Task 3 - Electromagnetic waves in guided media

Individual work

HAIBER DUSSÁN CANO

Group 09

7688649

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería

Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas

2020 16-01
 Introduction

This short introduction is represented by task 3 of the topic of electromagnetic and

wave theory, where a brief description of transmission lines, the propagation of
delimited transmission lines and the smith letter are presented. Finally, an exercise
is presented in which the intention is to learn the behavior of transmission lines, as
well as the relationship with electrical parameters; Such as resistance, inductance
and capacitance.
 Questions: (write with your own words)

1. What do you understand by transmission line? Mention some types.

Transmission lines: they are techniques formed by two separate

conductors by insulation through which an electromagnetic signal,
represented in a potential difference and a current, is sent from a
transmitter point to another receiver.

They are classified by different characteristics as well, by the geometric

configuration of the conductors, the type of insulation, the types of
connectors used to join and terminate the line, etc.
In communication systems the following types are used:

• Balanced lines: When the transmission is made by two wires. in which

one acts as the main conductor and the other returns, the electromagnetic
signal is transmitted as a potential difference between both conductors and
both carry the same current.

• Unbalanced lines: Transmission is carried out by one or several wires,

but there is only one return conductor connected to ground, the
electromagnetic signal is transmitted as a respective potential to ground by
each of the consumers on the line.

In balanced lines, the most used types of conductors are the following:

 Bipolar lines: They are made up of two parallel conductors with or

without external insulation. Belonging to the group of local air or power
overhead lines, power transmission cables and cables for UTP and STP data
transmission, this utp cable has 4 pairs of wires isolated from each other for
technical purposes.

“https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/15VcNJo-XMvj6wCd-OlsOvJgI8Ewbz9Nf”
 Parallel plate lines: Made up of two parallel flat conductors with or without
external insulation and with or without external insulation. They belong to
the group of some windings of rotating electrical machines. P

Profile of a parallel plate transmission line

• Coaxial lines: they are made up of an insulated internal conductor, covered

by an external conductor that acts as a faraday cage, the whole is plated
with an external insulator. Its use in cable applications for instrumentation
and UHF television.

https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/15VcNJo-XMvj6wCd-OlsOvJgI8Ewbz9Nf

2. What is a Terminated Transmission Line.?

As investigated, the transmission line is taken by Thévenin's theorem which

says "that all linear electrical circuit comprises two terminals A and B".
In general, a generator modeled by its equivalent and a load impedance
connected by a finite length of transmission line, a line terminated at a load
impedance, are considered.

Imagen 1

https://personales.unican.es/peredaj/pdf_Apuntes_MTG/Presentacion-Lineas-Transmision-Terminadas.pdf

Los teoremas de “Thévenin y Norton” nos van a servir para simplificar más
fácil los Circuitos

Imagen 2

http://www.sc.ehu.es/sbweb/electronica/elec_basica/tema1/Paginas/Pagina4.htm

3. Define the following electrical parameters of transmission lines:

a. Input impedance Z¿ .

As in open media, the input impedance is expressed in a standardized way,

choosing the impedance of the transmission line as the value of normality.

The normalized impedance is the ratio of the impedance to the normalization

impedance.
Z
Z¿ = ¿
Zo

b. Stationary wave ratio VSWR .

In Spanish it is called ROE, which stands for standing wave ratio. The
maximum voltage to minimum voltage ratio on a lossless line for this
purpose is called the VSWR stationary voltage ratio. When full reflection
occurs, the standing wave ratio becomes finite.

V MAX 1+|Γ |
VSWR= =
V MIN 1−|Γ |

https://digitalyacht.es/blog/2018/10/05/onda-estacionaria-vswr/

If the impedances were perfect, then the standing wave ratio (VSWR) would
be 1: 1. However, in the real world and in pleasure boat installations, the
rate you get is more than between 1.1: 1 and 2.5: 1.

c. Physical length L and electrical length 𝓁.

