Automatic College Bell REPORT
Automatic College Bell REPORT
Automatic College Bell REPORT
Students name
1)
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3)
4)
INDEX
INTRODUCTION OF PROJECT
INTRODUCTION OF PROJECT
This Project takes over the task of Ringing of the Bell in Colleges.
It replaces the Manual Switching of the Bell in the College. It has an Real Time Clock
(DS1307) which tracks over the Real Time. When this time equals to the Bell Ringing time,
then the Relay for the Bell is switched on. Time Clock is displayed on LCD display. The
Microcontroller AT89c51 is used to control all the Functions. When the Real time and Bell
time get equal then the Bell is switched on for a predetermined time.
This project can be used in the exam mode where user can set the exam
start time and exam end time. The display will show the exam started and when exam time
over it will show the exam end and buzzer will ring for indication.
The implementation of this automatic college bell would be advantageous since it keeps
manual work away i.e. there is no requirement of any labour, it runs automatically.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Power
Supply
Real
Time
Clock
Temp
Sensor
Signal
Conditioni
ng
RECEIVER
Keypad
RECEIVE
RECEIVER
R
LCD
Display
Micro
Controll
er
Buzzer
Driver
Buzzer
Bridge rectifier
A bridge rectifier can be made using four individual diodes, but it is also available in special
packages containing the four diodes required. It is called a full-wave rectifier because it uses
all the AC wave (both positive and negative sections). 1.4V is used up in the bridge rectifier
because each diode uses 0.7V when conducting and there are always two diodes conducting,
as shown in the diagram below. Bridge rectifiers are rated by the maximum current they can
Smoothing
Smoothing is performed by a large value electrolytic capacitor connected across the DC
supply to act as a reservoir, supplying current to the output when the varying DC voltage
from the rectifier is falling. The diagram shows the unsmoothed varying DC (dotted line) and
the smoothed DC (solid line). The capacitor charges quickly near the peak of the varying
DC, and then discharges as it supplies current to the output.
Voltage regulator
Voltage regulator ICs are available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or variable output
voltages. They are also rated by the maximum current they can pass. Negative voltage
regulators are available, mainly for use in dual supplies. Most regulators include some
Circuit Diagram:
Keypad Section
RTC Interfacing:
Buzzer Driver:
64 KB flash memory
1 KB RAM
32 I/O lines
In System Application
Accumulator:
ACC is the accumulator register. It is an 8 bit register. It is most versatile and holds
sources operand and receives the result of arithmetic operations including addition,
subtraction, integer multiplication, division and Boolean bit manipulations.
It is also used for data transfer between 8051 and any external memory. Several functions
like rotate, test etc. apply specifically on the accumulator.
division
perform
and
logical
Symbol
Function
Vss
Ground
Vdd
Supply Voltage
Vo
Contrast Setting
RS
Register Select
R/W
Read/Write Select
En
A/Vee
16
When RS is low (0), the data is to be treated as a command. When RS is high (1), the data
being sent is considered as text data which should be displayed on the screen.
When R/W is low (0), the information on the data bus is being written to the LCD. When RW
is high (1), the program is effectively reading from the LCD. Most of the times there is no
need to read from the LCD so this line can directly be connected to Gnd thus saving one
controller line.
The ENABLE pin is used to latch the data present on the data pins. A HIGH - LOW signal is
required to latch the data. The LCD interprets and executes our command at the instant the
EN line is brought low. If you never bring EN low, your instruction will never be executed.
X1
X2
Oscillator
and divider
SQWOUT
X1
V CC
X2
SQWOUT
VBA T
SCL
GND
SDA
DS1307
V CC
V BAT
GND
SCL
SDA
square
wave out
RTC
control
logic
RA M
(56x8)
power
control
serial bus
interface
address
register
Bit 0
CH
10 seconds
seconds
10 minutes
minutes
12 10 HR
10 HR
24 A/ P
hours
$00
seconds
$01
minutes
$02
hours
$03
day
$04
date
10 date
$05
month
$06
year
$07
$08
control
$3F
RA M
56 x 8
date
10
month
month
10 year
out
day
year
sqwe
RS1 RS0
Buzzer:
Interfacing RS232:
The Serial Port is harder to interface than the Parallel Port. In most cases, any
device you connect to the serial port will need the serial transmission converted back to parallel so
that it can be used. This can be done using a UART. On the software side of things, there are many
more registers that you have to attend to than on a Standard Parallel Port. (SPP)
So what are the advantages of using serial data transfer rather than parallel?
1. Serial Cables can be longer than Parallel cables. The serial port transmits a '1' as -3 to -25 volts
and a '0' as +3 to +25 volts where as a parallel port transmits a '0' as 0v and a '1' as 5v. Therefore
the serial port can have a maximum swing of 50V compared to the parallel port which has a
maximum swing of 5 Volts. Therefore cable loss is not going to be as much of a problem for
serial cables than they are for parallel.
2. You don't need as many wires than parallel transmission. If your device needs to be mounted a
far distance away from the computer then 3 core cable (Null Modem Configuration) is going to
be a lot cheaper that running 19 or 25 core cable. However you must take into account the cost
of the interfacing at each end.
Devices which use serial cables for their communication are split into two categories. These
are DCE (Data Communications Equipment) and DTE (Data Terminal Equipment.) Data
Communications Equipment are devices such as your modem, TA adapter, plotter etc while
Data Terminal Equipment is your Computer or Terminal. The electrical specifications of the
serial port are contained in the EIA (Electronics Industry Association) RS232C standard. It
states many parameters such as 1.
2.
3.
4.
GND)
5. A short circuit current should not exceed 500mA. The driver should be
able to handle this without damage. (Take note of this one!)
Pin Functions:
Abbreviation
TD
RD
CTS
DCD
Full Name
Transmit Data
Receive Data
Clear to Send
Function
Serial Data Output (TXD)
Serial Data Input (RXD)
This line indicates that the Modem is ready to exchange
Data Carrier
data.
When the modem detects a "Carrier" from the modem at
Detect
the other end of the phone line, this Line becomes active.
Data Set
DTR
Ready
a link.
Data Terminal This is the opposite to DSR. This tells the Modem that
RTS
Ready
Request To
RI
Send
exchange data.
Ring Indicator Goes active when modem detects a ringing signal from
the PSTN.
LAYERS OF PCB:
*.BOT - bottom copper
*.SMB - Solder mask bottom
Take great care to avoid touching the mains flex with the tip of the iron.
The iron should have a heatproof flex for extra protection. An ordinary plastic flex
will melt immediately if touched by a hot iron and there is a serious risk of burns and
electric shock.
Always return the soldering iron to its stand when not in use.
Never put it down on your workbench, even for a moment!
PCB LAYOUT:
Keypad:
Applications:
Future Scope:
REFERENCE BOOKS:
WEB-SITES:
www.alldatasheets.com
www.datasheetarchieve.com
www.atmel.com
DATASHEETS