wk;
vf;N]h];gpaH
ntg;gepiyf;Fk; gUtfhyj;jpw;Fk; Vw;g NtWgLtJ vJ?
tspkz;ly mLf;Ffs;
Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;gpw;F mUfpy; fhzg;gLk; l;Nuhg;Ngh];gpaupd; jbkd; vj;jid
fpNyhkPl;luhFk;?
RkhH 10 - 15 fp.kP
iel;u[d;> Mf;]p[d;> fhHgd; - il -Mf;i]L Nghd;w thAf;fs; vtw;wpy;
cs;sd?
l;Nuhg;Ngh];gpaH
Nkfk; ,b> kpd;dy;> Gay; kw;Wk; kio Kjyhd thdpiy epfo;Tfs; ve;j
mLf;fpy; eilngWfpd;wJ?
l;Nuhg;Ngh];gpaH
mjpfupf;Fk; cauj;jpw;F Vw;whH Nghy Fiwfpd;w ntg;gepiy tpfpjj;ij
vt;thW miof;fyhk;?
yhg;]; tpfpjk;
l;Nuhg;Ngh];gpaUf;F NkNy mike;Js;sJ vJ?
];l;uNlh];gpaH
];l;uNlh];gpaupd; jbkd; RkhH vj;jid fpNyh kPl;lH MFk;?
RkhH 40 fpNyh kPl;lH
Mfha tpkhdq;fs; kpf Ntfkhf gwg;gjw;F Vw;w rhjfkhd #o;epiy ve;j
mLf;fpy; epyTfpd;wJ?
];l;uNlh];];gpaH
];l;uNlh];];gpaUf;F Nky; vj;jid fp.kP tiu kPN]h];gpaH gutpAs;sJ?
50 fp.kP Kjy; 80 fp.kP tiu
tpz;fw;fs; vupahky; Gtpapy; tpOe;jhy;> Gtpapy; ngUj;jNrjk; Vw;gLk; ,t;tpj
Nrjj;jpy; ,Ue;J ek;ikg; ghJfhg;gJ vJ?
kPN]h];gpaH
kPN]h];gpaUf;F NkNy RkhH vj;jid fp.kP tiu njHNkh];gpaH
mike;Js;sJ?
RkhH 80 fp.kP Kjy; 1600 fp.kP
XNrhd; thA vtw;wpd; tbtkhFk;?
Mf;]p[d;
XNrhd; (O3) %d;W Mf;]p[d; vtw;why; MdJ?
mZf;fs;
tspkz;lyj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; ve;j thA ,uz;L mZf;fshy; MdJ?
Mf;]p[d; (O2)
<uZ (O2) epiyapy; Mf;]p[d; vtw;iwf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;?
epiyj;j jd;ik
l;Nuhg;Ngh];gpaupy; XNrhd; thA vt;thW jPikfis tpistpf;fpwJ?
fhw;iw khRg;gLj;Jjy;
capupd moptpw;F fhuzkhd Mw;wy; kpf;f vtw;iw KOikahf cl;fpufpg;gJ
~ 13 ~
www.tnpsctamil.in
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XNrhd; thA kl;LNkahFk;?

Gw Cjhf;fjpHfs;
thA %d;W $Wfis cs;slf;fpaJ mit ahit?
FNshiud; (D) /GYiud; (F) kw;Wk; fhHgd; (C)
fhHgd; thA ve;j ty;Yeuhy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ?
FNshNuh/GYNuh fhHgd; thA Nkl;f;Ny (MEDGLEY)
FspHrhjdq;fspy; ve;j thAf;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ?
mNkhdpah kw;Wk; ry;gH -il- Mf;i]L
CFC thA gutyhf vt;thW gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpwJ?
FspHtpg;ghd;fshfTk;> Eiug;ghd;fshfTk; (FOAMS) gad;gLj;jg;gl;L
tUfpwJ
xU FNshiud; mZ Vwf;Fiwa vt;tsT XNrhd; %yf;$Wfis
mopf;fty;yJ?
Vwf;Fiwa 1>00>000
tl;lhu mstpy; Vw;gLfpd;w tpisTfs; ngaH vd;d?
efu ntg;gj;jPTfs;
tspkz;lyj;jpy; jw;Nghija $l;Lg;nghUs; capupdj; njhFjpapd; nray;fshy;
cUthdit vd;W $wpatH ahH?
fah vd;w Gj;jf E}yhrpupaH
capUs;s gFjpfs;
rj;Jr; Row;rpfSk; #o;njhFjpfSk;
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tho;f;iff;F kpfTk; mtrpakhd Ntjpapay; nghUl;fspd; kWr;Row;rpfs;

epytpay; kw;Wk; capupay; nray;Kiwfis nfhz;Ls;stw;iw vt;thW
miof;fpNwhk;?
capH -Gtp -Ntjpapay; Row;rpfs;
Ntjpapay; Row;rpapy; nghJthf %d;W gz;Gfs; cs;sd mit ahit?
(1) Njf;fq;fs;> (2) gupkhw;wkplq;fs;> (3) ,Ug;gplf;fhyk;
Row;rp ,af;fq;fs; vj;jid tifg;gLk; mit ahit?
ehd;F tifg;gLk; mit. (1) ePH Row;rp> (2) fhHgd; Row;rp> (3) iel;u[d;
Row;rp> (4) gh];gu]; Row;rp
Rthrpj;jypd; NghJ fhHNgh i`l;Nul;LfSk; Mf;]p[Dk; vLj;Jf;
nfhs;sg;gLk; fhHgd; - il- Mf;i]L ePUk; Mw;wYk; cw;gj;jp vt;thW
Mfpd;wd?
fhHgd; Row;rp
fhHgdpd; Kf;fpa Njf;fq;fshf mike;Js;sd vit?
ngUq;fly;fSk;> ghiwfSk;
fhHgd; - il- Mf;i]L ePupy; vspjpy; fiue;J vt;thW khWfpwJ?
jplkhd fhy;rpak; fhHgNdLfs;
i`l;Nul;Lfs; rpijtjpd; %d;W tpjq;fs; vit?
(1) jhtuq;fs; Rthrpf;Fk; nghOJ tspkz;lyj;jpw;F jpUk;gp mDg;gg;glyhk;
(2) tpyq;Ffshy; cz;zg;glyhk;
(3) jhtuq;fs; kbAk; NghJ mjDld; Gije;Jk; Nghfyhk;
fhHgDf;F vj;jid KbTfs; Vw;gLfpd;wd?
,uz;L tpjk;
fhHgdpd; ,uz;Ltpjk; vd;d?
(1) kl;Lz;zpfs; tspkz;lyj;jpw;F jpUk;gp mDg;Gfpd;wd
~ 14 ~
www.tnpsctamil.in
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(2) kz;zpy; Gijf;fg;gl;Lk; gpd;dH epyf;fup> vz;nza; kw;Wk; ,aw;ifthA

Nghd;w gbkg; nghUl;fshf khwp tpLfpd;wd
Row;rp ,af;fq;fspNyNa vtw;iw Gupe;J nfhs;tJ rw;Wf; fbdkhFk;?
iel;u[d; Row;rp
%d;W Mf;]p[d; mZf;fSld; $ba iel;u[d; vJ?
iel;Nul;
Row;rp ,af;fq;fspNyNa kpf vspikahdJ ve;j Row;rpahFk;?
gh];gu];
ePupy; My;Nff;fd; kpf Ntfkhf tsHr;rpailtij vt;thW miof;fpNwhk;?
Al;Nuh/gpNf~d;
ngUq;fly;fspypUe;J Fwpg;gpl;l msT gh];gui] epyj;jpw;F nfhz;L tUtd
vit?
fly; gwitfs;
capHNfhsj;jpy; jdJ xl;Lnkhj;j ghfq;fSld; capH - Gtp - Ntjpapay;
Row;rp ,af;fq;fspd; %ykhf nranyjpHTfspy; cl;GFk; XH capupdr;
rKjhak; vd vtw;iw miof;fyhk;?
#o;njhFjp
#o;njhFjpf; Nfhl;ghl;il mwpKfg;gLj;jpatH ahH?
V.[p.Nld;];Ny 1935 Mk; Mz;L
#o;njhFjpapd; Kf;fpakhd rpy gFjpfs; vit?
kz;> tspkz;lyk;> #upa fjpHtPrR
; > ePH kw;Wk; capupdq;fs;
kz; vd;gJ vtw;wpd; fyitahFk;?
rpije;j ghiwj;Jz;Lfs;> mjpfkhf khw;wkile;j kz; fdpkJfs;fs;>
capHrj;Jfs; kw;Wk; capupdq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw nfhz;bUf;Fk; xU
fyitahFk;
tspkz;lyj;Jf;Fk; Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;gpw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s ePuhdJ vt;thW
Roy;fpwJ?
ePuhtpahjy;> ePuhtpg;Nghf;F kw;Wk; kiog;nghopT Nghd;w nray;Kiwfspd;
%ykhf ePuhdJ Roy;fpwJ
capupdq;fspd; jpRf;fspy; ngUk;gFjp vj;jid rjtPjk; tiuapy; my;yJ
mjw;F NkNy ePiuf; nfhz;Ls;sd?
90% (rjtPjk;)
xU rpy nry;fspy; fhzg;gLk; GNuhl;Nlhgpshrj;jpy; ePupdsT vt;tsT
rjtPjj;jpw;F fPNo Fiwe;jhYk; mtw;why; tho ,aYk;?
10% (rjtPjk;)
GNuhl;Nlhgpshrj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; ePupdsT vj;jid rjtPjk; mstpw;F FiwAk;
nghONj ngUk;ghd;ikahd nry;fs; kbe;J Nghfpd;wd?
30 - 50 rjtPjk;
ePH xU Clfkhf nray;gLtjpdhy; fdpkr;rj;Jf;fs; vtw;wpd; topahf
jhtuq;fspy; Eioe;J ,lk; ngWfpwJ?
NtHfs;
ePiu Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;gpy; ,Ue;Jk; kz;zpypUe;Jk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;td vit?
jhtuq;fs;> tpyq;Ffs;
#o;njhFjpfs; ,UngUk; gpupTf;Fs; mlq;Fgit vit?
ePH #o;njhFjpfs;> epy #o;njhFjpfs;
fly; #o;njhFjpfs; vit?
ngUq;fly;fs;> flw;fiuNahu Kfj;Jthuq;fs; kw;Wk; gtsj;njhlHfs;
Kjypad fly; #o;njhFjpfs; MFk;
ed;dHP #o;njhFjpfs; vit?
~ 15 ~
www.tnpsctamil.in
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Vupfs;> Fsq;fs;>MWfs; kw;Wk; rJg;G epyqfs; Kjypad ed;dHP

#o;njhFjpfs; MFk;
#o;njhFjpfis cs;slf;fpait vit?
fz;l caHepyq;fspy; gutyhf fhzg;gLk; jhtuq;fisAk; tpyq;FfisAk;
cs;slf;fpaJ #o;njhFjpfshFk;
epy#o;njhFjpfspd; ,UgpupTfs; vit?
,aw;if #o;njhFjpfs; kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu #o;njhFjpfs;
,aw;if #o;njhFjpfspy; milahsk; fhzj;jf;f msT kpfg;ngupa gpupthf
cs;sd vit?
#o;thoplq;fs;
capupdq;fSld; xg;gpLk; nghOJ ngUkstpy; vt;thW capupd
#o;thoplq;fis Mf;fpukpj;Js;sd?
gRe;jhtuq;fs;
vjpHkhwhf kpjntg;gkz;lyj;jpy; mike;Js;s epyg;gug;G KOtJkhf
kdpjHfspd; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; vt;thW nfhz;L tug;gl;Ltpl;ld?
fz;lg;gug;Gfs; Ntshz;ik> Nka;r;ry; kw;Wk; efukakhjy; Nghd;w
eltbf;iffs; %yk;
kdpjHfs; jhtu ,dq;fis mtw;wpd; thoplj;jpypUe;J ntspepyq;fSf;Fk;
Gjpa Rw;Wg;Gwr; #oYf;Fk; nfhz;L nrd;W tpl;ldH ,jw;F v.fh. vd;d?
a+f;fypGl]; kuk;
a+f;fypGl]; kuq;fs; ve;j ehLfSf;F nfhz;L tug;gl;L tsHf;fg;gLfpd;wd?
tl mnkupf;fh> tl Mg;gpupf;fh> kw;Wk; ,e;jpah Nghd;w ehLfSf;F nfhz;L
tug;gl;L tsHf;fg;gLfpd;wd
#o;njhFjpfs; gy tifahd ve;j ghfq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd?
capH kw;Wk; capuw;w
tho;f;iff;F kpfTk; mtrpakhd Ntjpapay; nghUl;fspd; kWr;Row;rpfs;
vtw;wpd; nray;Kiwfis nfhz;Ls;sd?
epytpay; kw;Wk; capupay;
capHf;Nfhsj;jpy; #opapy; rKjhaq;fs; vtw;wpd; kPJ Gupfpd;w
nranyjpHTfspdhy; #o;njhFjpfs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd?
Rw;Wg;Gwr;Roy;
,Utpj tpyq;Ffs; ve;j Row;rpapy; rpwg;ghd gq;fpid tfpf;fpd;wd?
gh];gu];
capupd #o;thoplq;fs;
,aw;if kw;Wk; Ntshz;gapHfs;
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vj;jid tUlq;fSf;F Kd; tiu ek; Kd;NdhHfs; jq;fspd; Rw;Wr;#oiy

rpwpjsNt khw;wpaikj;jdH?
RkhH gj;jhapuk;
Ntshz; epyq;fspy; kdpjHfshy; tpistpf;fg;gLk; gapHfshf vt;thW
khwptpl;ld?
fhLfspy; jhdhfNt fPNo tpOe;J Kisj;j jhtuq;fs;
jhtuq;fs; EfHnghUshfTk; ,ju gy nghUs;fshfTk; vt;thW tskhfpd;wd?
GJgpf;fg;gLfpd;w
jhtu GtpapayhsHfs;> jhtuq;fis mtw;wpd; fl;likg;gpy; vt;thW
tifg;gLj;Jfpd;wdH?
msT kw;Wk; cUtk; Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; kuq;fs;> GjHfs;> nfhbfs;
kw;Wk; %ypiffs; vd;W tifg;gLj;Jfpd;wd
epy mikg;G vd;gJ vtw;wpd; cs;slf;fpa epyNkw;gug;G Njhw;wq;fshFk;?
~ 16 ~
www.tnpsctamil.in
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Fd;Wfs;> gs;sj;jhf;Ffs;> kiyj;njhlHfs;> Xq;fy;fs;

jhtu rKjhaq;fspd; nray;gzpfs; Xuplj;jpy; fpilf;f $ba
cr;rntg;gepiyiag; nghWj;J vt;thW mikfpd;wJ?
xspr;NrHf;if> g+j;jy;> fha;j;jy;> gokhjy;> my;yJ tpij guTjy;
caH ml;rq;fs; kw;Wk; caukhd ,lq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; vit kpf nrhw;gkhd
jhtuq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd?
MHbf; kw;Wk; My;igd; Rw;Wr; #oy;fs;
ehd;F capupd #o;thoplq;fs; vit?
(1) fhLfs;> (2) Gy;ntspfs;> (3) ghiytdq;fs;> (4) J}e;jpuk;
epyg;gug;gpy; vj;jid tUlq;fSf;F Kd;dH jhtuq;fs; Njhd;wpd?
RkhH 420 kpy;ypad;
fhLfs; ngUFk; nghOJ mit Gjpa thopl #oYf;F Vw;wthW jq;fis
khw;wp mikj;Jf; nfhz;ld ,it ve;jf; fhLfs; MFk;?
Gtpj;njhFjpapd; Kjy; fhLfs;
Fjpiuthy; Nghd;w ePzl
; nrbfSk; fhLfSk; vq;F fhzg;gl;lJ?
fs;spr;nrbfSk;> gpuz;ilfSk; fhzg;gl;ld
jhtuq;fs; Vwf;Fiwa vj;jid kPl;lH tiu tsuyhapw;W?
Vwf;Fiwa 12 kPl;lH tiu
jw;rkak; GtpnjhFjpapd; epyg;gug;gpy; fhLfs; ve;j msT gq;fpid
tfpf;fpd;wJ?
fhLfs; 1/3 gq;F
fhLfs; mtw;wpd; thopl fhyepiyapd; mbg;gilapy; vt;thW
gpupf;fg;gLfpd;wd?
gRikkhwhf; fhLfs;> ,iyAjpH fhLfs;> ilfh fhLfs;
epyeLf;Nfhl;ilr; Rw;wp ve;jf; fhLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd?
gRikkhwhf; fhLfs; (Ever green forest)
kz;lyj; jhtuq;fs; vit khwhky; nropg;ghf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ?
gRik
gRik khwhf;fhLfs; vtw;iwf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;?
rpy ,dq;fs; GjHfs; (Orcids) Kl;nrbfs; (Thorny plants) nfhbfs;
(Creepers) Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;
kuq;fs; ruhrupahf vj;jid kPl;lH cauj;Jld; tpOJfshy; Md mfd;w
mbghfj;ijAk; nfhz;Ls;sd?
ruhrupahf 25 - 35 kP tiu
Jizntg;g kz;lyj;jpYk; kpj ntg;gkz;lyj;jpYk; mike;Js;s fhLfs;
vit?
,iyAjpH fhLfs; (Decediuos forest)
,iyAjpH fhLfspy; fhyepiy vt;thW ,Uf;Fk;?
kz;lyq;fspy; Nfhilfhyk; ntg;gkhfTk; FspHf;fhyk; kpff; FspHr;rpahfTk;
,Uf;Fk;
,e;jpah Nghd;w gUtf;fhw;W ehLfspy; Nfhil fhyj;jpy; ePzl
; twz;l
fhyepiyapd; fhuzkhf midj;J jhtuq;fSk; vt;thW ,Uf;fpd;wd?
,iyia cjpHj;J tpLfpd;wd
Jiz ntg;gkz;ly fhLfis vt;thW miof;fpNwhk;?
gUt fhw;Wf; fhLfs;
500 Kjy; 600 tl ml;rf;NfhLfSf;F ,ilapy; mike;Js;s ve;j fhLfspy;
kpfg;ngupa capupd #o;thoplq;fs; cs;sd?
gUt fhw;Wf; fhLfs;
Crpapiyf;fhLfs; vq;F ngUthupahf mike;Js;sd?
~ 17 ~
www.tnpsctamil.in
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a+Nu~pah kw;Wk; tl mnkupf;fhtpd; fz;lg;gug;Gfs;