Electric length is a unit of measurement used in studies of electric power

transmission lines, the length of a transmission line in correlation with the
wavelength propagating downwards, is an important consideration when
analyzing the behavior of a line of transmission. Where a unit of
measurement is a standardized quantity of a certain physical quantity.
At low frequencies (large wavelengths), the voltage along the line remains
relatively constant. However, for high frequencies, several signal lengths
may be present on the line at the same time. Accordingly, the voltage across
the line can vary appreciably. Consequently, the length of a transmission line
often occurs in wavelengths, rather than linear dimensions.

The phenomena of transmission lines apply to long lines. Typically, a

transmission line is defined as long if its length exceeds one sixteenth of a
wavelength; otherwise, it is considered short. A given length of the
transmission line may appear short on one frequency and long on another
frequency.

4. What is the purpose of Smith's Letter in the study of the propagation of

waves?

Smith's Letter was conceived in the 1930s by Phillip Smith at BELL Labs,
who wanted to make an easier method of solving the tedious and repetitive
equations that frequently appear in R.F.
The Smith chart is a graphical tool used to relate a complex reflection
coefficient to a complex impedance. It can be used for a variety of purposes,
including impedance determination, impedance matching, noise
optimization, stability, and more. Smith's letter is an ingenious graphic
technique that practically avoids all operations with complex numbers. For
example, the input impedance to a transmission line can be determined by
giving its electrical length and its load impedance.

If the characteristic and the load impedance have complex values, the Smith
diagram is used to help design the impedance coupling. It is a diagram that
allows visualizing complex impedances and the formula in which they vary
along the line. http://dago60.blogspot.com/2015/05/carta-de-smith.html
 Application exercises:

1. A coaxial line has the following characteristics:

Geometric parameters: a=0.2 mm b=20 mm t=( 9+10) μm

8
Conductor properties: (conductivity) σ c =4.3 x 10 Sm/m
Properties of the insulator: σ d=1 x 10 Sm/m ϵ r=2.1 μr =1
−13

Applied signal frequency: f =768 KHz.

a. Calculate the electrical parameters R L C G.

a=0.2 mm b=20 mm19 μm

1
δ p=
√ πf σ c μo

δ p=7,5984∗105
R AC a2
=
R DC a
a

2δp2
δp
−1+ e δ
( p

)
R AC (0.2 m)2
=
R DC 2¿ ¿

R AC
=2,0321
R DC

a> δ p >t

R=
1
πσ c ( a2
∗R AC

R DC
+
1
2 bt )
1 1 1
R= 8
4,3∗10 Sm ( (0.2 m)2
∗2,0321+
2 ( 20 m ) (19 μ) )
π ( m )
R=38.58∗10−3
 πσ d
G=
b
¿( )
a

π (1∗10 ¿¿−13)
G= ¿
20 m
¿ (
0.2 m )
π (1∗10 ¿¿−13)
G= ¿
4.605

G=1.3643∗10−13

1
δ p=
√ πfσ c μ o
μ0 b
L=
4π [
1+2 ln ( )
a ]
1.257∗10−6 20 m
L=
4π [
1+ 2 ln (
0.2 m
) ]
1.257∗10−6
L= [ 10.2103 ]
4π

L=1.021∗10−6

ε =ε∗ε o

ε =2,1∗(8,854∗10−12)

ε =1,8593∗10−11

2 πε
C=
b
¿( )
a

C=2 π ¿ ¿

C=2 π ¿ ¿
C=2,5367∗10−11
 b. Using the distributed model, calculate the propagation parameters
α , β , γ ∧Z 0 .

