Solutions 1 – Fundamentals Antennas and Propagation, Frühjahrssemester 2010

Problem 1.1 :
If a transmitter produces 50 W of power, express the transmit power in units of
a) dBm,
b) dBW.

Note: For the unit dBmW, the abbreviation dBm is commonly used.

Transmitter power is Pt = 50 W .

⎡ Pt [ mW ] ⎤
a) Pt ,dBm = 10 ⋅ log ⎢⎢ ⎥ = 10 ⋅ log [ 50 ⋅ 103 ] = 47.0 dBm
⎥
⎢⎣ 1mW ⎥⎦

⎡ Pt [ W ] ⎤
b) Pt ,dBW = 10 ⋅ log ⎢⎢ ⎥ = 10 ⋅ log [ 50 ] = 17.0 dBW
⎥
⎢⎣ 1 W ⎥⎦
Solutions 1 – Fundamentals Antennas and Propagation, Frühjahrssemester 2010

Problem 1.2 :
If 50 watts are transmitted by a unity gain antenna at 900 MHz carrier frequency, find the
received power (assuming unity gain receiver antenna) in [dBm] and [W] at a free space
distance of:
a) 100 m from antenna,
b) 10 km from antenna.

power P
Power density as a function of distance: S = = t 2
area 4π R
λ2
Unity-gain / isotropic receive antenna described by its effective area: Aisotropic =
4π
⎛ λ ⎞
2

Received power: Prec = S ⋅ A = Pt ⎜ ⎟

⎝ 4π R ⎠

a)
received power = 3.5 x 10–6 W ≅ –24.5 dBm

b)
received power = 3.5 x 10–10 W ≅ –64.5 dBm
Solutions 1 – Fundamentals Antennas and Propagation, Frühjahrssemester 2010

Problem 1.3 :
Assume an air-filled metallic rectangular waveguide of cross-section 22.86 mm x 10.16 mm.
Calculate
a) the monomode frequency range,
b) the guided wavelength at 10 GHz,
c) group velocity and phase velocity at 10 GHz.

a)
1
From [FuK II, 4.39], with a = 22.86 mm : f c ,TE10 = = 6557 MHz
2a με
Similarly, fcTE20 = 13114 MHz and fcTE01 = 14753 MHz. Therefore, the monomode
frequency range is limited by the cutoff frequencies of modes TE10 and TE20, respectively.

b)
⎛ω ⎞ ⎛π ⎞ 2π
2 2

From [FuK II, 4.26], considering TE10 and β=2π/λg : = ⎜ ⎟ −⎜ ⎟ , λg = 39.7 mm

λg ⎝c⎠ ⎝a⎠

c)
From [FuK II, 4.7, 4.9] :
v phase = λg f = 3.97 x108 m
s = 1.32 ⋅ c0
c2
vgroup = = 2.27 x108 m
s = 0.76 ⋅ c0
v phase
Solutions 1 – Fundamentals Antennas and Propagation, Frühjahrssemester 2010

Problem 1.4 :
A hypothetical isotropic antenna is radiating in free space. At a distance of 100 m from the
antenna, the total electric field is measured to be 5 V/m.
a) Find the power density at this location.
b) Determine the total power radiated by the antenna.

a) power density (vectorial!)

G 1 G G E2 G 52 G G
Wrad = ⎡⎢ E × H * ⎤⎥ = ar = ar = 0.03315 ar W/m2
2⎣ ⎦ 2η 2(120π)

b) radiating power
2π π
Prad = ∫∫
wS Wrad ⋅ dS = ∫ ∫ 0.03315 ⋅ r 2 sin θ ⋅ d θ ⋅ d φ
φ =0 θ =0
2π π
Prad = ∫ ∫ 0.03315 ⋅ (100)2 sin θ ⋅ d θ ⋅ d φ = 2π ⋅ 0.03315 ⋅ 1002 ⋅ 2
0 0
Prad = 4166.67 W
Solutions 1 – Fundamentals Antennas and Propagation, Frühjahrssemester 2010

Problem 1.5 :
A dipole of length 3λ/2 is resonant at f = 150 MHz. Calculate its mechanical length
a) in air,
b) in water (εrel = 81).

a)
c0
=λf with λ=2m, the dipole length in air is 3 m.
ε r μr

b)
with λ=2/9 m, the dipole length in air is 1/3 m = 0.33 m.
Solutions 1 – Fundamentals Antennas and Propagation, Frühjahrssemester 2010

Problem 1.6 :
A charge Q is placed at distance h over an extended, perfectly conducting plate.
a) Name the boundary conditions of this problem.
b) How can the electric field in the halfspace of the charge be calculated?
c) How can charge distribution and total charge on the plate be determined?

a) boundary at infinity Æ field decaying to zero with r–1

boundary on metal plate Æ Dirichlet boundary for tangential E-field (Etan = 0)

b) use of –Q mirror charge at 2h distance. Superposition of E-fields.

r − r2
Q
r − r1
1 Qi 1 ⎛ Q Q ⎞
E (r ) =
4πε
∑ r − ri
e =
2 ri
⎜
4πε 0 ⎜⎝ r − r1
e −
2 ri
r − r2
e ⎟
2 ri
⎟ r
i
⎠ r2
r1 Q

c) first calculate E-field on metal plate. Use cylindrical coordinates.