,uz;by; xU gq;F jhtuq;fs; vq;F fhzg;gLfpd;wJ?
irgPupahtpYk; kw;nwhU gq;F ];fhe;J Netpah> myh];fh kw;Wk; fdlhtpYk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ
J}e;jpu fhLfspy; jhtuq;fspd; tsHr;rp vt;tsT?
fhyk; 130 ehl;fs;
fhLfspy; kuq;fs; ve;j tbt ,iyfisf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd?
Crp tbt ,iy
fhLfspy; Vwf;Fiwa vj;jid tifahd kutiffs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd?
1700 tifahd kutiffs;|
Gy;ntspfs; ve;j ngUk; gug;ghFk;?
gue;J tpupe;j ngUk; gug;ghFk;
Gtpapd; gug;gpy; vj;jid gq;F Gy;ntspfshFk;?
ehd;fpy; xU gq;F
Gy;ntspfs; tUlj;jpw;F vj;jid nr.kP tiu kiog;nghopit ngWfpd;wd?
20 -ypUe;J 60 nr.kP tiu
Gy;ntspfs; ngUk;ghYk; vtw;wpw;F ,ilapy; mike;Js;sd?
ghiytdj;jpw;Fk; fhLfSf;Fk; ,ilapy;
Gy;ntspfs; njd; Mg;gpupf;fhtpy; vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ?
ghk;gh];
Mg;gpupf;fhtpy; Gy;ntspfis vt;thW miof;fyhk;?
rthdh];
fdlh kw;Wk; mnkupf;f If;fpa ehLfspy; vt;thW miof;fyhk;?
g;nua;up
Gy;ntspfs; ,uz;L tifg;gLk; mit ahit?
rthdh Gy;ntsp kw;nwhd;W kpjntg;gkz;ly Gy;ntspfs;
rthdh Gy;ntspfs; ve;j ehLfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ?
M];jpNuypah> njd; mnkupf;f kw;Wk; ,e;jpah Mfpa ehLfspd; gug;gpYk;
Gy;ntspfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd
rthdh Njhd;Wtjw;F vit Kf;fpa fhuzpahf mikfpwJ?
fhyepiy
caH ntg;gKk;> kioasTk; nfhz;l kpf ntg;gkhd fhyepiyg; gFjpfspy;
rthdh Gy;ntspfs; vj;jid nr.kP. cs;sd?
tUlj;jpw;F 50 - 127 nr.kP
Gy;ntspfSf;F Fiwe;jJ xU Mz;by; vj;jid khjq;fSf;F nrwpe;j
kioAk; mij mLj;J ePz;l twl;rpAk; kpf mtrpakhdJ?
xU Mz;by; 6 my;yJ 8 khjq;fs;
kiog;nghopT tUlk; KOtJk; gutyhf nghope;jhy; ,g;Gy;ntspfs; vt;thW
khwptpLk;?
ntg;g kz;ly fhLfs;
rthdh Gy;ntspfspy; ve;j khjq;fspy; ,bAld; $ba kio nghopfpd;wJ?
mf;NlhgH
Ntl;ilahLk; kdpjHfs; tpyq;Ffis gpbg;gjw;F vspjhf fha;e;J Nghd
vtw;iwf; nfhSj;Jfpd;wdH?
Gw;fis
NtHfs; kz; <ukhdJk; cldbahf Gjpjhf tsHr;rp mila VJthf vtw;iw
Nrkpj;J itj;jpUf;fpd;wdH?
];lhHr;
jPapdhy; vupf;fg;gl;l Gw;fspd; rhk;gy; vt;thW Gy;ntspfspy; gbe;J
tpLfpd;wJ?
~ 18 ~
www.tnpsctamil.in
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xUnky;ypa glykhf cs;sJ

rpy tif Gw;fs; 24 kzp Neuj;jpw;F cs;shfNt vj;jid kPl;lH tiu
tsHe;J tpLfpd;wd?
30 nr.kP
kpj ntg;gkz;ly Gy;ntspfspy; vit ngUthupahf fhzg;gLfpd;wd?
ePz;l Gw;fs;
njd; Mg;gpupf;fhtpYk;> `q;NfupapYk; kpjntg;g kz;ly Gy;ntspfis vt;thW
miof;fyhk;?
nty;l]
; ;> G];l;jh vdTk; miof;fyhk;
Nt&z;wpa Gw;fspdhy; ghJfhf;fg;gLk; kz; tsUfpd;w jhtuq;fSf;Fj;
Njitahd vtw;iw mspf;fpwJ?
czT
Gtp Nkw;gug;gpy; vj;jid gq;F ghiytdkhf cs;sJ?
Ie;jpy; xU gq;F
ngUthupahd ghiytdq;fs; vq;F mike;Js;sd?
jho; ml;rq;fs;
FspH ghiytdk; vq;F mike;Js;sd?
M];jpNuypah> clh> eNtlh> kw;Wk; Nkw;F Mrpah gFjpfspy; mike;Js;sJ
ghiytdq;fspy; ngUk;ghYk; Mz;L KOtJk; vt;thW ,Uf;Fk;?
ntg;gk;
kpf Fiwthd kioiag; ngWk; gFjp vJ?
rpy;ypapy; mike;Js;s mlfhkh ghiytdk;
ghiytdq;fspy; kpfr;rpwe;j ,ay;Gfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; vit
mike;Js;sd?
jhtuq;fs;
capHNfhsj;jpd; kpf Fspuhd capupd #o;thoplk; vd;d?
J}e;jpuk;
J}e;jpuk; vd;why; kuq;fs; mw;w rkntsp vdg; nghUs;gLk; ve;jr; nrhy;yhFk;?
/gpdp]; (FINISH)
J}e;jpuj;jpy; kz;zpw;F kbe;JNghd capupdg; nghUs;fspy; ,Ue;J vit
NrUtjpy;iy?
rj;Jf;fs;
tlJUtj;ijr; Rw;wp vit mike;Js;sJ?
tl miuf;Nfhsj;jpy; MHf;bf; J}e;jpuk;
njw;F Crpapiy fhLfs; vq;F tiu gutpAs;sJ?
ilfh
tsHr;rpg; gUtk; vj;jid ehl;fs; tiu ePbf;fpd;wd?
50 Kjy; 60 ehl;fs; tiu
cUFfpd;w gdpiaAk; NrHj;J tUlhe;jpu kioasT vj;jid nr.kP.
ciuahFk;?
kioasT 15 Kjy; 25 nr.kP
Nkw;gug;gpy; ePH cUfp vt;thW Njhd;Wfpd;wd?
rJuq;fs;> Fsq;fs;
MHf;bf; kw;Wk; Jiz MHf;bf; gFjpfspy; Vwf;Fiwa vj;jid tifahd
jhtuq;fs; tsUfpd;wd?
1700 tif
cyfpy; fhzg;gLk; kpf cau;e;j kuq;fNs tsuhj kiyfspd; cr;rpfspy;
vit mike;Js;sJ?
My;igd; J}e;jpuk;
jhtuq;fspd; tsHr;rpf; fhyk; Vwf;Fiwa vj;jid ehl;fs; MFk;?
~ 19 ~
www.tnpsctamil.in
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Vwf;Fiwa 180 ehl;fs;

MHbf; J}e;jpuk; Nghyd;wp ve;j gFjpfspy; kz; rpwe;j tbfhyikg;igf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ?
My;igd;
ePH gug;gpy; jhd; gpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dH mkpNdh mkpyq;fs; xd;W
NrHe;J vt;thW cUthdJ?
capupdq;fs;
ePupy;iynadpy; GtpKOtJk; ghiytdk; Nghd;W vt;thW ,Uf;f NeupLk;?
xU ntw;wplkhf
Gtpapd; nkhj;j Nkw;gug;gpy; ngUk;gFjp vt;thW jhf;fg;gLfpd;wd?
nrwpe;j Ntshz;ik> Nka;rr
; y; kw;Wk; kuk; ntl;Ljy; Nghd;w kdpj
eltbf;if
Gy;ntspfspd; nkhj;j gug;gpy; ngUk;ghd;ikahd gug;G vt;thW khw;wg;gl;L
tpl;ld?
Ntshz;gapH epyq;fshFk;
cyf jhdpa fsQ;rpaq;fshf mit khwpAs;sd?
gapH epyq;fs;
capHf; Nfhsj;jpy; kdpjHfs; Njhw;Wtpj;j #o;njhFjpfspy; ve;jj; njhFjp
kpfg;ngupaJ?
Ntshz; #o;njhFjpahFk;
nghJthf kz;zpy; Fiwthf fhzg;gLk; iel;u[d; kw;Wk; gh];gu];
NghLtjd; %ykhf cw;gj;jpia ngUksT vtw;why; mjpfupf;f KbfpwJ?
rj;Jf;fspd; $WfisAk; $l;Lg;nghUs;fisAk; mjpfupf;f KbfpwJ
,aw;if #o;njhFjpapy; jhtuq;fs; kbe;J kf;Fk; nghOJ mit kz;zpy;
kPz;Lk; NrHe;J tpLfpd;wd?
rj;Jf;fs;
cuq;fs; vtw;wpy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gLfpd;wd?
gbk vupnghUl;fs;
kdpjHfshy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l #o;njhFjpapy; vit ,LnghUl;fshf
Nghlg;gLfpd;wd?
Ntshz; Ntjpapay; nghUl;fs;> cuq;fs; kw;Wk; Ntshz; ,ae;jpuq;fSk;
Mw;wy; ,LnghUl;fshf Nghlg;gLfpd;wd
Fwpg;gpl;l xU gapupd; cw;gj;jp Ie;J klq;fhf mjpfupf;f ,uz;L tifahd
Mw;wy; ,UnghUl;fs; Nghlg;gLfpd;wd mit ahit?
(1) ,aw;if Mw;wy; ,LnghUs;fs;> (2) nraw;if Mw;wy; ,LnghUs;fs;
jhuhskhf fpilf;fpd;w ,aw;if ,LnghUl;fs; vit?
#upa xspapypUe;J xspr;NrHf;if tspkz;lyj;jpypUe;J fhHgd; -ilMf;i]Lk; kiog;nghopTk; ,LnghUl;fshFk;
nraw;if Mw;wy; vd;gJ vd;d?
,aw;if Mw;wy; ,LnghUs;fisj; jtpu czT gapH cw;gj;jpf;fhf
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gpw Mw;wyhFk;
Ntshz; gapH ed;F tsHr;rpaila vit Njitg;gLfpd;wd?
jhtu rj;Jf;fs;
Kf;fpa jhtu rj;Jf;fs; vit?
iel;u[d;> nghl;lhrpak; gh];gu];> fhy;rpak;> nkf;dr
P pak; kw;Wk; ry;gH Mfpad
Kf;fpa jhtu rj;Jf;fs; MFk;
kz;zpy; vit mgupkpjkhf cs;sd?
fhy;rpak;
nraw;if cuq;fspd; gad;ghL mjpfupj;jJ ve;j Mz;L?
cyfstpy; 1950 Mk; Mz;LfSf;F gpwF
~ 20 ~
www.tnpsctamil.in
.
GK 17,000
300
GK1000 -
29
2012
100
2013
150
180
3000 -
110
, ,
160
120
130
10
CURRENT AFFAIRS ENGLISH MEDIUM
65
11
GK
30
12
200
13
2013
100
TET II (6 12 ) -
300
TET (1056)
400
TET ,,
150
TET II - (6 12 )
420
TET II - (6 12 )
600
TET II (6 12 )
400
TET-,,
160
TET- SELF TEST PAPER
65
10,000 -
300
TRB 2200 -
150
2
4
5
6
7
4,500 -
150
TRB 4500
130
TRB , 6100 -
180
2014
TNPSC ( , )
+2
60
+2
48
+2
48
70
50
70
0452 6463666,
98426 49140
www.arivukadal.com~ 21 ~
[email protected]
150
130
www.tnpsctamil.in
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epyj;ij cOJ tpijfis tpijj;jhy; kl;LNk tsUfpd;w gapH tiffs;

vd;d?
ney;> fk;G> Nrhsk;> fha;fwpfs;> vz;nza; tpj;Jf;fs;
cWjpahd jz;Lld; Fl;ilahd NfhJik gapHtif xd;W ahuhy;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ?
KidtH. ehHkd; NghHyhf; kw;Wk; mtUld; gzpGupe;jtHfs;
Gjpa tif NfhJikapdhy; xU Vf;fUf;F vt;tsT tpisr;ry; juf;$baJ?
Vf;fUf;F 7-8 G~y;];ypUe;J 60-70 G~y;]; tiu tpisr;ry; $baJ
gRik Gul;rpf;F jiyik jhq;fpa KidtH.ehHkd; NghHyhf; mtHfSf;F
ve;jg;gupR toq;fg;gl;lJ?
Nehgy; mikjp gupR
gRikg; Gul;rp tpupthf;fg;gl;L mLj;jjhf ney; cw;gj;jpia
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Kaw;rpfs; vq;Nf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld?
gpypg;igd;]; ehl;by; mike;Js;s gd;dhl;L muprp Muha;r;rp epiyak;
Vwj;jho vj;jid tifahd ney; tiffs; vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;L Gjpa tif
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;L tptrhapfsplk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ?
Vwj;jho 20>000
MWfs;> Vupfs; kw;Wk; epyj;jbePH Nghd;w ed;dHP epiyfspy; vj;jid rjtPjk;
ePHg;ghrdj;jpw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ?
73 rjtPjk;
cyfstpy; kjpg;gPLfs; khWgl;lhYk; vj;jid rjtpfpj gapH epyq;fs; ePHghrd
trjp nfhz;lit?
Vwf;Fiwa 18 rjtpfpjk;
tptrhapfs; ePiu xOq;fhf Njitahd mstpy; gad;gLj;Jk; vit
mw;wtHfshf ,Uf;fpd;wdH?
njhopy; El;g jpwd;
ve;j Kiwapd; %ykhf gapHfSf;F ePiu mspg;gJ kpfTk; gaDila
xd;whFk;?
nrhl;L ePHghrd Kiw
Ntshz; $Wfs; my;yhjitfis fl;Lg;gLj;j gytpjkhd Ntshz;
Ntjpapay; nghUs;fis kUe;Jfshf gad;gLj;JfpNwhk;?
capHf;nfhy;ypfs; (Pesticides) g+r;rpf;nfhy;ypfs; (Insecticides) kw;Wk;
fisf;nfhy;ypfs; (Herbicides) Nghd;wit
capHf;nfhy;ypfs; czTr;rq;fpyp topahf kdpjHfisAk; vit
nrd;wilfpd;wd?
DDT
Gw;WNeha;> gpwg;G NfhshWfs;> kugpay; Neha;fs;> ,dtpUj;jp FiwghLfs;
kw;Wk; ,ju ePzl
; fhy cly;eyf;FiwTfSf;F ,ilNa njhlHG ,Ug;gjhf
vt;thW ek;gg;gLfpwJ?
DDT
gapHfs; midj;Jk; vt;thW Efug;gLfpd;wd?
jhdpaq;fshfNth> khthfNth> gjg;gLj;jg;gl;l czT nghUl;fshfNth
Efug;gLfpd;wd
Gtpj;njhFjpapy; gy gFjpfspy; vit fpilf;fpd;wd?
fr;rhg;nghUs;fs;
gUtfhyq;fspy; Vw;gLk; jP tpgj;Jf;fs; vtw;wpd; capupd gd;ikapy; ngUk;
gq;F tfpf;fpd;wd?
rthdh
~ 22 ~
www.tnpsctamil.in
#o;njhFjp Nkyhz;ik
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Gtpapy; RkhH vj;jid kpy;ypad; capupdq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd vd;W

