Annals of West University of Timioara, ser. Biology, vol XII, pp.

73-86

BIOMONITORING OF URBAN HABITAT QUALITY BY

ANATOMICAL LEAF PARAMETERS IN TIMIOARA
NICOLETA IANOVICI, IONELA-DIANA NOVAC, DIANA VLDOIU, ANDRADA
BIJAN, ANCA IONACU, BOGDAN SLAN, IOANA RMU
West University of Timisoara, Faculty of Chemistry-Biology-Geography, Department of
Biology
ABSTRACT (online version)
The use of anatomical features from the leaf has been evaluated in solving
different kind of problems.The interactions between different plant species and
urban habitat quality were extensively investigated by different authors. Studies
concerning the anatomy of the vegetative organs under conditions of pollution
have been carried out. The necessity of studying the capacity of plant species for
bioindication of anthropogenic pollution defines the aim of this study: to analyze
some anatomical leaf characteristics in urban area. The photos were taken with
an Cannon photo camera, using an Optika research microscope. In the mesophyll
and epidermis of the plants from polluted sites isolate dark spots or massive
deposits of polyphenolic compounds could be observed. We conclude that
Plantago is a suitable bioindicator of urban habitat quality as it is a commonly
distributed species, which is easy to sample and shows a clear anatomical
response to differences in habitat quality. The thickness of the foliar lamina has
decreased. The stomatal density was higher at the abaxial side in comparison with
the adaxial side. The present study provides a good basis for further research on
impact of the environment to anatomical structure of the plants.
KEY WORDS: Plantago lanceolata, Plantago major, parametri foliari
INTRODUCERE

Calitatea aerului urban este continuu afectat de emisiile din surse de

ardere fixe i mobile. Surse mobile contribuie la emisiile de poluani atmosferici
urbani, inclusiv: monoxid de carbon (CO), oxizi de azot (NOx), oxizi de sulf
(SOx), pulberi n suspensie (PM), plumb (Pb), oxidani fotochimici, cum ar fi
ozonul (O3) i precursori de ozon precum hidrocarburi i compui organici volatili
(Costa, 2001). Diferite procese dinamice fizice i chimice pot genera poluani
atmosferici, inclusiv particule i contaminani gazoi care pot provoca efecte
negative asupra sntii umane sau animale, afecteaz viaa plantelor i au impact
asupra mediului la nivel global prin schimbarea atmosferei (Ghorbanli et al,
2007).
Ecosistemele urbane se ntind pe terenuri cu diverse utilizri, inclusiv
comerciale, industriale, de transport rezidenial, de agrement, agricole, arii
naturale, rezultnd habitate diferite pentru plante, animale i oameni. Calitatea
habitatului urban cuprinde integrarea diferitelor componente abiotice i biotice,
cum ar fi aerul, solul i apa, microclimatul i prezena vegetaiei. Ca urmare a
variaiilor abiotice i biotice, calitatea habitatului urban va varia n funcie de
folosirea terenului (Barber et al, 2004; Balasooriya et al, 2009). Prelevarea de
probe i de analiz a parametrilor morfologici i anatomici ai plantelor, ca
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IANOVICI Nicoleta et al: Biomonitoring of urban habitat quality by anatomical leaf parameters

indicatori cu rspunsuri pe termen lung la schimbarea calitatii habitatului urban,