R 38.58∗10−3

L=1.021∗10−6

C=2,5367∗10−11

G=1.3643∗10−13

ω=2 πf

ω=2 π (768 kHz)

ω=4825.486∗103

γ =± √ (R+ jωL)(G+ jωC)

γ =± √ ((38.58 X 10−3 )+ j(4825.486∗103 )(1.021∗10−6))((1.3643∗10−13 )+ j(4825.486∗103 )(2,5367∗10−11 )¿)¿

γ =± √ (38.58 X 10−3 )+4,926 j¿ ((1.3643∗10−13)+ j(4825.486∗103 )(2,5367∗10−11 )¿)

γ =± √ (38.58 X 10−3 )+4,926 j¿ ( 1.3643∗10−13 ) +12.240 ¿ ¿

γ =0.659545+ 1.173260

a=0.659545 Np/m

B=1.173260 Rad /m

38.58 X 10−3 + ( 4825.486∗103 )( 1.021∗10−6 ) i

Z 0=
√ 1.3643∗10−13 + ( 4825.486∗103 ) ( 2,5367∗10−11 ) i

Z 0=√ 127.704−9.65092∗106 i

Z 0=11.300−3.106 iohm
 c. Calculate the propagation velocity V p, the wavelength λ and the
attenuation α dB / Km.

a=0.659545 Np/m

β=1.173260 Rad/m

ω=4825.486∗103

4825.486∗103
V p=
1.173260 Rad/m

V p=41.128 871∗106

2π
λ=
β

2π
λ=
1.173260 Rad / m

λ=5.355322 m

α dB / Km=8.68∗a

α dB / Km=8.68∗0.659545 Np/m

α dB / Km=5.7248506 dB /m

2. A Z o=75 Ω lossless transmission line has a Z L =35− j75 Ω. If it is 9 m long

and the wavelength is 768 mm, Calculate:
Long = 9 m
Wavelength =768 mm=7.68m

a. Input impedance Z¿ .
2π
z l + jz 0 tan ⁡( l)
λ
Z¿ =Z 0
2π
z 0+ j z l tan ⁡( l)
λ

2π
Ω∗(35− j7 5)Ω+ j 75 Ω tan ⁡ ( 9)
7.68
Z¿ =75
2π
75 Ω+ j(35− j 75) Ω tan ⁡ (9)
7.68

35+ 8.674 j
Z¿ =75
8 79,2+ 8.674 j

Z¿ =75∗43.674 +8 87.874

Z¿ =3275.55+887.874

b. Reflection coefficient Γ (magnitude and phase).

35− j 75−75
Γ=
35− j75+75

−45− j75
Γ=
110− j 75

Γ =(0.07−0.63 j)Ω

Γ =0. 6338←83.65 98 Ω

c. VSWR.
1+|Γ |
VSWR=
1+|Γ |

1+|0.6338|
VS WR=
1−|0.6338|
VSWR=4.46
 Figure 2: Graphic representation of the transmission line.

3. Bearing in mind that Smith's letter is used to determine parameters of

the transmission lines, use the "Smith 4.1" software found in the
Practical Learning Environment to check the results obtained in point
2.
a. Input impedance Z¿ .
b. Reflection coefficient Γ .
c. VSWR.
d. Find an electrical length 𝓁 where the input impedance Z¿ is real.
 l
L=
λ
9
L= L=1.1718
7.68
 Conclusions

The conclusion of this phase 3 and its development is that I was able to
understand the importance of understanding the input of the impedance
value in our transmission line. Because having knowledge of this value
avoids many conflicts or problems that may occur in the future.

A transmission line with a different impedance, could generate a reflection

effect if it is greater or a short circuit in the line, generating loss of unwanted
information.

At the same time I use the smith tool.

 Bibliography

Chen, W. (2005), on pages 525-551, Joines, W., Bernhard, J., & Palmer, W.
(2012), on pages 23-45.

“https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/15VcNJo-XMvj6wCd OlsOvJgI8Ewbz9Nf”

https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/15VcNJo-XMvj6wCd-OlsOvJgI8Ewbz9Nf

https://personales.unican.es/peredaj/pdf_Apuntes_MTG/Presentacion-Lineas-
Transmision-Terminadas.pdf

http://www.sc.ehu.es/sbweb/electronica/elec_basica/tema1/Paginas/Pagina4.htm

https://digitalyacht.es/blog/2018/10/05/onda-estacionaria-vswr/

http://dago60.blogspot.com/2015/05/carta-de-smith.html

Web conferencier cipas, guia.