mwptpayhsHfs; fUJfpd;wdH?
RkhH 3 kw;Wk; 30 kpy;ypad; msT
#oypay; nray;KiwfSf;F Njitahd $Wfis mspg;git vit?
fz;Zf;Fj; njupahj capupdq;fs;
cyfstpy; Mz;nlhd;Wf;F ve;j msTf;F kz; mupg;G Kjyhdtw;iw
Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;w kdpj ,dKk; ,aw;ifapd; Mw;wYf;F <lhf khwpf; nfhz;L
tUfpwJ?
25 gpy;ypad;
Gtpapy; tho;e;j vj;jid rjtPjj;jpw;Fk; Nkyhd capupdq;fs; kiwe;J
tpl;ljhf gbk gjpNtLfspd; fUj;J njuptpf;fpd;wd?
99 rjtPjk;
RkhH 65 kpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dH eilngw;w vtw;wpd; ,dkiwT
Vw;gl;lJ?
laNdh]H];
mLj;j vj;jid Mz;Lfspy; ghjpf;F Nkw;gl;l jhtuq;fSk; tpyq;FfSk;
kiwe;J Nghapd?
10>000 Mz;Lfspy;
fp.gp. 1600> fp.gp.1900 f;F ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; kdpjHfspd; nray;ghLfspdhy;
Mz;Lf;F XH ,dk; vd;w tPjj;jpy; vit Vw;gl;lJ?
,dkiwTfs;
Gtpapy; kpy;ypad; fzf;fhd ,dkiwTfSf;F nropg;ghd capupdq;fisf;
nfhz;l #o;njhFjpfs; Mfpatw;wpd; moptpd; Kf;fpa fhuzk; vd;d?
ntg;gkz;lyf;fhLfs;> gtoj;njhlHfs;> Kfj;Jthuq;fs;
vtw;iw ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy; mbg;gilahf xNu khjpupahd Nghl;b kdg;ghd;ik
epyTfpwJ?
,aw;if tsq;fs;
neLe;njhiyT gwf;Fk; fhl;Lg;Gwh ve;j kpUf fhl;rpafj;jpy;
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd?
rpd;rpdhl;b> kpUffhl;rpafk;
neLe;njhiyT gwf;Fk; fhl;Lg;Gwh ve;j Mz;L kbe;JNghdJ?
1947 Mk; Mz;L
GO g+r;rpfis jpd;W tho;fpd;w jhtuk; vJ?
gRikahd guzpnrb
gRikahd guzpnrb thopl rPuoptpdhy; jw;nghOJ vj;jid kl;LNk cs;sd?
jw;nghOJ 10>000 nrbfs; kl;LNk cs;sd
nrq;fU ePykyHnrb mtw;wpd; thoplkhd vq;fpUe;J kiwe;Jtpl;ld?
njd; Mg;gpupf;fh
irgPupad; Gypfs; ve;j tifiar; NrHe;jJ?
irgPupahtpd; ngupa tif g+id ,dj;ijr; NrHe;j;J
fUg;G fhz;lhkpUfk; Mg;gpupf;fhtpy; Vwf;Fiwa vt;tsT ,Ue;jd?
Vwf;Fiwa 1>000>000 ,Ue;jd jw;rkak; 4000 f;Fk; Fiwthf ,Uf;fpd;wd
nfhwpf;Fk; mzpy; ,uT Ntisfspy; jdJ ePz;l %d;whtJ tpuiy ePl;b
vtw;wpy; g+r;rpfis gpbf;fpd;wd?
kug;gl;ilfs;
~ 23 ~
www.tnpsctamil.in
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rpWj;ijg; Gyp epoy; jUk; fhl;L kuq;fspd; Nky; mkHe;jpUg;gij ,tw;wpd;

kPJ fhzg;gLk; vtw;why; fz;Zf;Fg; Gyg;gLtjpy;iy?
fUk;Gs;spfs;
rpe;jid Nkg;Gfs; vd;gJ vd;d?
gpizg;Gfspd; tptuq;fis fhl;rpg;glq;fshf rpj;jupg;gJ rpe;jid Nkg;Gfs;
MFk;
rpe;jid Nkg;Gfspd; %ykhf kdpjHfs; cyfshtpa vtw;iwr; rhHe;Js;sdH
vd;gJ njspthfpwJ?
#o;njhFjpfspd; ,af;fq;fs;
xNu gpupitr; rhHe;j fUj;Jfis ntt;Ntwhf rpj;jupj;J fhl;LtJ vJ?
Nkg;Gfs;
tpz;ntspapypUe;J vLf;fg;gLk; xspglq;fspypUe;J vit Kjd;ikahdjhf
cs;sJ vd;gij fhl;Lfpd;wJ?
Gtpapy; ePH
Gtpj;njhFjp mwptpaiy Kiwahd xU fz;Nzhl;lj;Jld; mZf vit
mbg;gilahfpd;wd?
tpz;ntsp tptuq;fs;
Gtpj; njhFjp nranyjpHTfshy; gpizf;fg;gl;l ehd;F gFjpfisf;
nfhz;lit vit?
tspkz;lyk;> capHf;Nfhsk;> ghiwf;Nfhsk;> ePHf;Nfhsk;
cyfstpy; Muha;rr
; pfs; vit njhopy; El;gtpay; fUtpfisf; nfhz;L
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUfpd;wd?
nraw;iff;Nfhs; kw;Wk; njhiy Ez;ZzHT
gFjpfSf;F ,ilNa nranyjpHr; nray;fis nfhz;bUf;Fk; Gtp ve;j
mwptpayhFk;?
xU njhFjp
ghiwf;Nfhsj;jpd; nray;Kiwfs; vit?
vupkiy ntbg;G kw;Wk; Gtp mjpHTfs;
ePuhtp> gdpftpg;Gfs;> gdpahWfs;> Nguhopfs;> MWfs;> Vupfs;> epyj;jbePH>
ePNuhl;lq;fs; ,it vtw;wpd; nray;KiwfshFk;?
ePHf;Nfhsj;jpd; nray;Kiw
kdpjHfspd; nghUshjhu tho;f;ifapy; vit xU gFjpahFk;?
tpahghuk;
vjpHf;fhyj;jpw;fhf rpytw;iw vt;thW nra;tJk; cq;fshy; KbAk; vd;fpw
vz;zk; ,Ue;jy; mtrpakhFk;?
eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; khw;wq;fs;
Nkg;ig cUthf;Fjy; gpupT 2

nra;Kiwg; Gtpapay;
Nkg;gpaYk; Nkg;GfSk;
413.
414.
415.
Nkg;Gfs; mbg;gilahf rpy Fwpg;Gfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd mit ahit?

Gtpapd; vy;iyf;NfhLfs;> ,l mikTfs; Kf;fpakhd ,aw;if kw;Wk;
fyhr;rhu tptuq;fs;
Nkg;Gfis fl;likf;Fk; fiyia vt;thW miof;fpd;Nwhk;?
Nkg;gpay;
Nkg;gpapy; Jiwapy; gzpahw;WgtHfis vt;thW miof;fpNwhk;?
Nkg;gpayhsHfs;
~ 24 ~
www.tnpsctamil.in
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Nkg;Gfs; vtw;wpd; Kf;fpa Mjhukhf jpfo;fpwJ?

Nkg;gpay; fiyfs;
tiuTfs;> thHj;ijfs; kw;Wk; FwpaPLfs; Kjypatw;iw xUq;fpize;J
tiufpd;w glq;fs; %ykhf tptuq;fisAk; fUj;JfisAk; mOj;jkhf
njupag;gLj;JtJ vJthFk;?
Nkg;gpaypd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk;
kf;fs; tpUk;Gfpd;w tptuq;fisAk;> fUj;JfisAk; jUtJ vit?
jfty; Nkg;Gfs;
Nkg; kw;Wk; Nkg;gpay; vt;thW fUjg;gLfpd;wJ?
Nkg; jfty; rhjdkhfTk;> Nkg;gpay; xU jfty; mwptpayhfTk;
fUjg;gLfpd;wJ
nghJthf ve;j xU jfty; njhFjpia vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhYk; mjpy; Ie;J
,af;f $Wfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd?
Mjhuk;> gug;gp> topghij> miykhw;Wg;nghwp kw;Wk; ,yf;F
Nkg;" (MAP) vd;w nrhy; ve;j ,yj;jPd; nkhopapypUe;J ngwg;gl;lJ?
Nkg;gh" (MAPPA)
Nkg;gpd; tpupthf;fk; vd;d?
Gtpf;F NkypUe;J ghHf;Fk; nghOJ mjd; Nkw;gug;gpy; njupaf;$ba xU
gFjpia VjhtJ xU msitapd; mbg;gilapy; rpj;jupj;J fhl;Ltij Nkg;
vd;fpNwhk;
Gtpapy; fhzg;gLk; ntt;Ntwhd Njhw;wq;fis Nkg;Gfspy; rpj;jupf;f
gad;gLgit vit?
epwq;fs;> FwpaPLfs;> kw;Wk; milahs ml;ilfs;
Gtp> mjd; Nkw;gug;G Njhw;wq;fisg; gw;wpa tptuq;fis cs;slf;fpa
midj;J ,aw;if kw;Wk; r%f mwptpay;fis vt;thW $wyhk;?
tptu Mjhuk; (Information source)
Gtp> mjd; Nkw;gug;G Njhw;wq;fs; tpz;ntsp Nguz;lk; gw;wpa fUj;Jfs;
cz;ikfs; mwpa cjTtJ?
nra;jp (Message)
fUj;Jfs;> cz;ikfs; Mfpatw;iw thHj;ijfs; tiuTfs;> FwpaPLfs;
Nghd;witfshf Nkg;gpayhsHfs; khw;Wfpd;wdH mtw;wpw;F vd;d ngaH?
gug;gp (Transmitter)
Nkg;Gfs; Vida Nkg;gpay; nghUs;fs; jukw;w tbtikg;G tiuT>
FwpaPLfspd; neUf;fk; Njitaw;w tptuq;fis ,izj;jy; jukw;w kjpg;G
Kjypad jlq;fy;fshf fUjg;gLgit vit?
topg;ghij (Channel)
Nkg;gpay; gad;gLj;jpAs;s FwpaPLfs; czHjypd; ngaH vd;d?
miykhw;W nghwpapd; Rl;Lf;Fwp (Received signals)
cyf KOikAk; fhzg;gLk; Nkg;G gadPl;lhsHfis vt;thW miof;fyhk;?
,yf;F (Destination)
Nkg;gpd; xt;nthU gFjpAk; vt;thW Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ?
xU FwpaPL
jiyg;G> vOj;J nghwpg;G> jpir> msit kw;Wk; Mjhuk; rpy rkaq;fspy;
,ilf;Fwpg;Gfs; fhl;lg;gLtJ vJ?
Nkg;
Nkg;Gf;F ntspNa tyJ Gwk; fPo;g;gFjpapy; jug;gl Ntz;Ltd?
nghJthf Mjhuq;fs;
MrpupaH kw;Wk; ntspapl;ltupd; ngaH Nghd;w tptuq;fs; vq;F ,lk; ngw
Ntz;Lk;?
~ 25 ~
www.tnpsctamil.in
Nkg;gpd; fPo;g;gFjpapd; ,lJGwk;
msitfSk; mjd; nraw;ghLfSk;

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Gtp vt;tsT fp.kP. MuKilaJ?

6>371 fp.kP
Gtp vt;tsT rJu fp.kP. gug;igf; nfhz;lJ?
510>900>000 rJu fp>kP
Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;ig KOikahfNth my;yJ gFjpahfNth XH msitf;F
cl;gLk; rpj;jupf;Fk; xU tiug;glkhFk;?
Nkg;
Nkg;gpy; ,U Gs;spfSf;F ,ilg;gl;l J}uj;jpw;Fk; epyj;jpy; mNj ,uz;L
Gs;spfSf;F ,ilg;gl;l J}uj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s tpfpjk; vd;d?
msit
Nkg;Gfs; vj;jid tpjkhf msitfs; Fwpf;fg;gLfpd;wd?
%d;W
Nkg;gpy; msitfis Fwpf;f vtw;iw gad;gLj;JtJ xU tifahFk;?
nrhw;fs;
jw;rkak; jahupf;fg;gLk; Nkg;Gfspy; ve;j msitfs; kl;LNk
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd?
nkl;upf; msitfs;
ngUk;ghyhd Nkg;Gfspd; msitfs; vtw;why; Fwpf;fg;gLfpd;wd?
kPl;lH
nrhw;nwhlH ve;j gz;Gfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;?
(1) nrhw;nwhlupd; njhFjp (Numerator) Nkg;gpd; J}uj;ijAk; gFjp
(Denominator) epyj;jpd; J}uj;ijAk; Fwpf;fpd;wJ
(2) nrhw;nwhlupd; njhFjp nrd;bkPl;lH vd;why; mjd; gFjp mijtpl caH
msthd kPl;lH my;yJ fpNyh kPl;liuf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ
Nkg;Gfspy; vz;fis nfhz;L vOjg;gl;l msitfs; vit?
gpupjp gpd;d msit
Kjy; mwpf;if jahupf;f Kiwahf vit cjTfpd;wd?
Kiwahf mikf;fg;gl;l Kd;tiuTfSk; tiu glq;fSk; cjTfpd;wd.
ePs; msitfs; ,uz;L gpupTfshf fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd mjpy; 0 Tf;F tyJGwk;
myfpd; mstPL KO vz;fspy; vt;thW Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ?
Kjd;ik msit
msTNfhypy; 0 Tf;F ,lJGwk; Jiz msit Fwpg;gpLtJ vJ?
tpupthf;f msit
Nkg;gpayhsHfs; Nkg;Gfis vtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;Jfpd;wdH?
msitfs;
nghJthf Nkg;Gfs; mtw;wpd; msitfspd; mbg;gilapy; %d;whf
tifg;gLj;Jfpd;wd mit ahit?
rpwpa msit> ,ilgl;l msit kw;Wk; ngupa msit
rpwpa msit Nkg;Gfs; ve;j msitia nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd?
nghJthf 1:1>000>000
,ilg;gl;l msit Nkg;Gfs; vd;gJ vd;d?
nghJthf 1:250>000 vd;w msitiaf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;w Nkg;Gfs;
nghJthf ve;j msitiaf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;w Nkg;Gfs; ngupa msit
Nkg;Gfs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd?
1>50>000
Nkg;gpy; 2 nr.kP. J}uk; epyj;jpy; vj;jid nr.kPl;liuf; Fwpf;fpwJ?
~ 26 ~
www.tnpsctamil.in
453.
454.
epyj;jpy; 2>00>000 nr.kP

%yNkg;gpd; msitf;Fk; (Scale of the original)
ngupjhf;f/rpwpajhf;fg;gLk; Nkg;gpd; msitf;Fk; ,ilNaahd tpfpjk; vJ?
tHf;ftpfpjk;
%yNkg;gpd; msitia Vw;fdNt ehk; mwpe;jpUg;gpd; rpwpajhf;fg;gl;l my;yJ
ngupajhf;fg;gl;l Nkg;gpd; msitia fz;Lgpbf;f vit gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;?
tpfpj Nfhl;ghl;il
fhz;^HfSk; FWf;Fntl;Lj; Njhw;wq;fSk;