este relativ uoar i ieftin (Balasooriya et al, 2009). Poluarea industrial i
urban poate fi cu succes evaluat cu ajutorul plantelor. O varietate mare de plante
a fost deja aplicat pentru biomonitorizarea polurii aerului, cum ar fi licheni,
plante ierboase i arbori (Hiatt, 1999; Hijano et al., 2005; Klumpp et al., 1994;
Kardel et al, 2009).
Lichenii sunt speciile cele mai studiate ca biomonitori ai calitii aerului
urban. n numeroase studii, potenialul lor de bioacumulare al oligoelementelor i
de alterare fiziologic datorat calitii aerului, au fost dovedite (Bennett &
Wetmore, 1999; Ra et al, 2005.).
Specii de arbori cum ar fi stejarul (Alfani et al, 2000) i pinul (Jensen et al.,
1992) au artat, de asemenea, un potenial semnificativ pentru acumularea de
oligoelemente i compui organici persisteni. Corelaia puternic ntre gradul de
contaminare i concentrrile n toate frunzele evaluate, arat c frunzele de salcm
reflect schimbrile de mediu cu acuratee, i c ele apar ca un bioindicator
eficient al calitii mediului (Celik et al., 2005).
n contrast cu lichenii, plantele pot aciona ca bioindicatori ai polurii
aerului i calitii habitatului din cauza distribuiei lor pe scar larg i
accesibilitii lor ridicate (Ahmad et al, 2005; Gostin & Ivanescu, 2007; Silva et al,
2005; Verma et al, 2006). Este bine cunoscut faptul c poluanii industriali au un
efect negativ mai ales asupra frunzelor (Lacasse & Treshow 1976; Manning &
Feder 1980; Schubert 1985) i/sau mai evident n creterea organelor vegetative
(Tingey & Reinert 1975; Dueck & al. 1985; Dimitrova & Ninova 1998). S-a
stabilit c poluanii rezultai din trafic nu au produs daune vizibile pe frunze, dar
suprim creterea lor, aa cum a fost deja demonstrat pentru diverse specii
(Beavington,1973). Reducerea suprafeei foliare n imediata apropiere a
poluanilor a fost observat la multe plante (Sodnik et al, 1987; Gupta & Ghouse,
1988; Gielwanowska et al, 2005; Makbul et al, 2006; Gupta & Iqba, 2005; Maruthi
Sridhar et al, 2007). Ali autori au artat o reducere semnificativ a frunzelor n
mediul poluat n comparaie cu atmosfera curat (Ninova et al, 1983; Sodnik et al,
1987; Jahan & Zafar, 1992). De exemplu, 40% i respectiv 17% s-au constatat
reduceri n zona siturilor poluate, n comparaie cu siturile mai puin poluate n
India pentru dou specii de arbori i anume, Ficus religiosa i Thevetia nerifolia
(Verma & Singh, 2006). Lima et al. (2000) au observat o reducere a frunzelor de
Phaseolus vulgaris n zone poluate urbane din Brazilia n comparaie cu zonele
mpdurite. Schimbri n forma i structura celulelor mezofilului au fost raportate
pe scar larg. Celulele mezofilului au perei subiri i sunt n contact direct cu
mediul nconjurtor prin intermediul stomatelor (Karenlami, 1986). n mod
similar, Iqbal (1985) i Jahan & Zafar (1992) au artat o reducere semnificativ a
celulelor palisadice din frunze i a parenchimului lacunar n populaiile poluate.
Parametri fiziologici vegetali au fost folosii frecvent ca bioindicatori ai
calitii habitatului urban (Heumann, 2002; Psaras & Christodoulakis, 1987;
Velikova et al, 2000). De exemplu, fluorescena clorofilei (Sgardelis et al., 1994),
coninutul de clorofil (Ali, 1991), rata de schimb de gaze fotosintetice,
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Annals of West University of Timioara, ser. Biology, vol XII, pp. 73-86