ρ
E1

er1

E2
–Q α +Q
z
h
h

1 Q 1 Q a
E= er , E1 = er1 , E ( ρ ) = E1 + E2 = −2 E1 cos α ez , cos α =
4πε 0 r 2
4πε 0 ρ + h 2
2
ρ 2 + h2

−h Q
E(ρ ) = ez
2πε 0 ( ρ 2 + h 2 )3/ 2

charges influenced on the plate according to normal electric field: ε 0 Enormal = qF

−h Q
surface charge density: qF ( ρ ) =
2π ( ρ 2 + h 2 )3/ 2

2π ∞
total influenced charge obtained by integration: QInfluenz = ∫ ∫q
0 0
F ( ρ ) ρ d ρ d ϕ = … = −Q
Solutions 1 – Fundamentals Antennas and Propagation, Frühjahrssemester 2010

Problem 1.7 :
Calculate for the fields A, A (in Cartesian coordinates)
a) div curl A
b) curl grad A

∂A ∂A ∂A
grad A = ex + ey + ez
∂x ∂y ∂z

∂Ax ∂Ay ∂Az

div A = + +
∂x ∂y ∂z

⎛ ∂A ∂Ay ⎞ ⎛ ∂Ax ∂Az ⎞ ⎛ ∂Ay ∂Ax ⎞

curl A = ex ⎜ z − ⎟ + ey ⎜ − ⎟ + ez ⎜ − ⎟
⎝ ∂y ∂z ⎠ ⎝ ∂z ∂x ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ∂y ⎠

a)
∂ ⎛ ∂Az ∂Ay⎞ ∂ ⎛ ∂Ax ∂Az ⎞ ∂ ⎛ ∂Ay ∂Ax ⎞
div curl A = ⎜ − ⎟+ ⎜ − ⎟+ ⎜ − ⎟
∂x ⎝ ∂y ∂z
⎠ ∂y ⎝ ∂z ∂x ⎠ ∂z ⎝ ∂x ∂y ⎠
∂ 2 Az ∂ Ay ∂ 2 Ax ∂ 2 Az ∂ Ay ∂ 2 Ax
2 2

div curl A = − + − + − =0
∂x∂y ∂x∂z ∂y∂z ∂x∂y ∂x∂z ∂y∂z

b)
⎛ ∂A ∂A ⎞ ⎛ ∂A ∂A ⎞ ⎛ ∂A ∂A ⎞
⎜∂ ∂ ⎟ ∂ ∂ ⎜ ∂ ∂ ⎟
∂y ⎜ ⎟ ∂y
curl grad A = ex ⎜ ∂z − ⎟ + ey ⎜ ∂x − ∂z ⎟ + ez ⎜ − ∂x ⎟
⎜ ∂y ∂z ⎟ ⎜ ∂z ∂x ⎟ ⎜ ∂x ∂y ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎝ ⎠ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛∂ A ∂ A⎞
2 2
⎛∂ A ∂ A⎞
2 2
⎛∂ A ∂ A⎞
2 2
curl grad A = ex ⎜ − ⎟ + ey ⎜ − ⎟ + ez ⎜ − ⎟=0
⎝ ∂y∂z ∂y∂z ⎠ ⎝ ∂x∂z ∂x∂z ⎠ ⎝ ∂x∂y ∂x∂y ⎠
Solutions 1 – Fundamentals Antennas and Propagation, Frühjahrssemester 2010

Problem 1.8 :
Calculate the surface resistance and skin depth of tin (σ = 8.7 x 106 S/m) and silver
(σ = 61 x 106 S/m) at frequencies 100 MHz and 10 GHz.

1 1 π fμ
Skin depth δ : δ = . surface resistance RS : RS = =
π f μσ σδ σ

Tin at 100 MHz : δ = 17.1 μm RS = 6.7 mΩ

Tin at 10 GHz : δ = 1.71 μm RS = 67 mΩ

Silver at 100 MHz : δ = 6.5 μm RS = 2.5 mΩ

Silver at 10 GHz : δ = 0.65 μm RS = 25 mΩ