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Nkg;Gfspy; tiuag;gl;Ls;s fhz;^Hfs; GtpNkw;gug;gpy; fhzg;gLk; vtw;iw

rpj;jupf;fpd;wd?
tbtq;fs;
Xuplj;jpd; epy mikg;G gytpjkhd vtw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ?
epyj;Njhw;wq;fs;
epyj;Njhw;wq;fs; Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;gpy; jdpj;Jk; $l;lkhfTk; fhzg;gLtJ
vit?
,aw;ifj; Njhw;wq;fs;
nghJthd epyj;Njhw;wq;fs; vit?
Fd;Wfs;> gs;sj;jhf;Ffs;> gPlg+kpfs;> fz;lq;fs;> kw;Wk; kiyj;njhlHfs;
Mfpad nghJthd epyj;Njhw;wq;fshFk;
epyj;Njhw;wq;fs; midj;Jk; vt;thW mikfpd;wd?
epyntspf;fhl;rpf;F mbjsk;
rpe;jidapy; cjpj;j glj;ij vLj;J> tbtpNyh my;yJ Ngr;R tbtpNyh
cq;fspd; fUj;Jfis Vida kf;fSf;F vLj;Jiug;gJk; vt;thW
fUjg;gLfpwJ?
Nkg;G tiujpwd;fspy; xd;whff; fUjg;gLfpwJ
rk cauf; NfhLfis Gupe;J nfhs;Sk; cq;fspd; jpwd; vtw;iw nghWj;J
mikfpwJ?
cw;WNehf;Fk; Mw;wy;> cq;fspd; nkhopj;jpwd;
Nkg;gpayhsHfs; epyj;Njhw;wq;fis fhl;Ltjw;F gy topfisf;
ifahSfpd;wdH? mit ahit?
1. epwg;gl;ilfs;> 2.tbtNfhLfs>; 3. epoy; Njhw;wk;> 4. n`r;RH> 5. fhz;^Hfs;
epwg;gl;il vd;gJ vd;d?
epyj;jpd; cauq;fis epwq;fis gad;gLj;jp fhl;LtJ epwg;gl;ilKiwahFk;
epwg;gl;il KiwapypUe;J Nkg;ig gad;gLj;JgtHfshy; ve;j cauj;ij
Jy;ypakhf fzf;fpl ,ayhJ?
Fwpg;gpl;l Gs;spfs;
ve;jnthU cauj;jpd; mbg;gilapYk; vit tiuag;gLtjpy;iy?
tbtNfhLfs;
xU Nkg;gpy; tbtNfhLfs; vt;thW fhl;lg;gLfpwJ?
fPw;Wf;NfhLfs;
epoy; Njhw;w Kiwapy; epwq;fisAk; mjd; mlHj;jpiaAk; gad;gLj;jp vit
cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ?
epoy; Njhw;wk;
rpy Neuq;fspy; epoy; Njhw;w KiwAld; vtw;iw gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdH?
rk cauf;NfhLfis Nkg;Gfs;
neUf;fkhd rpW NfhLfspd; %ykhf epytbtq;fis Nkg;Gfspy; vq;F
tiutjhFk;?
~ 27 ~
www.tnpsctamil.in
470.
471.
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475.
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477.
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480.
n`r;#H (HACHUR)
ngUk;ghYk; kpfg;ngupa ntspj;Njhd;wpa ghiwfisf; nfhz;l gFjpfis
vtw;wpd; %ykhf rpj;jupf;fpd;wdH?
n`r;#H Kiwfs;
rpwpa msit Nkg;Gfspy; vtw;iw rpj;jupf;f n`r;#Hfs; gutyhf
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ?
kiyj;njhlHfs;> gPlg+kpfs; > kiyr;rpfuq;fs; Mfpait
fly; kl;lj;jpw;F Nky; my;yJ fPo; epyj;jpy; tiuag;gLk; fw;gidf;NfhL vJ?
fhz;^Hfs;
epytiu Nkg;Gfspy; fhz;^Hfs; %d;W tpjkkhf tiuag;gLfpd;wd mit
ahit?
Fwpg;G NfhL (Index line)
,ilf;NfhL (Intermediate)
rpwg;Gf;NfhLfs; (Supplimetory)
fly;kl;lj;jpypUe;J my;yJ 0 cauj;jpy; ,Ue;J Jtq;fp xt;nthU Ie;jhtJ
fhz;Ûk; jbkdhf tiuag;gl;lhy; mit vt;thW miof;fyhk;?
Fwpg;Gf;NfhL
Fwpg;G NfhLfSf;F ,ilNa fhzg;gLk; fhz;^H Nfhl;il vt;thW
miof;fyhk;?
,ilf;NfhL
rpwg;Gfhz;^Hfs; vtw;iwf; nfhz;lit?
fPw;Wf;NfhLfs; (Desh line)
XusT rk epyg;gug;igf; nfhz;l epyj;Njhw;wq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; kpf Fiwe;j
cau NtWghLfisf; fhl;Ltjw;F vit gad;gLfpd;wd?
rpwg;Gf;NfhLfs;
rha;T msT vd;d?
cau NtWghLfs; / fpilj;J}uk;
cauNtWghLfis ve;j myfpy; vLj;Jiuf;fyhk;?
mq;Fyq;fs; kPl;lHfs;
rha;tsit vt;thW vLj;Jiuf;fyhk;?
mq;Fyk; / mb>mq;Fyk; / iky;>kPl;lH / fpNyh kPl;lH
fUj;J Nkg;Gfs;
epytiuNkg;Gfs; : tptuq;fSk; FwpaPLfSk;
481.
482.
483.
484.
485.
Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;gpy; fhzg;gLk; Njhw;wq;fspd; rPuikg;gpid tiug;glkhf

my;yJ
fzpzpj; jpiuapy; fhZtjw;F kpfr;rpwe;j fUtpahf gad;gLgit vit?
Nkg;Gfs;
Nkg;Gfs; gytiffspy; gad;gLfpd;wJ?
epytiuNkg;Gfs; (Top graphic maps) gutyhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Nkg;GfshFk;
epytiuNkg;Gfs; vt;thW gad;gLfpd;wd?
nghwpapay;> Mw;wy; Ma;Tfs;> ,aw;if tsq;fisg; Ngzpfhj;jy;
nray;ghLfSf;fhf FwpaPLfis %d;W tpjkhf tifg;gLj;jyhk; mit
ahit?
1. Gs;spf; FwpaPLfs;> 2. Nfhl;Lf;FwpaPLfs;> 3. gug;Gf;FwpaPLfs;
xU Njhw;wj;jpd; miktplj;ij my;yJ kjpg;gPl;L vz;iz kpfr;rupahf mjd;
~ 28 ~
www.tnpsctamil.in
486.
487.
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489.
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503.
miktplg;Gs;spapy; fhl;Ltij vt;thW miof;fyhk;?

Gs;spf; FwpaPLfs;
Gs;spf;FwpaPLfs; ,Utifg;gLk; mit ahit?
gz;G tif (Qualitative) my;yJ vz; msT (Quantitative)
xU Njhw;wj;jpd; miktpidf; fhl;Ltjw;F vit gad;gLfpd;wd?
gz;Gtiff; FwpaPLfs;
,Uj;jy; (Presence) ePsk;> kjpg;G my;yJ nfhs;ssT Mfpatw;iw vt;thW
tpsf;Ffpd;wd?
vz;kjpg;Gf; FwpaPLfs;
Gs;sptptuq;fspd; gz;Gfs; / kjpg;Gfs; Nghd;wtw;iw tpsf;fpf;
fhl;lg;gad;gLtd vit?
Nfhl;Lf; FwpaPLfs;
ml;rf;NfhLfs;> jPHf;ff; NfhLfs;> vy;iyf;NfhLfs;> Nghf;Ftuj;Jj; jlq;fs;
Nghd;wit vtw;wpd; FwpaPLfshFk;?
gz;Gtiff; FwpaPLfs;
Xuplj;jpy; ,Ue;J kw;nwhU ,lj;jpw;F efUfpd;w nghUs;fspd; msTfis
tpsf;Fgit vit?
Nghf;Ff; NfhLfs; (Flowline)
xU Nkg;gpd; gug;gpy; fhzg;glf;$ba Njhw;wq;fs;> mtw;wpd; msT> miktplk;>
tbtk; Mfpatw;wpy; vit gpujpgypg;gitfshf ,Uf;fpd;wd?
cz;ik epiy
vy;iyNahuf; Fwpg;Gfspd; tiffs; 3 tifg;gLk; mit ahit?
1. ntspvy;iyNahuk;> 2. ,ilg;gl;l vy;iyNahuk;> 3. cs; vy;iyNahuk;
ntsp vy;iyNahu tptuq;fshf vit jug;gLfpd;wd?
tupir vz;> khepyk;> khtl;lj;jpd; ngaHfs;> Vida nghJtptuq;fs; Mfpad
,ilg;gl;l vy;iyNahu tptuq;fshf vit jug;gLfpd;wd?
Nfhl;Lr;rl;l tptuq;fs;> fhz;^H kjpg;Gfs;> mLj;j FbapUg;gpd; ngaH>
njhiyT fpNyh kPl;lH
Nkg;gpd; Nky; gFjpapy; ,lJ %iyapy; vLg;ghf mk;Nkg;gpd; ngaH vt;thW
mr;rplg;gl;Ls;sJ?
Nkg;gpd; ngaH
Nkg;G vy;iyapd; Nky;gFjpapy; ,lJ Gwj;jpy; Nkg;ngaUf;F mUfpy;
mr;rplg;gLtJ vJ?
Nkg;gpd; tUlk;
epy mstPL (Survey) Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l tUlk; kpfr;rpwpa vOj;Jf;fshy;
vt;thW mr;rplg;gl;Ls;sJ?
epy mstPL tUlk;
Nkg;G vy;iyapd; Nky;gFjpapy; ikaj;jpy; vLg;ghf vit mr;rplg;gl;Ls;sJ?
Nkg; tupirapd; ngaH
Nkg;G vy;iyapd; Nky;gFjpapy; tyJ gf;fj;jpy; vit vLg;ghf
mr;rplg;gl;Ls;sJ?
gjpg;G vz;
Nkg;G vy;iyapd; Nky;gFjpapy; tyJ gf;fj;jpy; vit mr;rplg;gl;Ls;sJ?
Nkg;G vz;
Nkg;gpd; fPo;gFjpapy; ,lJ Gwj;jpy; Nkg;gpd; vy;iyfisANk tyJ Gwj;jpy;
mLj;j Nkg;gpd; epHthf vy;iyfisAk; vitf; fhl;LfpwJ?
Nkg;GFwpg;G vz;
Nkg;gpd; fPo; gFjpapd; eLtpy; vit mike;Js;sJ?
,af;f Fwpg;G
~ 29 ~
www.tnpsctamil.in
504.
505.
506.
507.
508.
509.
njhopy; El;g gz;Gfis fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;w vit jug;gl;Ls;sJ?

nray;epWtdf;Fwpg;G
,af;f Fwpg;Gf;F fPNo eLtpy; vit tiuag;gl;Ls;sd?
msitfs; (Scale)
Nkg;gpy; kiyfs;> Fd;Wfs; Mfpatw;iw Fwpf;F epwk; vJ?
gOg;G epwk;
Nkg;gpy; MWfs;> Vupfs; Nghd;wtw;iw ve;j epwj;jpy; Fwpf;fyhk;?
ePyepwk;
Nkg;gpy; jhtuq;fs; ve;j epwj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;?
gr;ir epwk;
Nkg;gpy; kw;Wk; rpwg;ghd tptuq;fis ve;j epwj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;?
rptg;G epwk;
thdpiy Nkg;G tptuq;fSk; FwpaPLfSk;

510.
511.
512.
513.
514.
515.
516.
517.
518.
thdpiy mwptpg;gpy; Kf;fpa gbepiyfs; vit?

Gs;sptptuq;fisr; Nrfupj;jy;> xyp gug;Gjy;> xd;W jpul;Ljy;> Mfpait
kio> gdp> kpd;dy;> Nghd;w thdpiy epfo;Tfisf; fhl;l vit
gad;gLfpd;wd?
thdpiyf; FwpaPLfs;
%d;W cyf thdpiy ikaq;fs; vq;F mike;Js;sd?
nky; NghHd; (M];jpNuypah) kh];Nfh (Ke;ija Nrhtpaj; U~;ah) th~pq;ld;
b.rp. (mnkupf;f If;fpaehL) Mfpa ikaq;fSf;F xypgug;ghfpd;wd
,e;jpahtpy; Njrpa thdpiy ikak; vq;F mike;Js;sJ?
g+dhtpy; (kfhuh~;l;uh)
,e;jpa thdpiyj; Jiw ve;j Mz;L Jtf;fg;gl;lJ?
1875 Mk; Mz;L
MW tl;lhu thdpiy ikaq;fs; vq;F epWtg;gl;Ls;sd?
nfhy;fj;jh> nrd;id> nfs`hj;jp> Kk;ig> ehf;g+H> epa+nly;yp
njd;kz;ly thdpiy Nritfspd; Nkw;ghHitf;Fk; mtw;iw
xUq;fpizg;gjw;Fk; vt;thW milf;fg;gl;lJ?
tl;lhu thdpiy ikak; nrd;idapy; Vg;uy; khjk; 1945 Mk; Mz;L
tspkz;ly epiyfisg; gw;wp vit mwptpf;fpd;wd?
ehd;F Kiw 0>06>12>18 kzp Neuq;fs;
thdpiyf; $Wfshtd vit?
ntg;gepiy> gdptpOepiy> mOj;jk;> Nkf%l;lk;> fhw;wpd; Ntfk;> jpir
Mfpait
fsg;gzpAk; mwpf;if jahupj;jYk;

519.
520.
521.
522.
523.
kdpjHfs; tho;fpd;w Gtpg;gug;gpidg; gw;wp fw;wwptJ vd;d?

Gtpapay;
epyk;>mjd; Njhw;wk;> thdpiy> fhyepiy> fly; kw;Wk; mjd; gz;G eyd;fs;
Mfpatw;wpy; Vw;gLfpd;w khw;wq;fis vt;thW $wyhk;?
,aw;Gtpapay;
Gtpapaypd; ,U ngUk; gpupTfs; vit?
,aw;Gtpapay; kw;Wk; kf;fs; Gtpapay;
Gtpapaypd; Kf;fpakhf %d;W gz;Gfs; cs;sd mit ahit?
1. miktplk;> 2. capupd rKjhaKk; epyKk;> 3. gpizg;Gfs;
,aw;G kw;Wk; kdpjf;$Wfs; ,lj;jpw;F ,lk; vt;thW khWgLfpd;wd vd;gij
~ 30 ~
www.tnpsctamil.in
524.
525.
526.
527.
528.
529.
530.
531.
532.
533.
vit tpsf;Ffpd;wd?
miktplk;
Gtpj;njhFjpapd; gFjpfSf;F ,ilNa epyTfpd;w gpizg;GfSk;
mt;tplj;jpw;Fupa ,aw;if kw;Wk; kdpjr; rKjha epiyfSk; vt;thWs;sd
vd;gij vtw;why; njspthf;Ffpd;wd?
capupd rKjhaKk; epyKk;
kz;lyq;fSf;F ,ilNaahd gpizg;Gfis gug;Gr; rhHG kw;Wk; #o;njhFjpr;
rhHG mZF Kiwfspdhy; Rw;wwptJ vjdhy;?
gpizg;Gfs;
Gtpapaypd; ikaf;fUthf fUjg;gLtJ vJ?
gug;G rhHe;j ghFghL
Kjd;ikg; Gs;sp tptuq;fisr; Nrfupg;gjpy; filgpbf;Fk; gy Kiwfspd;
njhFg;G vJ?
fsg;gzp
fsg;gzpahdhYk; xU rpy Kd;ndr;rupf;ifahd eltbf;iffs; nra;ag;gl
Ntz;Lk; mit ahit?
1. fsg;gzpapd; Nehf;fKk;> elj;Jk; tifAk;
2. gzpapy; <Lgl ,Ug;gtHfspd; eyDk; ghJfhg;Gk;
3. fsg;gzpapd; miktplg; ghJfhg;G (Conservation of sites)
fsg;gzpapy; %d;W Kf;fpa eltbf;iffs; cz;L mit ahit?
1. fsg;gzpapidj; jpl;lkply; (Planning the field work)
2. fsg;gzpapid elj;jy; (Conducting the field work)
3. fsg;gzpapypUe;J fw;wwpe;jtw;iw njhFj;jspj;jy; (Documenting the field
work)
fsg;gzpfis KOikahf nra;J Kbf;f vtw;iw filgpbj;jy; mtrpakhFk;?
1. Kd;$l;b jpl;lkply;
2. fsg;gzpapd; Njitf; Nfw;g gpwtw;iw jahH nra;jy;
3. fsj;jpw;F gazKk; fsg;gzp nra;jYk;
fsg;gzp vt;thW eilngw;W ,Uf;fyhk;?
1. Mo;e;J Nehf;Fjy; (Observation)
2. NeHf;fhzy; (Interview)
3. gq;Nfw;wy; (Participation)
4. tptuq;fis Kiwg;gLjy; (Data processing)
5. tpsf;fk; jUjy; (Inter pretation)
jukhd mwpf;if xd;iw jahupf;f mij jpl;lkpl;L tiuaiw nra;tJ
vJthFk;?
Kjy;gbahFk;
Fwpg;G ml;ilfs; vd;gJ vd;d?
rpy vOj;jhsHfs; Fwpg;Gfis jdpjdpahf rpwpa ml;ilfspy; vOjp
itj;Jf;nfhs;tH ,j;jifa ml;ilfs; Fwpg;G ml;ilfs; vdg;gLfpd;wd
capHf;Nfhsk;
jhtuq;fs;> tpyq;Ffs; kw;Wk; kdpjHfs;
1.
2.
ekJ cyfpd; $Wfis ,Utifg;gLj;jyhk; mit ahit?