conductana stomatal i rata de transpiraie (Moraes et al., 2003) au artat

rspunsuri semnificative pentru calitatea aerului. De asemenea, analiza de daune
vizibile la nivelul frunzelor, mpreun cu coninutul chimic foliar la diferite specii
standard (Nicotiana tabacum, Petunia hybrida, Gladiolus hybrida, Lolium
italicum multiflorum) au fost utilizate pentru a caracteriza poluarea local a aerului
(Klumpp et al., 1994).
Stomatele sunt indicatori ai calitii aerului. Stomatele, care regleaz
mecanismele intrrii i ieirii gazelor din frunze (Andersen, 2003; Elagoz et al,
2006), ofer posibilitatea de a studia interaciunea dintre plante i mediul lor
(Robinson et al, 1998). Plantele pot controla caracteristicile lor stomatice, adic,
pe termen scurt prin influenarea deschiderii i nchiderii stomatelor pentru a
optimiza schimbul de CO2 i vapori de ap, i pe o scar de timp mai lung, atunci
cnd frunzele noi sunt formate (Beerling & Woodward, 1997; Woodward, 1998).
Deoarece caracteristicile stomatice sunt presupuse a fi afectate de poluarea aerului
(Alves et al, 2008; Pal et al, 2002), schimbrile n densitatea, distribuia i
morfologia lor pe o suprafa foliar pot fi considerate ca trsturi importante la
plante (Bettarini et al, 1998). Efectul gazelor atmosferice asupra caracteristicilor
stomatice este pe larg documentat (Elagoz et al, 2006; Knapp et al, 1994;
Paakkonen et al, 1997; Reid et al, 2003; Woodward & Kelly, 1995) i este
considerat dependent de poluanii gazoi (Larcher, 2003). Cu toate acestea, efectul
net al amestecurilor de gaze este nc n mare msur necunoscut. Analiza
stomatal a artat c poluarea a fost cauza pentru creterea numrului de stomate
pe mm2 i scderea n dimensiuni. Salgare & Acharekar (1990), Dimitrova &
Ninova (1994) au menionat modificri similare ale caracteristicilor stomatice
pentru speciile erbacee n zonele industriale. Numrul de stomate pe unitatea de
suprafa a fost listat n primul rnd prin Nikolaevskij (1989), ntre 10 caractere
morfologice, anatomice, fiziologice i biochimice (bioindicatori de poluare).
Aceast caracteristic stomatic a fost inclus n Programul Naional de
biomonitorizri n Bulgaria (Ninova et al., 1999).
De exemplu, Plantago lanceolata este deseori folosit ca bio-indicator,
deoarece este uor de recunoscut, este foarte comun n mediul urban i n mediul
rural i are frunze suficient de mari pentru a permite determinarea mai multor
parametri. Prin urmare, mai muli autori au folosit variaiile morfologice,
structurale i biochimice la Plantago lanceolata sau Plantago major ca
bioindicatori ai polurii mediului (Bakker et al, 1999; Djingova & Kuleff, 1999;
Gostin et al, 2007; Velickovic & Perisic, 2006; Wagoner, 1975). Schwanitz &
Hahn (1954) au raportat Plantago lanceolata ca o specie care arat toleran la Zn.
Ulterior, aceast specie a fost clasificat de ctre Lambinon & Auquier (1964) i
Antonovics & al. (1971) ca o "pseudometalofit indiferent", i anume ca fiind
capabil s triasc pe soluri contaminate, dar fr a prezenta abunden sau
vitalitate special. Alti autori (Horak & Huber, 1974; Wu & Antonovics 1976) au
demonstrat c, de-a lungul autostrzilor Plantago lanceolata a manifestat
toleran. Aceast specie a fost menionat de ctre Nikolaevskij (1979) ca o
specie de rezisten n regiunile cu un nivel ridicat de poluare. In zilele noastre
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IANOVICI Nicoleta et al: Biomonitoring of urban habitat quality by anatomical leaf parameters

Plantago lanceolata face nc obiectul investigaiilor n zonele cu diferite surse de

poluare (ztrk & Trkan 1993; Kos & al. 1996; Klus & al. 2001; Yurukova
2004). Wagoner (1975) a raportat o cretere a densitii stomatice de Plantago
lanceolata n situri poluate, dar nu a observat nici o diferen n mrimea
stomatelor ntre siturile poluate i cele nepoluate. Alves et al. (2008) au raportat c
densitatea stomatic de Eugenia uniflora a fost semnificativ crescut ntr-o zon
urban din Brazilia, n comparaie cu un mediu rural. O cretere a densitii
stomatice, mpreun cu o reducere a dimensiunii stomatelor duce la o ajustare
optim pentru controlul schimbului de gaze, n general, i intrarea de poluani, n
special, prin stomate.Tendina de cretere a numrului de stomate gsit n
Plantago lanceolata ar putea fi de natur adaptativ i a fost constatat, de
asemenea, de Nikolaevskij pentru alte specii ierboase. Denaturri ale celulelor
anexe stomatice s-au gsit, dei rareori, n zone poluate (Stebbins et al, 1967; Patel
& Inamdar, 1971).
MATERIALE I METODE

