Typhoid Fever
Typhoid Fever
Typhoid Fever
Infectious
Disease
Definition
The infection always comes from another human, either an ill person or a
healthy carrier of the bacterium. The bacterium is passed on with water
and foods and can withstand both drying and refrigeration.
History
Antonius Musa, a Roman physician who
achieved fame by treating the Emperor
Augustus 2,000 year ago, with cold baths
when he fell ill with typhoid.
Causes
1. Caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi .
2. Ingestion of contaminated food or water.
3. Contact with an acute case of typhoid fever.
4. Water is contaminated where inadequate sewerage systems and poor sanitation.
5. Contact with a chronic asymptomatic carrier.
6. Eating food or drinking beverages that handled by a person carrying the bacteria.
7. Salmonella enteriditis and Salmonella typhimurium are other salmonella bacteria,
cause food poisoning and diarrhoea.
Salmonella Entrica
Salmonella bacteria
Invade small intestine and enter the bloodstream
Carried by white blood cells in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow
Bacteria invade the gallbladder, biliary system, and the lymphatic tissue of
the bowel and multiply in high numbers
Then pass into the intestinal tract and can be identified for diagnosis in
cultures from the stool tested in the laboratory
Symptoms
Rose spots
High fever
Diarrhea
Chest congestion
Typhoid Meningitis
Time frame
Second stage
Second-stage typhoid fever is characterized by weight loss, high fever,
severe diarrhea and severe constipation. Also, the abdominal region
may appear severely distended.
Typhoid State
When typhoid fever continues untreated for more than two or three
weeks, the effected individual may be delirious or unable to stand and
move, and the eyes may be partially open during this time. At this point
fatal complications may emerge.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of typhoid fever is made by
Widal test
Slide agglutination
Widal test
To the tube No. 1 tube in each row add 0.1 ml of the serum sample to be tested and mix
well.
Transfer 1ml of the diluted serum from tube no.1 to tube no.2 and mix well.
Discard the 1ml of the diluted serum from tube no.7 of each set.
Tube no.8 in all sets,serves as a saline control. Now the dilution of the serum sample
achieved in each set is as follows:
To all tubes (1 to 8) of each set add one drop of the respective WIDAL TEST antigen
suspension (O,H,AH,BH) from reagent vials and mix well.
Prevention
And
Treatment
Prevention
Two main typhoid fever prevention strategies:
1. Vaccination
Buy bottled drinking water or bring it to a rolling boil for one minute before drinking it.
Ask for drinks without ice, unless the ice is made from bottled or boiled water.Avoid
Treatment
Consultations
Diet
Take 4 basil leaves, saffron 7 shreds, 7 grains of black pepper. Grind them
to a paste by adding water and form small tablets out of the whole lot. Take
each tablet twice or thrice everyday with lukewarm milk. The fever would
also subside and the patient would get the desired relief.
Mash a ripe banana along with 1 tablespoon honey and eat twice a day for a
few days.
Medication
Antibiotics
Prompt treatment of the disease with antibiotics reduces the casefatality rate to approximately 1%.
Fluoroquinolones
Chloramphenicol
Cephalosporins
Dexamethasone (Decadron)
Antibiotic resistance
Epidemiology
strongly endemic
endemic
sporadic cases
Misdiagnosis