capupdf;$Wfs;> capuw;wf;$Wfs;
capupdf;$Wfspy; vit mlq;fpAs;sd?
~ 31 ~
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VO ,aw;njhFjpfSk; capuw;wf;$Wfspy; ehd;F ,aw;njhFjpfSk;

mlq;fpAs;sd
capHg; Gtpapay;; vd;gJ vd;d?
Rw;Wr;#oYld; njhlHG nfhz;L Vw;gLj;Jk; gy;NtW ,ilr;nray;fis ehk;
capHg;Gtpapay;" vdyhk;
cyfpy; capupdq;fs; Njhd;wp RkhH vj;jid kpy;ypad; Mz;Lfshapd?
RkhH 1000 kpy;ypad; (100 Nfhb)
fhyg;Nghf;fpy; Vwj;jho vj;jid kpy;ypad; capupdq;fs; ngUfpd?
%d;W kpy;ypad; (3106) jhtuq;fs;> tpyq;Ffs;> kw;Wk; Ez;Zapupfs; vd
capupdq;fs; ngUfpd
jw;rkak; vj;jid kpy;ypad; tpyq;fpdq;fSk; jhtu ,dq;fSk;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;L tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd?
1.0 kpy;ypad; tpyq;fpdk; 0.5 kpy;ypad; jhtu ,dq;fs;
capHj;njhFjpfs; ,y;yhtpby; Gtp vt;thW ,Uf;Fk;?
ntw;Wf; Nfhshfj;jhd; ,Uf;Fk;
Gtpapd; ,aw;#o;epiyfs; vit?
epyk;> ePH kw;Wk; fhw;Wf;Nfhsq;fs;
jpl>jput kw;Wk; thAf;fshy; Mdit vit?
capHf;NfhsKk; mjd; jd;ikAk;
Nfhsq;fisj; jtpu ehd;fhtjhf jhtuq;fs; tpyq;fpdq;fs; thOk; Nfhsk;
xd;Wk; cs;sJ mJ vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ?
capHf;Nfhsk;
capupdj;njhFjpf;Fk;> capuw;w njhFjpf;Fk; ,ilapy; gy;NtW vit
fhzg;gLfpwJ?
,ilr;nray;fs;
Gtpapaypy; kpfKf;fpa fUj;jhff; fUjg;gLtJ vit?
,lk;|
,lj;jpd; mjp Kf;fpar; rpwg;G mq;F thOk; ahH?
kf;fs;"
vy;yh ,aw;njhFjpfisAk; tpl> kdpj ,aw;njhFjpahdJ vit epiwe;jJ?
rpwg;Gk;> kjpg;Gk;
ekJ Gtpapy; fhzg;gLk; vit Vida capupdq;fs; tho tif nra;fpd;wd?
kpy;ypad; fzf;fhd jhtu ,dq;fs;
gy kpy;ypad; tUlq;fSf;F Kd;dH Njhd;wpa jhtu tho;f;ifapdhy;
tspkz;lyj;jpy; ehk; capH thof; fhuzkhd vit Njhd;wpaJ?
capHf;fhw;W
xU jhtu ,dj;ij mopg;gJ vj;jid tpyq;fpdq;fis mopg;gjw;Fr; rkk;
vijj; jhtutpay; ty;YeHfs; $Wfpd;wdH?
30 tpyq;fpdq;fs;
jhtuk; kw;Wk; gRe;jpuSf;F v.fh. jUf?
ghiytdj;jpy; ,Ue;J J}e;jpug; gpuNjrk; tiu nropg;ghd jhtu tiffs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd
cyfj;jpy; cs;s nkhj;j epyg;gug;gpy; RkhH vj;jid tpOf;fhL fhLfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd?
RkhH 30 tpOf;fhL
Row;rpfspd; khWghl;bw;F Kf;fpa toptFg;gd vit?
ekJ Gtpf;Nfhsj;jpd; fhHgd;> iel;u[d; kw;Wk; capHf;fhw;W
jhtuq;fs; vt;thW cjTfpd;wd?
~ 32 ~
www.tnpsctamil.in
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ntg;gepiy> kioasT> kw;Wk; gytpj fhyepiyfis epHzapf;fTk;

jhtuq;fs; cjTfpd;wd
capHf;Nfhsj;jpy; thOk; jhtuq;fs;> tpyq;fpdq;fspd; rKjhak; vt;thW
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ?
capHj;njhFjp"
,aw;njhFjpfspilNa fhzg;gLk; cwT Kiwfis njspthfj; njupe;J
nfhs;s vit gad;gLfpd;wd?
capHj;njhFjpfs;
capHj;njhFjpfis mtw;wpd; mikg;gpd; jd;ikfisg; nghWj;j tiffs;
vit?
1. fhLfspd; #o;thoplq;fs;
2. Gy;ntspfspd; #o;thoplq;fs;
3. ghiytdq;fspd; #o;thoplq;fs;
4. kiyfspd; #o;thoplq;fs;
tlNfhsj;jj;jpy; J}e;jpug; gFjpfis mLj;J fhzg;gLtJ
Crpapiyf;fhLfisf; nfhz;l ve;j #o;thoplkhFk;?
ilfh"
Crpapiyf;fhl;L #o;thoplk; vq;F mfd;W fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ?
tl mnkupf;fh kw;Wk; ANu~pah
jhtu tsHr;rpf;Fj; Njitahd ntg;gepiy vj;jid khjq;fs; tiu
fhzg;gLk;?
ehd;fpypUe;J Ie;J khjq;fs; tiu
mkpyr;rj;J epiwe;j ve;j tif kz; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ?
ghl;rhy;|
Crpapiyf; fhLfspy; ve;j tpyq;Ffs; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ?
fupG khd;fs;> vypfs;
kf;fshy; tsHf;fg;gLk; tpyq;Ffs; vit?
eupfs;> kpd;];f;Ffs;
Crpapiyf;fhLfspy; ve;j tifg; gwitapdq;fs; ,q;F capH tho;fpd;wd?
kuq;nfhj;jpfs;> fpuh];gPf;
gwit ,dq;fs; ve;j fhyj;jpy; vq;fpUe;J te;J jq;fptpl;L FspHfhy
Muk;gj;jpy; ntspNawp tpLfpd;wd?
tre;j fhyj;jpy; njd;gpuNjrq;fspy; ,Ue;J ntspNawp tpLfpd;wd
tpyq;Ffs; fLk; Fspiuj; jhq;ff; $ba vtw;iw ngw;Ws;sd?
cNuhkq;fs;
cWjpahd Xl;bypUe;J tpijfis vLf;ff;$ba myfpid ngw;Ws;s gwit
vJ?
nul;fpuh];gpy;
goq;Fbfs; vtw;iw Kf;fpaj; njhopy;fshff; nfhz;Ls;sd?
Ntl;ilahLjy;> kPd;gpbj;jy;
#o;thoplk; kj;jpa ml;rq;fspy; fz;lq;fspd; Nkw;F kw;Wk; vq;F
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ?
fpof;F tpspk;Gfs;
,uz;L Nfhsq;fspYk; fhzg;gLk; #o;thoplk; vJ?
kpjntg;g kz;ly ,iyAjpH fhL
mnkupf;f If;fpa ehLfspd; fpof;Fg;gFjp> Nkw;F INuhg;gh> njw;F rpyp> njd;
fpof;F M];jpNuypah> lh];Nkhdpah kw;Wk; epArpyhe;J Mfpa ehLfspy;
fhzg;gLgit vit?
kpjntg;g kz;ly ,iyAjpH fhl;L #o;thoplk;
#o;thoplj;jpy; FspHf;fhyKk;> Nfhilf;fhyKk; vt;thW fhzg;gLfpwJ?
kpjntg;gj;JlDk;> Nfhilf;fhyk; ntg;gk; jzpe;Jk; fhzg;gLk;
kpjntg;gkz;ly ,iyAjpH fhl;L #o;thoplj;jpy; kz; vt;thW fhzg;gLfpwJ?
~ 33 ~
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gOg;Gepwf;fhl;L kz;
kpj ntg;gkz;ly ,iyAjpH fhLfspy; ve;j khjq;fspy; ,iyfis cjpHj;J
tpLfpd;wd?
[dtup - gpg;utup khjq;fs;
mfd;w ,iyfisAk;> jbj;j jz;bidAk; nfhz;l kuq;fs; vit?
Xf;> Nkg;gpy;> gPr; kuq;fs;
INuhg;gpa gpuNjrj;jpy; ve;j rpwpa tpyq;fpdq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd?
khd;fs;> fubfs;> vUJfs;> eha;fs;> eupfs;> gd;wpfs;> fhl;Lg;g+idfs;
mnkupf;f ,iyAjpHf; fhLfspy; ve;j tpyq;fpdq;fs; tho;fpd;wd?
khd;> fub> rpWj;ij> nre;eup> mzpy; Mfpait
FspHfhyj;jpy; tpyq;Ffs; cztpid vt;thW Nrfupf;fpd;wd?
FspHfhyk; Jtq;Fk; Kd;dNu Nrfupj;J itj;Jf;nfhs;fpd;wd
cyf epyg;gug;gpy; 11% nfhz;l tlJiz JUtg;gFjpapy; fhzg;gLgit
vit?
ilfh #o;thoplq;fs;
cyf epug;gug;gpy; 9% nfhz;l Crpapiy kuq;fSk;> ,iyAjpH kuq;fSk;
fye;J fhzg;gLtJ vJ?
kpjntg;g #o;thoplq;fs;
cyf epyg;gug;gpy; 11% nfhz;l Gy;ntspfSld; kuq;fSk; fye;J
fhzg;gLtJ vJ?
rthdh #o;thoplq;fs;
cyf epyg;gug;gpy; 25% nfhz;lit vJ?
ghiy #o;thoplq;fs;
cyf epyg;gug;gpy; 20% nfhz;lit vit?
madr; #o;thoplq;fs;
gPr; kuq;fs; mjpfk; vq;F fhzg;gLfpd;wd?
rpypapYs;s fhLfs;
jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;j jhtuq;fSk; tpyq;FfSk; vq;F fhzg;gLfpd;wd?
M];jpNuypah> epa+rpyhe;J
kdpjdpd; FbapUg;GfSf;F ,yf;fhf ,Ug;gd vit?
ANu~pahtpd; #o;thoplk;
kpjntg;g kz;ly fhLfspy; tho;gtHfs; vtw;iwj; njhopyhff;
nfhz;Ls;sdH?
kPd; gpbj;jy;> Ruq;fj; njhopy;> kuk; ntl;Ljy;> cw;gj;jpj; njhopy;
Mfpaitfspy; <Lgl;Ls;sdH
kpjntg;gkz;ly fhl;Lg; gpuNjrq;fs; kdpjHfshy; Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;L vt;thW
khwptUfpd;wd?
FbapUg;GfshfTk;> ghy;gz;izg; gFjpfshfTk; khwp tUfpd;wd
mad kz;ly #o;thoplj;jpy; vit mlq;Fk;?
Gtpapilf;Nfhl;L kiof;fhLfSk;> mad kz;ly ,iyAjpH fhLfSk;
mlq;Fk;
mad kz;ly kiof;fhLfs; ve;jg; gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd?
mNkrhd;> fhq;Nfh gs;sj;jhf;Ffs;> fpof;fpe;jpaj; jPTfs; ,e;jpah kw;Wk;
kpahd;khH
tspkz;lyj;jpw;F ngUk; gq;F capHfhw;wpidj; jUtJ vJ?
mad kz;ly kiof;fhLfs;
mad kz;ly kiof;fhLfspy; vj;jid tifahdj; jhtuq;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd?
~ 34 ~
www.tnpsctamil.in
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kuq;fs;> GjHnrbfs;> nfhbfs;> xl;Lz;zpfs;> rhWz;zpf;fs; Nghd;w

E}whapuk; tifahdj; jhtuq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd
mad kz;ly kiof;fhLfs; mlHj;jpahf ,Ug;gjhy;
vtw;iwf;nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd?
rJg;G epyq;fs;
mlHe;jf;fhl;Lg; gFjpapy; mjpfkhf vit fhzg;gLfpd;wd?
g+r;rpfSk;> cNuhkkw;w tpyq;fpdq;fs;
rJg;G epyf;fhl;by; fhzg;gLgit vit?
nfhupy;yhf;fs;> Fuq;Ffs; MfpaitAk;> ,itfSk; cz;L thOk; rpWj;ijg;
Gypfs;
ve;jg; gFjpfspy; fhLfs; mopf;fg;gl;L Njhl;lg;gapHfs; tsHf;fg;gLfpd;wd?
njd;fpof;fpe;jpa kw;Wk; fpof;fpe;jpa jPTfshd kNyrpah> gpypg;igd;];
kj;jpa ml;rq;fspy; fz;lq;fspd; cl;gFjpapy; ve;jg; Gy;ntspfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd?
kpjntg;g kz;lyg; Gy;ntsp
#o;thopj;jpy; mlq;Fgit vit?
tl mnkupf;fhtpy; ngupa rkntspfs;> ANu~pahtpYs;s ];nlg;gp Gy;ntspfs;>
kQ;#upar; rkntsp> mH[d; bdhtpd; ghk;gh];> Mg;gpupf;fhtpYs;s nty;L
M];jpNuypahtpYs;s nlsd;]; Mfpait
mH[d;ildhtpd; ve;j gFjpfspy; Mz;L kioasT kpfTk; FiwT?
ghk;gh];
fWg;G epwj;Jld; jhtur; rj;J kpFe;j tskpf;f kz; vq;F fhzg;gLfpd;wJ?
mH[d;ildh
Gy;ntspg; gpuNjrj;jpy; ve;jf; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tpyq;fpdq;fs; cs;sd?
M];jpNuypahtpy; fq;fhU> njd; Mg;gpupf;fhtpy; tupf;Fjpiu> ANu~pahtpy;
fhl;Lf;Fjpiu> tl mnkupf;fhtpy; fhl;nlUik
Gy;ntspfis fhy;eilg; gz;izfshfTk;> Nka;rr
; y; epyq;fshTk; ngupa
mstpy; tsHr;rpailar; nra;jtHfs; ahH?
[Nuhg;gpaHfs;
tsk; kpf;f fWg;Gepw Gy;ntsp kz;zpy; (nrHNdhrk;) Nka;r;rYf;Fg; gjpyhf
ngupa mstpy; vtw;iwg; gpd;gw;wpdH?
gapHrhFgb
madg;gFjp Gy;ntspr; #o;thoplq;fs; vt;thW miof;fyhk;?
rthdh Gy;ntsp epyk;
Gy;ntspr; #o;thoplq;fspy; vit mlq;Fk;?
Mg;gpupf;fr; rthdh> M];jpNuypar; rthdh> njd; mnkupf;fhtpd; fhk;gh];
madg;gFjp Gy;ntspfspd; %d;W gUtf; fhyq;fs; vit?
FspHe;j twz;l fhyk;> ntg;g twz;l fhyk; kw;Wk; kpjntg;gkiof;fhyk;
kzy; fye;j twz;l ruiskz; vq;F fhzg;gLfpwJ?
madg;gFjp
Mg;gpupf;f ahidfs;> fhz;lhkpUfq;fs;> ePHahidfs;> rpq;fq;fs; Mfpaitfs;
vq;F fhzg;gLfpd;wd?
Mg;gpupf;f rthdh Gy;ntspapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ
goq;Fbapduhd ahH ngupa mstpy; Ntl;ilahLfpd;wdH?
GjH kdpjHfs;> fpHfp]; ,dj;jtH
fpof;F Mg;gpupf;fhtpy; Njhl;lg;gapHfs; ahuhy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd?
[Nuhg;gpaHfs;
[Nuhg;gpaHfspd; Njhl;lg;gapHfSf;F v.fh. jUf?
fhg;gp> gUj;jp kw;Wk; Gifapiy
kiog; gw;whf;Fiw gFjpfs; vit?
~ 35 ~
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ghiytdq;fs;
ghiytdq;fs; gy tifg;gLk; mit ahit?
<ug;gjj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L KOg;ghiytdk;> miug;ghiytdk;
vdTk;> ntg;gg; ghiytdk;> FspH ghiytdk; vdTk; gpupf;fyhk;
tl Nfhsj;jpy; JUtj;ijr; Rw;wpAk; njhlr;rpahfTk; ve;j #o;thoplq;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd?
FspH ghiytd #o;thoplq;fs;
FspH ghiytd #o;thoplk; vJ tiuapYk; gutpAs;sJ?
tl mnkupf;fhtpy; myh];fh Kjy; yhgulhH tiuapYk; fpuPd;yhe;jpd; njd;
tpspk;G tiuapYk; gutpAs;sJ
FspH ghiytd #o;thoplj;jpy; vq;F tiuapYk; tpahgpj;Js;sd?
ANu~pahtpy; ];fhe;J Netpahtpd; tlf;Fg; gFjpapypUe;J irgPupahtpd;
fpof;FKid tiuapYk; ,it tpahgpj;Js;sd
nkd;rupT nfhz;l rkntspfs; vq;Ff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd?
J}e;jpug;gFjpfs;
Nfhilf;fhy epyf;fhl;rpahf vitf; fhzg;gLfpd;wd?
Gw;fs;> ypr;rd;fs;> ghrpfs; kw;Wk; rpW jhtuq;fs;
FspHg; ghiytd tpyq;fpdq;fs; vit?
f];J}upkhd;> nuapd;BH (REINDEER) Njhypy; thridAs;s k];F vUikfs;>
JUt Kay;fs;> JUt eupfs; Mfpait FspHg;ghiytd tpyq;fpdq;fshFk;
FspHg; ghiytdj;jpy; Mz;L KOtJk; thOk; capupdk; vJ?
vyp tiffs;
ve;j tpyq;fpdk; jq;fs; epwj;ij ntz;ikahf khw;wpf; nfhs;fpd;wd?
JUt eupfSk;> Kay;fSk; FspHf;fhyj;jpy; jq;fs; epwj;ij ntz;ikahf
khw;wpf; nfhs;fpd;wd
tpNdhjkhd tho;f;if mikg;igf; nfhz;lit vit?
nykpq; vypfs;
v];fpNkhf;fs; kpff; Fiwe;j mstpNyNa vq;F trpf;fpd;wdH?
tl mnkupf;fh
yhg;]; kf;fs; tsHf;Fk; nuapz;BH %yk; vtw;iwg; ngWfpd;wdH?
ghy;> ,iwr;rp> Njhyhil
Kf;fpakhd madg; ghiytdg; gFjp vJ?
rfhuhTk; mjd; njhlHr;rpAk;
mNugpag; ghiytdk;> jhHghiytdk;> fyfhup Nkw;F M];jpNuypag;
ghiytdk;> mlfhkh kw;Wk; fypNghHdpah ghiytdk; Mfpait ve;jg;
ghiytdj;NjhL NrHe;jJ?
madg; ghiytdk;
jq;fs; clk;gpd; kPJ nkOFg; g+r;rpidf; nfhz;bUg;gjpd; %yk; #upa
ntg;gj;jpypUe;J jk;ik ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;td vit?
rpW g+r;rp tiffs;
tl mnkupf;fhtpy; uhf;f]
P ;>njd; mnkupf;fhtpy; Mz;B];> INuhg;ghtpy;
My;g;]; Mrpahtpy; ,kakiy midj;Jk; vit?
caHepy #o;thoplq;fs;
tsHr;rpaile;j ehLfspy; tUlj;jpw;F vt;tsT kuf;$o; jahupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ?
200 kpy;ypad; ld;
fhfpjg; gad;ghl;bd; msT jw;rkak; ,uz;L klq;fhf vq;F caHe;Js;sJ?
gpNurpy;> ,e;jpah
kdpjdhy; mopf;fg;gLk; fhLfspd; nkhj;jg; gug;gpd; msT vtw;wpw;F rkkhdJ?
If;fpa murpd; epyg;gug;gpw;F rkkhdJ
#upaf; fjpHtPrr
; pd; nkhj;j mstpy; ngUk; gq;fpidj; jhNd <Hj;Jf; nfhs;tJ
~ 36 ~
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vJ?
mNkrhd; gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; jhtu ,aw;njhFjp
khWgl;l capupdq;fisf; nfhz;lit vit?
mad kw;Wk; kpjntg;g kz;lyf; fhLfspd; ,aw;njhFjpfs;
jhtu ,aw;njhFjpfisg; ghJfhf;Fk; ,uz;L Kiwfs; vit?
1. ePH gpupNkLfisg; GJg;gpj;jy;
2. rKjhaf; fhLfs; kw;Wk; epiyepWj;Jk; njhFjp
epiy epWj;Jk; njhFjpahf nray;gLgit vit?
Ntshz; fhLfs;
flypd; Nkw;gug;gpy; ,lj;jpw;F ,lk; NtWgLtJ vJ?
fly; ePupd; ntg;g msT
fly; ePupy; vit kpFe;Js;sd?
jhJg; nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; ctHg;gpak;
ctHg;gpaj;jpd; msT vtw;iw nghWj;J khWgLk;?
flypy; fyf;Fk; ed;duP pd; NrHf;if> Mtpahjk; tpfpjk;
fly; ePupy; fhzg;gLk; mirTfs; vd;d?
miyfs;> Xjq;fs;> kw;Wk; ePNuhl;lq;fs;
FspH ePNuhl;lq;fs;> JUtk; kw;Wk; Jizj;JUtg; gFjpapypUe;J ve;j
Ez;Zapupfisf; nfhz;L tUfpd;wd?
gpshq;ld;
flypy; fhzg;gLk; jhtuq;fisAk;> tpyq;fpdq;fisAk; vt;thW
miof;fpd;Nwhk;?
jhtu tHf;fk; vd;Wk; tpyq;fpd tHf;fk; vd;Wk; miof;fpd;Nwhk;
,aw;njhFjpfs; ehd;F tifg;gLk; mit ahit?
1. ctHr;Nrhw;W epyk;> 2. rJg;G epyk;> 3. fopKfk; kw;Wk; 4. KUifg;ghiwfs;
flNyhu mupg;Gfisj; jLf;Fk; fhuzpahf vit cs;sd?
fly; tho; Gw;fs; kw;Wk; g+f;fSld; $ba jhtuq;fs;
fly;tho; capupfSf;F rhjfkhd tho;tplq;fshf miktd vit?
fopKfq;fs;
cyfpNyNa kpfg;goikahd ,aw;njhFjpfs; vJ?
KUifg; ghiwfs;
mad kz;lyf;fly; gFjpfspy; kl;LNk thof;$bait vit?
KUiffs;
KUiffs; njhw;wpf;nfhs;s trjpahf vit fhzg;gLfpd;wd?
miy mupNkilfs; (WAVE CUT PLAT FORM)
KUiffs; %d;W tifg;gLk; mit ahit?
1. flNyhu KUifg;ghiw (Fringing reef)
2. muz; KUifg;ghiw (barrier reef )
3. tl;l tbt KUifj;jpl;L (atoll)
njd; ,e;jpa fly; gFjpfspy; vit fhzg;gLfpd;wd?
flNyhu KUiffs;
flNyhu KUiffshy; #og;gl;Ls;sit vit?
mugpf;flypy; cs;s ,yl;rj;jPTfs;
flNyhu KUifg; ghiwfs; vq;F mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd?
fuPgpad; fly;gFjpfs;
M];jpNuypahtpd; fpof;Ff; flw;fiuia xl;b gy;yhapuf; fzf;fhd fp.kP.
J}uj;jpw;F vitf; fhzg;gLfpd;wd?
muz; KUifg; ghiwfs;
gy;yhapuk; Mz;Lfshf jPTfisr; Rw;wp KUiffshy; cUthf;fg;gl;l
$l;likg;G vJ?
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tl;l tbt KUifj;jpl;Lf;fs;