Materialul biologic a fost recoltat din oraul Timioara: zona Lipovei,

strada Cluj, strada Daliei, strada Eneas, zona Sinaia, bulevardul Mihai Viteazu,
zona SC Continental, Parcul Rozelor, Parcul Botanic, Parcul Copiilor, Parcul
Poporului, o pajite din Calea Aradului, zona Grii de Nord. La fiecare locaie de
prelevare a probelor, a fost selectat o plant matur cu frunze erecte. O parte din
plante, dup splare, au fost fixate n alcool etilic 70 iar din celelalte s-au
efectuat seciuni transversale de mn i preparate proaspete. Am folosit rectivul
genevez i albastru de toluidin pentru colorare. Pentru detaarea epidermei am
utilizat metoda jupuirii. S-au efectuat cte zece preparate de pe ambele suprafee
ale frunzei. Epidermele au fost decolorate ntr-o soluie de 5% hipoclorit de sodiu
timp de 30-60 de minute. Densitatea stomatic (DS) i a perilor epidermici (DP)
reprezint numrul de stomate per mm, respectiv numrul de peri per mm
(Ianovici, 2009). Pentru determinarea acestor parametri epidermici am folosit
coeficientul micrometric pentru fiecare pereche obiectiv-ocular la microscopul
Optika B500. Au fost realizate fotografii cu ajutorul aparatului Cannon
PowerSchot A630. Parametri calculai au fost verificai cu softul QuickPHOTO
MICRO 2.3.
REZULTATE I DISCUII

S-a observat c plantele cresc chiar i n zonele urbane afectate foarte mult
de diferite tipuri de poluani (oxizi de azot i hidrocarburi de sulf, ozon, pulberi,
fluorur de hidrogen, nitrai, etc). Poluanii auto au efecte pe termen lung asupra
plantelor prin influenarea coninutului de CO2, intensitii luminii, temperaturii i
precipitaiilor. Muli cercettori (Bhatti & Iqbal MZ, 1988; Darley et al, 1963;
Godzik & Halbwacks, 1986; Gupta & Ghouse, 1988; Inamdar & Chaudahri, 1984;
Iqbal, 1985; Krause & Dochinger, 1987; Karenlampi, 1986; Nivova et al, 1983) au
raportat efecte ale polurii aerului asupra morfologiei i anatomiei unor specii de
plante. Plantele urbane, din cauza lipsei de concuren n condiiile schimbrii,
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reprezint adesea specii pionier n habitatele modificate antropic. Caracteristicile

morfo-anatomice, fiziologice i biochimice sunt rezultatul adaptrii plantelor la
condiiile de mediu (Kovacic & Nikolic, 2005; Pandey et al, 2006).
Dintre posibilitile de evaluare i biosupraveghere, plantele ofer o gam
larg de informaii ca bioindicatori sau bioacumulatori. Informaiile oferite sunt
polivalente, frunzele n special exprimnd calitatea aerului i rednd efectele
polurii. n literatura de specialitate romneasc exist cteva abordri privind
aspectele morfologice, anatomice i de natur biochimic ale diagnozei foliare
(Bolea V. et al., 2006b; Bolea & Surdu, 2001; Bolea & Chira, 2004; Ivanescu &
Toma, 2003; Gostin & Ivanescu, 2007; Gostin et al, 2007; Gostin, 2009).
n studiul nostru, simptome vizibile cum ar fi zonele necrotice, nu au fost
observate pe frunzele plantelor recoltate. Am folosit analiza histoanatomic i
determinarea unor parametri foliari la urmtoarele specii:

magnoliofite ierboase-Plantago lanceolata i Plantago major

pinofite-Juniperus communis, Pinus nigra, Pinus sylvestris

magnoliofite lemnoase-Acer negundo, Fraxinus excelsior, Morus nigra, Aesculus
hippocastanum, Robinia pseudacacia, Prunus domestica, Populus tremula, Tilia
tomentosa, Quercus robur, Ulmus minor, Castanea sativa, Betula pendula,
Corylus avellana, Carpinus betulus.
Zona de studiu a fost clasificat n patru clase de utilizare a terenurilor,
care sunt de ateptat s difere n calitatea habitatului (Balasooriya et al, 2009):
teren industrial (I) - zone industriale i ci ferate;
teren urban (U) - zone centrale i suburbane cu drumuri;
teren urban verde (UG) - spaii verzi i mpdurite;
teren periurban verde (PUG) - toate punile, fneele, terenurile arabile.
Unele diferene ntre plantele de la control (UG,PUG) i din zonele
poluate (I,U) au fost observate. La analiza histoanatomic a frunzelor
magnoliofitelor lemnoase (fig. 1, 2) am constatat cel mai frecvent:
crusta de la nivelul epidermei care determin aplatizarea, obliterarea i distrugerea
unor celule;
acumularea de depozite negricioase (polifenoli);
suberificarea la nivelul nervurii principale;
modificarea celulelor palisadice, mezofilul devenind mai omogen.
La pinofite (fig.3), modificrile sunt importante. Nivelul afectrii este
mult mai mare n cazul specimenelor din preajma interseciilor intens circulate
(zonele I i U). Cele mai frecvente modificri histologice au fost:
aderene (depozite) pe suprafaa epidermei;
camerele suprastomatice ncrcate cu depozite, obdurate;
unele canale sunt foarte mici, reprezentate prin 3-4 celule secretoare care
delimiteaz un canal colector extrem de redus;
lignificarea pereilor celulari ai elementelor parenchimului de transfuzie.
Condiiile climaterice nefavorabile au forat plantele de a dezvolta o
strategie de stres cunoscut sub numele de sclerofilie (hard-leaf strategy)
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IANOVICI Nicoleta et al: Biomonitoring of urban habitat quality by anatomical leaf parameters

(Christodoulakis et al, 2004). Impregnarea esuturilor foliare cu fenoli sunt

rspunsuri active. Aceast investigaie arat cum frunzele se adaptezeaz la stres
crescut. Aceste adaptri constau n principal n scderea n grosime a mezofilului,
mai ales palisadic. Aceste modificri sunt nsoite de o producie crescut de
fenoli (Bussotti et al, 1998). Compuii fenolici constituie un grup important de
metabolii secundari cu proprieti antioxidante i sunt implicai n adaptarea
plantelor la condiiile de stres. n timpul proceselor normale de cretere i
dezvoltare, plantele sunt supuse la diferite tipuri de stres biotic i abiotic, cum ar fi
seceta, salinitatea ridicat, deficitul de nutrieni minerali, lumina ultraviolet,
temperaturile extreme, hipoxia, toxicitatea metalelor, erbicide, fungicide, poluani
atmosferici i atacul agenilor patogeni (Rivero et al, 2001). Fenolii sunt
considerai biomarkeri importani pentru efectele fitotoxice ale metalelor grele i
altor substane poluante. Creterea produciei compuilor fenolici este parte din
mecanismul de aprare al plantei (Alaimo et al, 2005) . Compuii fenolici sunt de
interes special din cauza:
rolului lor ecologic major n procesele alelopatice (Haslam, 1989; Rhodes, 1994;
Cooper-Driver & Bhattacharya, 1998),
rolului lor n protecia plantelor mpotriva ierbivorelor (Pisani & Distel, 1998),
implicrii lor n rspunsul la stres, cum ar fi concurena intra i/sau interspecific
sau poluarea atmosferic (Pasqualini et al, 2003).