fly;tho; capupdq;fisg; nghJthf %d;W gpupTfshfg; gpupf;fyhk; mit
ahit?
1. gpshq;ld;> 2. nef;lhd; kw;Wk; 3. nge;jh];
flypy; kpjf;ff;$ba kpf Ez;zpa fly;tho; capupdk; vJ?
gpshq;ld;
gpshq;ld; NrHe;j xU nry; gpuhzp vJ?
<uZ (lahl;lk;)
fly; ePupy; ePe;jf;$ba capupfis vt;thW miof;fyhk;?
nef;lhd;fs;
flw;Nkw;gug;gpy; fhzg;gLk; jhtu ,d flw;ghrpfs; vt;thW
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd?
My;Nf (Algae)
flybg;gug;gpy; fhzg;gLk; capupdj; njhFjpfis vt;thW miof;fyhk;?
nge;jh];
flypy; efuf;$baitf;F v.fh. jUf?
ngUq;fly;> ez;L> ej;ij> el;rj;jpu kPdf
; s;> GOf;fs; Nghd;wit
flypy; efuhjitf;F v.fh.jUf?
fly;nrbfs;> Nfhiug;Gy; Nghd;w flw;ghrp tifj; jhtuq;fs; KUifg;
ghiwfs;> rpg;gpfs;> fly; Eiu Nghd;witfs; efuh capupdq;fisr;
rhHe;jjhFk;
rpwe;j EfH nghUl;fshd moFr; rhjdq;fs; ~hk;G> rhag;nghUl;fs;> caT
vz;nza; kw;Wk; tHzq;fs; jahupf;f vit gy topfspy; gad;gLfpd;wd?
fly; tho; capupfs;"
kdpjj; jpwd;ghL
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vj;jid Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dNu mwpthHe;j kdpjHfs; ,g;gFjpapy; tho;e;J

te;jJ gy Mjhuq;fs; thapyhff; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ?
RkhH 2>00>000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;
xU gFjp khWgl;l kdpj ,dj;jtH vq;F tho;e;J te;jdH?
Mrpah
KjyhtJ Mjhukhf> ,e;NjhNd~pahtpy; fhzg;gl;l kdpjHfspd; vYk;G
vd;d?
gbkq;fs;
,uz;lhtjhf rPdhtpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l Mrpa ,dj;ijr; rhHe;j vJthFk;?
kz;ilXL
kdpj ehfuPfq;fs; Nghw;wg;gLtJ RkhH vj;jid Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dH
Njhd;wpa ehfuPf fhykhFk;?
RkhH 5>000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;
ehfuPfr; rpfukhd rpe;J rkntspapy; fhzg;gl;l ve;j ,ul;il efuq;fspy;
30>000-j;jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l kf;fs; trpj;jdH?
nkh`Q;rjhNuh> ùg;gh
kj;jpa MrpahtpypUe;J ntspNawpa kf;fs; Nuhkhdpa kw;Wk; vtw;iw
khw;wpaikj;jdH?
rPd ehfuPfk;
jj;JtKk; mwptpaYk; ahuhy; tsHe;jJ?
fpNuf;fHfs;> NuhkHfs;> rPdHfs;
thdtpay; ahuhy; tsHf;fg;gl;lJ?
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mNugpaHfs;
fly; gazq;fspy; MHtk; nfhz;ltHfs; ahH?
INuhg;gpaHfs;
Gjpa fly; topfisf; fz;Lgpbj;J flw;gazq;fis njhlHe;jtH ahH?
gjpdhuhk;> gjpNdohk;> E}w;whz;Lfspy; nfhyk;g]; th];Nfh -lh-fhkh>
nkfy;yd; Nghd;wtHfs; Gjpa fly; topfisf; fz;Lgpbj;jdH
th];Nfh -lh-fhkh nkfy;yd; ,tHfSld; flw;gazk; Nkw;nfhz;ltHfs; ahH?
tPuHfs;> tzpfHfs;> FUf;fs;> epHthf ty;YeHfs; gyUk; ,tHfSld;
flw;gazk; Nkw;nfhz;ldH
Mjpf;f ehLfs; ve;jg; Nghuhl;lq;fis Nkw;nfhz;ld?
mlf;FKiwiaAk;> mbik ehLfs; m`pk;ir Nghuhl;lq;fSk; Nkw;nfhz;ld
,d;iwa kdpjHfspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F fhuzkhf miktJ vit?
gupzhk khw;wq;fs;> mwpT tsHr;rp kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu Kd;Ndw;wk; Mfpait
cyfpy; kf;fs; njhif rPuw;W gutpf;fplf;f ,uz;L Kf;fpa fhuzpfs;
cs;sd mit ahit?
1. epyj;Njhw;wk; kw;Wk; 2. fhyepiy vd;gitahFk;
fp.gp. Kjy; E}w;whz;by; cyfpd; kf;fs; njhif vj;jid kpy;ypad; Fiwthf
,Ue;jJ?
300 kpy;ypad;
gjpndl;lhk; E}w;whz;by; vt;tsT kpy;ypad; ngUfpaJ?
600 kpy;ypad;
1820 Mk; Mz;by; vj;jid kpy;ypad; tsHe;jJ?
1>000 kpy;ypad;
,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Jtf;fj;jpy; vj;jid kpy;ypad; mjpfupj;jJ?
2>000 kpy;ypad;
1960 Mk; Mz;by; vj;jid kpy;ypadhf tsHe;j;J?
3000 kpy;ypad;
21 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Jtf;fj;jpy; vj;jid kpy;ypaDf;F Nky; cs;sJ?
6>000 kpy;ypad;
cyfpd; jw;Nghija Mz;L ruhrup tsHr;rp RkhH vj;jid rjtPjk; MFk;?
RkhH 1.3
kf;fs; njhif tsHr;rp tPjk; cau fhuzk; vJ?
tsHr;rpaile;j nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wk;
15 taJ Kjy; 64 taJ tiuAs;s gzpj;jpwDila 2.6 kpy;ypad; kf;fs;
xd;W NrHe;J Ntiy nra;Ak; nghOJ ntspg;gL ciog;Gj;jpwd; vjw;F
epfuhdJ?
200 kpy;ypad; fpNyh thl;]; kpd;rf;jp
xU ehl;bd; KOikahd gzpj;jpwid tbj;njLf;f vit Njitf;FupajhFk;?
jFe;j El;gj;jpwd;
eytho;tpd; mbg;gilj; Njitfis eptHj;jp nra;a vd;d nra;aNtz;Lk;?
kdpjHfspd; vz;zpf;if Fiwf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;
kdpj tsnkd;gJ vtw;wpd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; Fwpf;Fk;?
gzpj;jpwDila kf;fspd; vz;zpf;if
kf;fspd; gzpj;jpwdpd; kpfkpf mtrpakhdJ vJ?
tskhd jukhd tho;f;iff;F mjpf vz;zpf;ifAs;s kf;fspd; gzpj;jpwd;
kpfkpf mtrpakhd xd;whFk;
xU ehl;bd; gzpj;jpwd; taJ vt;thW fzpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ?
ghypd gpukpl;bd; tbtj;ijf; nfhz;L fzpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ
kdpjg; gzpj;jpwid tajpd; mbg;gilapy; %d;W gpupTfshfg; gpupf;fyhk;
mit ahit?
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1. Foe;ijfs; - gzpj;jpwdw;w taJg;gpuptpdH (0-14 t;aJ)

2. taJ te;NjhH - gzpj;jpwDila gpuptpdH (15 -64 taJ)
3. KjpatHfs; - gzpj;jpwdw;w gpuptpdH (65 taJf;F Nky;)
vjid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L kf;fs; njhifapd; gpukpLfs;
tiuag;gl;Ls;sd?
taJ kw;Wk; ghypdk;
gzpj;jpwd; kw;Wk; kf;fs; ngUf;fk; rhHe;j fUj;Jf;fis vLj;Jiuf;f
,aYtJ vJ?
taJ gpukpLfs;
taJ -ghypd gpukpLfis %d;W tiffshfg; gpupf;fyhk; mit ahit?
1. Kd;NdWk; taJg; gpukpL (Progressive age structure)
2. gpd;dilAk; taJg; gpukpL (Regressive age structure)
3. ,ilg;gl;l taJ mikg;G (Intermediate age structure)
ehl;gpid eyk;ngwr;nra;Ak; jfty;fis mwpe;J nfhs;s vit cjTfpd;wd?
gpukpLfs;
kf;fs; njhif Nfhl;ghL ahuhy; vg;NghJ ntspaplg;gl;lJ?
jhk]; uhgHl; khy;j]; vd;gtuhy; 19 Mk; E}w;whz;by; ntspaplg;gl;lJ
kf;fs; tsHr;rp ve;j tpfpj;jjpy; cs;sJ?
1>4>8>16>32 vd;w [pNahkpjp tpfpj;jjpy;
kf;fs; czT cw;gj;jp ve;j tpfpj;jjpy; cs;sJ?
1>2>3>4>5 vd;w fzpj tpfpj;jjpy;
kf;fs; njhifiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy; rhHghd jilfs; vdf;$wp mtw;iw ,U
tifahfg; gpupj;Js;sdH mit ahit?
1. ,aw;ifj; jilfs;
2. kdpjr;nray; jilfs;
,U Kiwfspd; %yk; kf;fs; njhifiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk; vd khy;j];
$Wfpd;whH mit ahit?
1. ,aw;ifapy; gpwg;G tpfpjk; Fiwa jpUkz taij mjpfupj;jy;
2. kdpjHfspd; guhkupg;G kw;Wk; ghJfhg;Gj;jUk; jpwidr; rhHe;Nj Foe;ij
gpwg;gpid Cf;fkspf;f Ntz;Lk;
gpwg;G jLg;G Kiw" apd; mtrpaj;ij mjpfkhf typAWj;jpatH ahH?
khy;j];
etPd fk;a+dprj;jpd; je;ij vd miof;fg;gl;ltH ahH?
n[Hkhdpa r%f - jj;Jt mwpQuhd khHf;];
ahUila Nfhl;ghLfs; kf;fs; njhifg; ngUf;fk;> tsq;fspd; rPuw;w guty;>
rKjha rPHNfLfs; ehLfspd; gpd; jq;fpa epiyikf;Ff; fhuzq;fshfpd;wd
vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd?
khy;j];> khHf;];
Mg;gpupf;fh kw;W ,yj;jPd; mnkupf;f ehLfs; ve;jg; gpur;ridfspdhy;
my;yYWfpd;wd?
tWik> rj;Jztpd;ik
kdpj ,aw;njhFjpfs; 1
FbapUg;Gfs;
173.
174.
GtpapayhH vtw;iw Kiwg;gLj;jpAs;shH?

FbapUg;gpd; mikg;Gfs; nray;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd
xU FbapUg;gpd; tbtikg;G vtw;iw rhHe;J mikfpd;wJ?
kiyfs;> ePHepiyfs;> rkntspfs; Vida ,aw;ifj; Njhw;wq;fisr; rhHe;J
mikfpd;wd
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rka Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;w ,lq;fshf vt;thW cUthfpd?

,we;jtHfis Gijg;gjw;fhfTk; mtHfSf;Fupa rlq;Ffis
Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhfTk;> epiyahd Xuplj;ij Vw;gLj;jpdH fhyg;Nghf;fpy;
mt;tplq;fs; rka Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;w ,lq;fshapd
Nrkpg;Gf;fplq;Ffs; vt;thW Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld?
czT fpilf;Fk; fhyj;jpy; mtw;iwr; Nrfupj;J Nrkpj;J itf;f
Nrkpg;Gf;fplq;Ffs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld
epue;jukhd FbapUg;Gfs; vt;thW Njhd;wyhapd?
ehNlhb tho;f;ifia tpl;L Xuplj;jpy; epiyahfj; jq;fj; Jtq;fpdH ,t;thwhf
epue;jukhd FbapUg;Gfs; Njhd;wyhapd
FbapUg;Gfs; vd;gJ vd;d?
kdpjdpd; tho;tplq;fNs FbapUg;Gfs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd
FbapUg;Gfs; xt;nthd;Wk; vtw;wpd; Kj;jpiuahf tpsq;Ffpd;wd?
Gtp kw;Wk; ,aw;ifr; #oypd; kPJ kdpjdpd; Mjpf;fj;jpid ntspg;gLj;Jk;
Kj;jpiuahf tpsq;Ffpd;wd
FbapUg;gpd; miktplk; ,uz;L fhuzpfshy; epHzapf;fg;gLfpd;wd mit
ahit?
jyk; kw;Wk; #oyikT
FbapUg;Gg; Gtpapaypd; Nehf;fk; vd;d?
miktplq;fspd; gz;igAk; gutiyAk; njupe;J nfhs;s tif nra;tJ
FbapUg;Gg; Gtpapaypd; Nehf;fq;fspy; xd;whFk;
FbapUg;Gfs; mika vit Kf;fpaj; jyq;fshFk;?
kiyr;rupT> kiycr;rp> Fd;W Mw;Wg;gs;sj;jhf;F Mw;Wj;jply;> eP&w;W> Fsk;>
rhiyfs; $Lkplk; kw;Wk; rka fl;Lkhdq;fs; Mfpait
jyk; (SITE) vd;gJ vd;d?
xU FbapUg;G mikAk; ,lk; ~jyk;| vdg;gLk;
jd;dpiwT Ntshz; njhopypy; tpisepyq;fSf;F mUfpNyNa vit Nrfupj;J
itf;fg;gl;ld?
cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fs;
gy gz;izfspypUe;J cgup jhdpaq;fs; xU fpuhkj;jpy; Nrfupf;fg;gl;ld.
,t;thW Nrfupf;fg;gl;ld. ,t;thW Nrfupf;fg;gl;l xU fpuhkj;jpy; Kiwahd
tzpfk; eilngWk; NghJ mf;fpuhkk; vt;thW khWgLfpd;wJ?
xU tzpfj;jyk;
Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; rhiyfs; vjw;fhfj; Njitg;gl;ld?
tzpff; FbapUg;Gfspy; nghUl;fis Xuplj;jpypUe;J kw;nwhU ,lj;jpw;F
khw;Wtjw;fhf Njitg;gl;ld
#oyikT vtw;iwf; Fwpf;Fk;?
#oyikT vd;gJ FbapUg;igr; Rw;wpAs;s epyj;jpd; mikg;G kw;Wk;
#o;epiyiaf; Fwpf;Fk;
njw;Fj; jpiria Nehf;F tPLfs; Vd; mikf;fg;gLfpd;wd?
,e;jpah xU gUtf;fhw;W ehlhf ,Ug;gjhy;
ePH epiyfSf;F mUNf mike;Js;s gy ngupa efuq;fs; vit?
Njk;]; ejpf;fiu #oyiktpYs;s ,yz;ld; khefuk;
FbapUg;GfSf;F rpwg;Gj; Njhw;wq;fs; vt;thW fpilf;fpd;wd?
jyk; kw;Wk; #oyikT Mfpatw;wpd; jdpj;jd;ik
epyj;Njhw;wj;jpd; gFjpfshf tpsq;Fgit vit?
kdpjdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l fyhr;rhuj;Njhw;wq;fs;
FbapUg;gpd; nray; gzpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,uz;L tiffshfg;
gpupf;fyhk; mit ahit?
ehl;Lg;Gwf; FbapUg;G> efHg;Gwf;FbapUg;G
~ 41 ~
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.
1.
.
9094826254
2.
9750216789
3.
9994343334
4.
9842428861
5.
9443833333
6.
9750216789
7.
9894846425
8.
9994063702
9.
9894217248
10.
9944144222
11.
9894495845
12.
9843427724
13.
9659765900
14.
9994079013
15.
9842537005
16.
9443929273
17.
9443182330
18.
9025313661
19.
9025313661
20.
9943153202
21.
9842316661
22.
9486525806
23.
9500478338
24.
9791544734
25.
9500862024
26.
9042482982
27.
9443491894
28.
9750216789
29.
9750216789
30.
9443079942

1.
ARIVUKKADAL PATHIPPAKAGAM DD M.O
2.
: 1161135000002562
IFSC NO KVBL 0001161 / SOUTH MASI STREET, MADURAI

: ,
3262,
,
, 625011.
Contact no:98426 49140, 0452-6463666, 9976935585
~ 42 ~
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ehl;Lg;Gw FbapUg;gpd; Kf;fpaj; Njhw;wkhff; fhzg;gLtJ vJ?

fpuhkq;fs;
kf;fs; njhifr; nrwpT vt;tif fpuhkj;jpw;F kiwKff; fhuzpahFk;?
neUf;fkhd fpuhkk; (Compact village)
fpuhkq;fs; VjhtJ xd;iw ikaf;fUtpthff; nfhz;L vt;thW tsHr;rp
ngWfpwJ?
ikaf;fU fpuhkk; (Nucleated villages)
jkpo;ehl;by; Nfhapiy ikakhff; nfhz;L tsHr;rpaile;j efuk; vJ?
kJiu
nrd;id khefuj;jpw;F ikaf;fUthf ,Ug;gJ vJ?
nrapd;l; [hH[; Nfhl;il
xU fpuhkj;jpd; mUfpy; gy FbapUg;Gfs; vt;thW Njhd;Wfpd;wJ?
njhFg;G my;yJ nfhj;jhf mike;j fpuhkk; (Grouped or Bunched
Settlement)
xU ghyj;jpd; ,uz;L gf;fq;fspNyh my;yJ nrq;Fj;Jr; ruptpd; Nky;gFjp>
fPo;g;gFjpfspNyh fhzg;gLtJ vJ?
,ul;ilf;fpuhkq;fs; (Twin villages)
ehl;Lg;Gw FbapUg;GfspypUe;J khWg;gl;lit vit?
efuf;FbapUg;Gfs;
gioa Ntshz; gFjpfspypUe;J Njhd;wpait vit?
gioa efuq;fs;
etPd efuq;fs; njhopy; tsHr;rpapd; mbg;gilapy; vg;nghOJ Njhd;wpd?
,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;L
nghUshjhu r%f Nritfisj; jUk; gy tifahd efuq;fs; vit?
Ruq;fj; njhopy; efuq;fs;> flw;fiu efuq;fs;> nghOJ Nghf;F efuq;fs;
kw;Wk; gy;fiyf; fof efuq;fs; Nghd;witfshFk;
efuq;fspd; tifg;ghL ve;j Kiwfisg; gpd;gw;wp tifg;gLj;Jfpd;wd?
1. nray;ghLfs;
2. kf;fs; vz;zpf;ifapd; msT
3. epHthf mikg;Gfs; nfhz;L tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd
Ntshz;ikay;yhj NtW njhopy;fis Nkw;nfhz;bUf;Fk; ehLfs; vit?
,e;jpah> ,];Nuy;> ,j;jhyp
Mg;gpupf;f kw;Wk; INuhg;gpa ehLfspy; FbapUg;Gfis vt;thW
miof;fg;gLfpd;wdH?
efHg;Gwk;
xU kpy;ypad; my;yJ Nkw;gl;l kf;fs; njhif nfhz;l efuq;fis vt;thW
$wyhk;?
kpy;ypad; efuq;fs;
kpy;ypad; efuq;fshf vit ,Ue;jd?
,yz;ld; - 1800 Mk; Mz;L
ghupR
- 1850 Mk; Mz;L
epa+ahHf;
-1870 Mk; Mz;L
cyfpy; cs;s jw;Nghija kpy;ypad; efuq;fs; vit?
1970 ,y; 129 kpy;ypad; efuq;fSk; jw;NghJ 180 kpy;ypad; efuq;fSk;
cs;sd
gioa jiyefuq;fshFk; FbapUg;Gfs; vit?
nydpd; fpuhL> upNahb n[dpNuh kw;Wk; nfhy;fj;jh
efuq;fspy; kf;fs; njhif ,uz;L topfspy; ngUfpd;wJ mit ahit?
Kjyhtjhf> ,aw;ifahd kdpj ,dg;ngUf;fk;> ,uz;lhtjhf fpuhkq;fspy;
,Ue;J tUk; FbNaw;wk;
~ 43 ~
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Rw;Wg;Gwk; khriltjhy; Vw;gLk; gy gpur;ridfs; vit?

Ntiyapy;yhj; jpz;lhl;lk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J neupry;> fhw;W khriljy;
fpuhk kf;fs; vjw;fhf efuq;fspy; FbNaWfpd;wdH?
Ntiytha;g;igj; NjbAk;> gy;NtW fhuzq;fSf;fhfTk;
xU efutsHr;rpapy; ,ize;Nj fhzg;gLtJ vJ?
GwefH gFjpapd; tsHr;rp
nrd;id khefupd; gug;gsTk; kf;fs; njhif vt;tsT?
1971 - y; 120 rJu fpNyh kPl;lH gug;gsTk; 3.5 kpy;ypad; kf;fs; njhifAk;
,Ue;jJ. 1991 - y; 175 rJu fpNyh kPl;lUk; 5.4 kpy;ypad; kf;fs; njhifAk;
,Ue;jJ
tpgj;Jfs; Vw;gLtij jLf;f efiuj; jpl;lkpLgtHfs; nra;Ak; topfs; vit?
rhiy topfspd; FWf;Nf Ruq;fg;ghijfs; mikj;jy;> xU topg;ghijia
eilKiwg;gLj;Jjy;> ngupa thfdq;fis> efupd; tpspk;G gFjpfspy; kl;LNk
nry;y mDkjpj;jy; Nghd;wtw;iw Nkw;nfhs;fpwhHfs;
efu tsHr;rpapy; kw;nwhU gpur;rid vJ?
khriljy;
ngupa efuj;ijr; Rw;wpAs;s gFjpfs; vt;thW gy topfspy; khrilfpd;wd?
fhw;W> ePH
thfdq;fspypUe;J tUk; gy tifahd rg;jq;fshy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfs;
vit?
fhJ Nfshik> kd cisr;ry;> ga czHT
xU ,lj;jpd; trjpfs; kw;Wk; Nritfs; Fwpj;J FbapUg;Gfs; rhHe;j xU
Nfhl;ghL vd;d?
ika ,lf;Nfhl;ghL
ikaj;jpd; Nritfshf vit fhzg;gLk;?
filfs;> re;ijfs;> epHthfq;fs;> Nfspf;iff; $lq;fs;
ngupa FbapUg;Gfs; ahTk; vit?
ika ,lq;fs;
Nky; kl;lj;jpYk;> rpwpaJk; Fiwe;j Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j FbapUg;Gfs;
fPo;kl;lj;jpYk; fhzg;gLk; ,jid vt;thW miof;fyhk;?
FbapUg;Gfspd; gbepiy
FbapUg;gpd; gbepiyapd; Nky;kl;lj;jpd; vd;d fhzg;gLfpd;wJ?
khefuq;fs;
FbapUg;Gfs; Nky;kl;lj;ijr; rhHe;jit vit?
nrd;id> nly;yp> nfhy;fj;jh> Kk;ig
,lf;Nfhl;ghl;il ntspapl;ltH ahH?
thy;lH fpwp];lhyH vd;w mwpQH
xU Fwpg;gpl;l J}uj;jpw;Fs; cs;s kf;fSf;F Ntz;ba nghUl;fis
tpepNahfk; nra;fpd;w J}uj;ij vt;thW miof;fyhk;?
Fiwe;jgl;r cs;J}uk; (Inner range of a good)
ikatplf; Nfhl;ghl;bd; Kf;fpaf; fUj;Jfspy; xd;whf miktJ vJ?
Fiwe;j gl;r ntspJ}uk; (Outer range of a good)
re;ijg; gug;ig mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> FbapUg;Gfspy; epiyia
tifg;gLj;JtJ vJ?
fpup];lhyH Nfhl;ghL
FbapUg;gpd; miktplg; gz;Gfs; FbapUg;Gf;F vtw;iwj; jUfpd;wd?
tbtikg;G
xt;nthU Nrit ikaj;jpw;Fk; Njitahd Fiwe;jgl;r kf;fs; njhif
vt;tsT?
200 -300 tiu
~ 44 ~
www.tnpsctamil.in
njhopyfj; njhFjpfs;
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kdpjdpd; mbg;gilj; Njitapy; xd;W vJ?

czT
kdpjdhy; gy;NtW gapHtiffs; gapuplg;gLfpd;wd ,ij vt;thW $wyhk;?
Ntshz; njhopy;|
njhopw;rhiyfspd; %yk; Milfshf cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; njhopiy vt;thW
miof;fyhk;?
nerTj;njhopy;|
kdpjdpd; midj;Jj; NjitfisAk; g+Hj;jp nra;J mspg;gij vt;thW
$wyhk;?
njhopy;|
gjpndl;lhk; E}w;whz;by; njhopw;Gul;rp Vw;gl;L vit fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld?
,ae;jpuq;fs;
kf;fs; njhif ngUf;fj;jpw;Nfw;gTk; mtHfspd; Njitf;Nfw;gTk; vit
ngUfpd?
gy;tifj; njhopw;rhiyfs;
njhopy;fis cw;gj;jp epiyfspd; mbg;gilapy; ehd;F ngUk;gpupTfshfg;
gpupf;fyhk; mit ahit?
1. Kjd;ik epiyj; njhopy;fs; 2. ,uz;lhk; epiyj; njhopy;fs;
3. %d;whk; epiyj; njhopy;fs;
4. ehd;fhk; epiyj; njhopy;fs;
Kjd;ik epiyj;njhopy;fs; vit?
Ntl;ilahLjy;> kPd;gpbj;jy;> Ntshz; njhopy; kw;Wk; Ruq;fj; njhopy;
Mfpait
Kjd;ik epiyj; njhopy;fs; ahTk; vtw;iw eptHj;jpr; nra;fpd;wd?
kdpjdpd; mbg;gilj; Njitfs;
,uz;lhk; epiyj; njhopy;fSf;Fj; Njitahd vtw;iw mspf;fpd;wd?
%yg;nghUl;fs;
,uz;lhk; epiyj; njhopy;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
Kjd;ik epiyj; njhopypUe;J ngwg;gLk; %yg;nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;jp>
kdpjdpd; Njitfis g+Hj;jp nra;fpd;w njhopy;fNs ,uz;lhk;
epiyj;njhopy;fshFk;
,uz;lhk; epiyj;njhopy;fSf;F v.fh. jUf?
gUj;jpapypUe;J Mil jahupj;jy;> Ruq;fj;njhopypUe;J kdpjDf;Fj;
Njitahd nghUl;fs; jahupj;jy; Nghd;wit MFk;
Kjypuz;L epiyj;njhopy;fs; %ykhf fpilf;Fk; cw;gj;jp nghUl;fisf;
nfhz;L Njitfis eptHj;jp nra;a Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Nghf;Ftuj;J> tzpfk;
tq;fp> njhiyj; njhlHG> nghOJg;Nghf;F Nghd;wit vt;thW
miof;fg;gLfpwJ?
%d;whk; epiyj;njhopy;fshFk;
kf;fSld; njhlHG nfhs;Sk; gzpfshd fy;tp> Muha;rr
; p> epHthfk;> epjp
Nkyhz;ik> tof;fhLjy;> kUj;Jtk; Nghd;w njhopy;fis cs;slf;fpaJ
vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ?
ehd;fhk; epiyj;njhopy;fshFk;
%yg;nghUl;fs; cw;gj;jp nghUl;fisAk;>cw;gj;jp nghUl;fs; re;ijapy;
tpw;fg;gl;L vit gy;NtW nray;ghLfspy; khw;wg;gLfpd;wd?
EfHnghUl;fs;
nraw;ghl;Lg; gpizg;G ,U topKiwfspy; eilngWfpwJ mit ahit?
~ 45 ~
www.tnpsctamil.in
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1. ,LnghUs; gpizg;G
2. ntspgL nghUs; gpizg;G
xU Fwpg;gpl;l njhopYf;Fj; Njitahd nghUl;fis NtW njhopy;fsplkpUe;J
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ vd;gJ vd;d?
,LnghUs; gpizg;G
cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l nghUs; kw;w njhopy;fs; %ykhf re;ijapy; vt;thW
tpw;fg;gLfpd;wJ?
EfHnghUs;
EfHnghUs; tpw;fg;gLtjw;fhf ,izf;fg;gLk; gpizg;G vt;thW miof;fyhk;?
ntspgL nghUs; gpizg;G
njhopypy; cs;s gpizg;Gfs; vit?
,d;wpaikahj gpizg;Gfs;> mj;jpahtrpakw;w gpizg;Gfs;
xU njhopYf;F kpfTk; mj;jpahtrpakhd nghUl;fs; ,y;iyNay;> khw;Wg;
nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L mj;njhopiy elj;jNt ,ayhjit vit?
mj;jpahtrpag; gpizg;Gfs;
xU njhopYf;F kw;w njhopy;fs; gad;gl;lhYk;> mitfs; epWj;jg;gl;lhy;
khw;W trjpAld; cw;gj;jpiaj;njhlu ,aYtJ vJ?
mj;jpahtrpakw;w gpizg;Gfs;
mj;jpahtrpag; gpizg;igg; nghWj;Nj fhzg;gLtJ vJ?
njhopyfq;fspd; miktplq;fs;
%d;whk;> ehd;fhk; epiyj;njhopy;fs; ngUk;ghYk; vq;F miktplq;fisg;
ngUfpd;wd?
efuq;fs;
xU rpy ,lq;fspy; njhopyfq;fs; nrwpe;J fhzg;gLtJ vJ?
njhopyf tl;lq;fs;
njhopyf tl;lq;fs; vq;F cs;sd?
jkpo;ehl;by; kJiu> Nfhak;Gj;J}Uk;> gPfhH> xup]h> Nkw;F tq;fhs
khepyq;fspYs;s Nrhl;lh ehfGup gPlg+kpg; gFjpAk;> n[Hkdpapy; &H>
mnkupf;fh If;fpa ehl;by; Rg;gPupaH Vup gFjpfSk; njhopyf tl;lq;fshFk;
,uz;lhk; epiyj;njhopyfq;fs; ve;j ,lq;fspy; epWtg;gLfpd;wd?
jhJ tsq;fs;> Ntshz;> fhl;L kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffs;> fly;rhHe;j nghUl;fs;>
mOFk; jd;ikAila nghUl;fs; gjg;gLj;j Ntz;ba nghUl;fs; cs;s
,lq;fspy; epWtg;gLfpd;wd
rpWnjhopy;> fdufj;njhopy; vd vj;njhopyhapDk; kpfkpf mtrpakhdJ vJ?
%yjdk;
%yg;nghUl;fs; ngWtjw;Fk; ,ae;jpuf;fUtpfs; thq;fTk; Cjpak; nfhLf;fTk;
,d;wpaikahjJ vJ?
%yjdk;
njhopyfq;fspd; ,uj;jehsk; vd vtw;iwf; $wyhk;?
Nghf;Ftuj;J
njhopyfq;fis ,af;Fk; capHehb vdg;gLtJ vJ?
vuprf;jp
vuprf;jpfs; vit?
epyf;fup> ngl;Nuhypak;> ePHrf;jp> mZkpd;rf;jp Nghd;wit vuprf;jpfshFk;
njhopyfj;jpd; cw;gj;jpg; ngUf;fk; vtw;iw mbg;gilahf nfhz;Ls;sJ?
njhopyhsHfspd; vz;zpf;if> El;gj;jpwd;
njhopyf miktplj;ij epHzapg;gjpy; Kf;fpag; gq;fhw;WgtH ahH?
njhopy;El;gj;jpwDila kpFjpahd njhopyhsHfs;
njhopyf miktplj;jpy; vit Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpd;wJ?
muR
~ 46 ~
www.tnpsctamil.in
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,yhgj;ij ikakhf nfhz;L njhopyf miktplk; NjHe;njLf;fg;gLfpwJ