FIG. 1 Seciuni transversale prin frunzele de Betula pendula (1,2,3), Corylus avellana (4)
Quercus robur (5,6) i Castanea sativa (7) prin sgei se indic depozitele negricioase de
polifenoli

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FIG. 2 Seciuni transversale prin frunzele de Juniperus communis (1), Pinus silvestris (2),
Pinus nigra (3,4) - aderene pe suprafaa epidermei, obturarea stomatelor i lignificarea
parenchimului de transfuzie

FIG. 3 Seciuni transversale prin frunzele de Carpinus betulus (1,2) i Acer negundo (4)
prin sgei se indic depozitele negricioase de polifenoli; Robinia pseudacacia (3) cu
lignificarea nervurii mediane

FIG.4 Seciuni transversale prin frunzele de Plantago major (1) i Plantago lanceolata
(2,3)
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Tabel 1. Parametri foliari Plantago

lanceolata
DS n epiderma adaxial
DS n epiderma abaxial
DP n epiderma adaxial
DP n epiderma abaxial
Grosimea limbului ntre nervuri

Tabel 2. Parametri foliari Plantago major

DS n epiderma adaxial
DS n epiderma abaxial
DP n epiderma adaxial
DP n epiderma abaxial
Grosimea limbului ntre nervuri

Zone UG i PUG

Zone I i U

161/193 stomate/mm2
278/285 stomate/mm2
20/14 peri/ mm2
29/22 peri/ mm2
261/299 m

205/218 stomate/mm2
295/317 stomate/mm2
26/32 peri/ mm2
31/35 peri/ mm2
170/195 m

Zone UG i PUG
102/115
stomate/mm2
144/176
stomate/mm2
8/10 peri/mm2
13/10 peri/mm2
265/345 m

Zone I i U
120/124 stomate/mm2
180/195 stomate/mm2
11/10 peri/mm2
13/15 peri/mm2
250/325 m

Fenolii sunt produi n citoplasm i formeaz picturi n vacuole care vor

evolua mai trziu ntr-o unic vacuol plin de fenoli. n aceste condiii citoplasma
degenereaz, organitele dispar i, n cele din urm, eliberarea coninutului
vacuolar duce la moartea celulelor mezofilului (Bussotti et al, 1998).
Frunzele de Plantago lanceolata i Plantago major (fig. 5) prezint de
asemenea depozite negricioase n mezofil dar i n celulele epidermice. Aceste
frunze sunt amfistomatice, stomatele fiind prezente pe ambele epiderme ale
frunzei. Frunzele de Plantago crescute n habitatele poluate (I i U) sunt mai
subiri, conin parenchim palisadic mai puin dect frunzele din zonele UG i
PUG, presupuse a fi nepoluate (tabelele 1 i 2). Aceste rezultate sunt n acord cu
cele raportate de Balasooriya et al (2009) dar opuse celor publicate de Gostin
(2009). La Plantago lanceolata densitatea stomatic medie pe epiderma abaxial a
variat de la 161 la 218 stomate/ mm2, n timp ce pe epiderma adaxial, densitatea a
variat de la 278 la 317 stomate/ mm2. La Plantago major densitatea stomatic
medie pe epiderma abaxial a variat de la 144 la 195 stomate/ mm2, n timp ce pe
epiderma adaxial, densitatea a variat de la 102 la 124 stomate/ mm2. Pe lng
drumuri cu trafic ridicat i n imediata apropiere a staiilor de cale ferat (zonele I
i U), att densitatea stomatic abaxial ct i adaxial a fost mai ridicat, fapt
confirmat i de studiul lui Kardel et al (2009).
Datele arat i o cretere a densitii perilor tectori i glandulari n zonele
UG i PUG. Producia de peri este o component important a rezistenei
mpotriva insectelor ierbivore. Daunele produse de insectele ierbivore sunt
corelate negativ cu densitatea perilor. n plus, mai multe specii de plante rspund
daunelor cauzate de insectele ierbivore producnd noi frunze, cu o densitate
crescut a perilor. Insectele consum mai puine frunze i cresc mai puin bine
comparativ cu insectele care se hrnesc din plantele martor (Dalin et al, 2008).
Trichomii frunzelor pot totodat crete rezistena la stresul abiotic. Ei pot crete
tolerana la condiii de secet prin reducerea absorbiei radiaiilor solare i prin
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creterea stratului de suprafa al frunzelor, prin facilitarea condensrii umiditii