vd;w fUj;jpidf; nfhz;l Nfhl;ghl;by; cs;s ,uz;L topfs; vit?
1. cw;gj;jp nryT Fiwg;G>
2. mjpf msT tUtha;
rpy ty;YdHfs; tpsf;fpa ,Utpj njhopyf miktplf; Nfhl;ghLfs; vit?
1. Fiwe;j nrytpy; mikAk; miktplq;fs;> 2. cr;r tUtha; miktplq;fs;
Fiwe;j nryT| miktplf;Nfhl;ghl;bid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L njhopyf
miktpl Nfhl;ghl;bid tpsf;fpatH ahH?
ntgH
ntgupd; njhopyf mikg;gpy; cs;s ehd;F Kf;fpa fhuzpfs; vit?
1. %yg;nghUl;fs; 2. re;ijapd; miktplk;
3. cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; nghUl;fspd; jd;ikfs;
4. Nghf;Ftuj;J nryTfs;
njhopyf miktplk; re;ijf;F mUfpy; miktNj yhgfukhdJ vd fUjpatH
ahH?
ntgH
tzpfj; njhFjpfs;
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Njitf;F mjpfkhd cw;gj;jpia vt;thW $wyhk;?

cgup|
Fiwthd cw;gj;jpia vt;thW fUjg;gLfpd;wJ?
gw;whf;Fiw|
gw;whf;Fiwia epiwT nra;a> cgupiag; gad;gLj;j cjTk; gz;lkhw;W
gzkhw;W Kiwia vt;thW $wyhk;?
tzpfk;|
gz;ilf;fhyj;jpy; tzpfk; ve;j Kiwapy; eilngw;wJ?
gz;lkhw;W
xU nghUis kw;nwhd;Wf;F khw;whfg; ngWtJk;> nfhLg;gJk; vt;thW
mikf;fg;gLfpwJ?
gz;lkhw;W Kiw
tzpfg;nghUl;fspd; msTk; vz;zpf;ifAk; vt;thW mjpfupj;jJ?
etPd kakhf;fyhYk;> kf;fs; njhif ngUf;fj;jhYk;
fhfpj ehzak; vg;NghJ mwpKfkhdJ?
gupkhw;wj;jpy; jq;fk; kw;Wk; nts@sp ehzaq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjpy;
eilKiwapy; rpf;fy;fs; vOe;jd ,jidg; Nghf;fNt fhfpj ehzak;
mwpKfkhdJ
Gtpapay; kw;Wk; fyhr;rhuf; fhuzpfs; vtw;wpd; mbg;gilfshfpd;wd?
tzpfk;
tzpfj;jpd; NjitfisAk;> msitAk; jPHkhdpf;fpd;w fhuzpfs; vit?
Gtp mikg;gpay;> jl;g ntg;gepiy> kf;fs; njhif> njhopy; El;g tsHr;rp
kw;Wk; fyhr;rhuk; Nghd;wit
xU ,lj;jpd; ghiwfsJ jd;ik kw;Wk; fl;likg;G> mt;tl;lhuj;jpd; vtw;iwg;
nghWj;jJ?
Gtp mikg;gpaypd; jd;ik
kpjntg;gkz;lyg; gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLtJ vJ?
Xl;]>; ghHyp
muprp Vw;Wkjp nra;Ak; ehL vJ?
kpahd;khH
xU ehl;by; cw;gj;jpahfpd;w nghUl;fspd; juKk;> msTk; me;ehl;bd;
vtw;iwg; nghWj;J mikfpd;wJ?
~ 47 ~
www.tnpsctamil.in
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njhopy;El;g tsHr;rp
xU ehl;bd; cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fs; njhopy; El;gj;jhy; mjpfupf;fpd;wd mjd;
v.fh. jUf?
[g;ghdpy; muprp> xU n`f;l;lUf;F 6>000 fpNyh fpuhk; cs;s NghJ
,e;jpahtpy; 2>000 fpNyhfpuhk; kl;LNk fpilf;fpd;wJ
xU tl;lhuj;jpd; fyhr;rhuk; kw;Wk; kuGupikfisg; nghWj;Nj rpy nghUl;fs;
jahupf;fg;gLtJ vq;F?
jQ;rht+H jl;L> Fk;gNfhz ntz;fy ghj;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk; fhQ;rpGu
gl;Lj;Jzpfs;
Njitahdg; nghUl;fs; vy;yh ,lq;fspYk; fpilf;fr; nra;tJ vJ?
tzpfk;
tzpfr; nray;fis vspjhf;FtJ vJ?
Nghf;Ftuj;J
xU ehl;bd; ehza kjpg;G me;ehl;bd; vtw;iwg; nghWj;J mikfpwJ?
tzpfr; rkepiy
xU ehl;by; Vw;WkjpahFk; cw;gj;jpg; nghUspd; gzkjpg;gpw;Fk;> ,ilNaahd
NtWghl;il vt;thW $wyhk;?
tzpfr; rkepiy|
,wf;Fkjpg; nghUl;fspd; kjpg;igtpl Vw;Wkjpg; nghUl;fspd; kjpg;G
mjpfupj;jpUe;jhy; mij vt;thW $wyhk;?
rhjfkhd tzpfr;rkepiy
NeHkhwhf ,Ue;jhy; vt;thW $wyhk;?
ghjfkhd tzpfr;rkepiy
rhjfkhd tzpfr;rkepiyiag; ngw;Ws;s ehLfs; vit?
[g;ghdpa kw;Wk; mnkupf;fh
xU ehl;bd; vy;iyf;Fs; epfo;fpd;w tzpfk; vt;thW miof;fg;gLk;?
cs;ehl;L tzpfk;|
cs;ehl;L tzpfk; NkYk; vt;thW gpupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ?
jy> Cuf tzpfq;fs;
cs;@H gFjpfspNyNa jpdrup kw;Wk; thuj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;l Njjpfspy; kl;Lk;
eilngWk; tzpfk; vt;thW miof;fyhk;?
jytzpfk;|
xU ehl;bd; vy;yhg;gFjpfspYk; mtrpakhd vy;yhg; nghUl;fSk; cw;gj;jp
nra;ag;gLtjpy;iy mjdhy; me;ehl;bd; gy;NtW gFjpfspYk; tzpfk; vt;thW
eilngWfpwJ?
Cuf tzpfk; (Rural trade)
cyfpd; gy ehLfSf;fpilNa eilngWk; tzpfk; vJ?
gd;dhl;L tzpfk; (International trade)
gd;dhl;L tzpfj;jpy; ,U ngUk; tiffs; cs;sd mit ahit?
1. Neupiz tzpfk; (Bilateral trade)
2. gy;fpis tzpfk; (Multilateral trade)
xU ehL jdf;Fj; Njitahd nghUl;fis NtW ehLfspypUe;J ,wf;Fkjp
nra;J gjpyhf jd;dplk; cs;s cgup cw;gj;jpg; nghUis me;j ehl;by;
Vw;Wkjp nra;tij vt;thW $wyhk;?
Neupiz tzpfk;|
xU ehL jd;dplk; cgupahf cs;s nghUisj; Njitg;gLk; kw;nwhU ehl;bw;F
Vw;Wkjp nra;Jtpl;L tUk; tUthapy; NtnwhU ehl;blkpUe;J jdf;Fj;
Njitahd nghUis ,wf;Fkjp nra;J nfhs;tjw;F vd;d ngaH?
gy;fpis tzpfk;|
~ 48 ~
www.tnpsctamil.in
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njhlf;fj;jpy; tzpfk; vt;thW elj;jg;gl;lJ?

mnkupf;f lhyiu itj;Njh my;yJ Mq;fpy gTz;lhit itj;J tzpfk;
elj;jg;gl;lJ
tsHr;rpaile;j ve;j ehLfshf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ?
[g;ghdpd; nad;> n[Hkhdpa lf;khHf;]; kw;Wk; gpuhd;R /gpuhq;f; Nghd;wit
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ
rpwg;G vLg;G cupikfis (Special drawing rights or SDR)
gd;dhl;L epjpaj;jpy; rYifahf mDkjpf;Fk; [f;fpa ehLfspd; mikg;gpy;
fPo; ve;j epWtdk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;fpwJ?
xU gd;dhl;L epjp epWtdk; (International Monetary fund or IMF)
gd;dhl;L tzpfk; ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shtJ vjdhy;?
Vw;Wkjpiaf; $l;l tupr;rYiffisAk; ,wf;Fkjpiaf; Fiwf;f Rq;f
tupfisAk; tpjpf;fpd;wd
gd;dhl;L tzpfj;jpd; Fiwiag; Nghf;f gy ehLfs; vtw;iw
cUthf;fpAs;sd?
tHj;jf $l;likg;Gfs;
jilapy;yh tzpfk; eilngWtjw;F fhuzk; vJ?
$l;likg;Gf; nfhs;if
ngy;[pak;> nejHyhe;J> yf;];k;gHf;> Nghd;w ehLfs; ~ngdyf;];| vd;w
mikg;gpd; fPo; xU nghUshjhuf; $l;likg;ig epWtpaJ ve;j Mz;L?
1948 Mk; Mz;L
INuhg;gpag; nghUshjhu $l;likg;G (EEC) vd;w mikg;gpw;F mbj;jsk;
mikj;J nfhLj;jJ vJ?
INuhg;gpa epyf;fup kw;Wk; v/F epWtdk;
1957 - ,y; Nuhkhdpa xg;ge;jg;gb cUthf;fg;gl;lJ vJ?
EEC
INuhg;gpa nghUshjhu rKjhaj;jpy; jw;NghJ vj;jid cWg;G ehLfs; ,e;j
mikg;gpy; mq;fk; tfpf;fpd;wd?
2004 Mk; Mz;L 25 cWg;G ehLfs;
njhopy; cw;gj;jp nghUl;fspd; kPjhd tHj;jfj;jilfis ePf;fptpl;L xU
nghJthd Rq;ftup vg;NghJ mky;gLj;jg;gl;lJ?
1966 Mk; Mz;L
EEC mikg;gpYs;s ngUk;ghd;ikahd ehLfs; vit?
tptrha ehLfs;
cyf tzpfj;jpy; 45 rjtPjk; nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;tJ vJ?
INuhg;gpag; nghUshjhu rKjhak;
,e;NjhNdrpah> kNyrpah> jha;yhe;J> gpypg;igd;]; kw;Wk; rpq;fg;g+H Nghd;w
ehLfis cWg;gpduhff; nfhz;lit vit?
njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfspd; $l;likg;G
tptrha kw;Wk; fdpkg;nghUl;fis Nkw;F ehLfSf;Fk;> [g;ghDf;Fk; Vw;Wkjp
nra;tJ vit?
rpq;fg;g+H ePq;fyhf Vida ehLfs;
Vw;Wkjpahy; ngWk; tUkhdj;ij cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fs; thq;fTk;> njhopy;
El;g Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F gad;gLj;JgtHfs; ahtH?
eypTw;w ehLfs;
tsHr;rpaile;j ehLfSf;F rhjfkhfTk;> eypTw;w ehLfSf;Fk; ghjfkhfTk;
cs;sJ vJ?
tzpfr;rkepiy
eypTw;w ehLfs; jw;fhg;gpy;yh epiyf;F js;sg;gLtJ vJ?
~ 49 ~
www.tnpsctamil.in
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cyf tzpfj;jpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tifapy; tsHe;jpUf;Fk; ehLfs; vit?
[g;ghd; kw;Wk; n[Hkdp
ehLfspd; nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wk; re;ij eLf;fj;jpw;F fhuzkhf mike;j
ehLfs; vit?
[g;ghd; kw;Wk; n[Hkdp
cyf tzpfj;ij vspjhf;fTk;> gpur;ridfisg; Nghf;fp nray;Kiw
khw;wq;fis tFf;fTk; If;fpa ehl;L rigapd; ve;j mikg;G Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ?
fhl;| (GATT) mikg;G
1986 ,y; Jtq;fp 1994 ,y; Kbe;j khehL vJ?
cUFNt khehl;Lg; Ngr;R thHj;ij
fhl;| jiytH lq;fypd; Ngupy; ve;j xg;ge;jk; miof;fg;gl;lJ?
lq;fy; - xg;ge;jk;
xg;ge;jj;jpd; gb fhl; mikg;G fiyf;fg;gl;L ve;j epWtdk; [dtup 1995 -,y;
njhlq;fg;gl;lJ?
cyftzpf epWtdk;
lq;fy; xg;ge;jj;jpd; gb ifnahg;gkpl;l ehLfs; vtw;iw ePf;f Ntz;Lk;?
may;ehl;L ,wf;Fkjp kPJs;s fl;Lg;ghL kw;Wk; jilfs;
Muha;r;rpapd; %ykhf fyg;gpd tiffis Nkk;gLj;Jk; mikg;Gfs;> jq;fs;
trNk itj;jpUf;f Ntz;LtJ vJ?
fyg;gpdq;fspd; fhg;Gupikfs;
xU ehl;by; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fis cynfq;fpYk; jilfspd;wp
KbtJ vJ?
lq;fy; mwpf;ifapd; gb
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ek; md;whl tho;tpy; vit Kf;fpa mq;fkhfj; epfo;fpd;wd?

gazk;> ,lg;ngaHr;rp> gupkhw;wk;
Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; Kf;fpaf; $Wfs; vit?
njhiyT> Neuk;> kw;Wk; nryT
gazk; nra;Ak; njhiytpid ehk; ngupJk; czuhtz;zk; Fiwj;Jf;
nfhz;L tUgit vit?
thfdk;(Vehicles) kw;Wk; rhjdk;(Modes)
,yz;ld; - epa+ahHf; efuq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd 6000 fp.kP njhiytpid RkhH
3 kzp 30 epkplj;jpy; flg;git vJ?
fhd;fhHl; tpkhdk;
gpuhd;]; ehl;bd; jiyefuhd ghup]; - iyahd;]; (Paris - Lyons)
efuq;fSf;fpilNa fhzg;gLk; 462 fp.kP njhiytpid flf;Fk; kpd;dy; Ntf
,uapy; tz;b vJ?
b.[p.tp
b.[p.tp apd; Ntfk; vd;d?
xU kzpf;F 270 fp.kPl;lH
b.[p.tp ,uapy; ve;j Mz;bypUe;J ,af;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ?
1983 Mk; Mz;L
~ 50 ~

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2014 SPECIAL

TNPSC Group II & VAO

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tspkz;lyKk; #upa Mw;wYk;

Gtpiar; Rw;wp vit #o;e;Js;sJ?

XNrhd; thA kl;LNkahFk;?

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a+Nu~pah kw;Wk; tl mnkupf;fhtpd; fz;lg;gug;Gfs;

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Vwf;Fiwa 180 ehl;fs;

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thdpiy mwptpg;gpy; Kf;fpa gbepiyfs; vit?

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rka Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;w ,lq;fshf vt;thW cUthfpd?

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