aerului pe suprafaa plantei, pot s protejeze celulele vii de daunele produse de
radiaiile UV i de temperaturile sczute. Trichomii pot avea, astfel, multiple
funcii i densitatea lor poate evolua ca rspuns la variaia factorilor de mediu
(Dalin et al, 2008; Ianovici, 2009).
Nu este scopul acestei lucrri de a defini care factori specifici de mediu
determin comportamentul descris. Se poate observa c plantele din zonele I i U
sunt, fr ndoial, afectate de aportul de ap redus din timpul verii i sunt, de
asemenea, supuse evapotranspiraiei cauzate de aciunea vntului. De asemenea,
sufer de deficiene nutritionale, sunt supuse la niveluri mai mari ale radiaiei
solare i, posibil, la niveluri mai ridicate de ozon (Bussotti et al, 1998). Activitile
industriale i traficul rutier, reprezint cele mai semnificative surse de poluare ale
aerului n aceste zone.
Acest studiu a demonstrat potenialul ridicat al caracteristicilor stomatice,
cum ar fi densitatea stomatic i a perilor, pentru biomonitorizarea calitii
habitatului urban.
CONCLUZII

Am analizat histoanatomic frunzele a 2 specii de magnoliofite ierboase, 3

specii de pinofite i 14 magnoliofite lemnoase. Observaiile microscopice
dezvluie o tendin de sclerofilie, acumularea polifenolilor n diferite esuturi i
creterea numrului de stomate i peri la Plantago lanceolata i Plantago major.
Metaboliii secundari sunt acumulai ca urmare a condiiilor de stres. Impregnarea
peretelui celular cu esteri fenolici, suberificarea i lignificarea par a fi rspunsuri
de aprare pentru stabilizarea arhitecturii peretelui celular mpotriva degradrii
(Booker et al, 1991). Aceste prime rezultate indic n primul rnd o diminuare a
calitii aerului n intersecii i de-a lungul marilor artere rutiere ce strbat oraul.
Este cert prezena unei mari cantiti de pulberi care afecteaz structura
anatomic a arborilor i plantelor ierboase. Modificrile anatomice indic i
prezena gazelor cu caracter poluant. Avnd aceste argumente de ordin tiinific,
facem urmtoarele recomandri:
Reducerea emisiilor de poluani prin optimizarea i fluidizarea traficului rutier.
Identificarea surselor de poluare i reducerea emisiilor de poluani generai de
activitile industriale.
Extinderea perdelei forestiere a Timioarei - un mijloc modern i eficient de
extindere a zonelor verzi este "prenverzirea" terenurilor publice ori private
(Guinaudeau, 1987). Executate sub forma de perdele" ori aliniamente, zonele
"prenverzite" asigur diminuarea zgomotelor, purificarera aerului i reinerea
pulberilor din apropierea fabricilor, chiar de la darea lor n folosin, mbuntirea
peisajului i crearea unui caroiaj verde pentru viitoarele cartiere.
Numrul specimenelor uscate din spaiile verzi timiorene, n special cele din
preajma interseciilor, ne indic faptul c, n ciuda valorii lor ornamentale,
pinofitele nu sunt adecvate n primul rnd climatului de step i, n al doilea rnd,
rspund la aciunea diverilor poluani, i n primul rnd pulberilor n suspensie.
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IANOVICI Nicoleta et al: Biomonitoring of urban habitat quality by anatomical leaf parameters

Mulumim serviciilor de administrare ale oraului Timisoara pentru

cooperarea lor. Primul autor a fost finanat de Primria Municipiului Timioara
prin proiectul Cercetare i dezvoltare n domenul proteciei mediului studiu
aerobiologic asupra calitii aerului prin monitorizare volumetric.
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