Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 32 views

    Lecture 6

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Osama
    Kirchhoff's current law and Kirchhoff's voltage law are two fundamental conservation principles in electrical engineering based on the conservation of charge and conservation of energy, respectively. Kirchhoff's current law states that the algebraic sum of currents flowing into any node in a circuit is zero. Kirchhoff's voltage law states that the algebraic sum of the voltages around any closed loop in a circuit is zero. These laws can be applied to analyze circuits and solve for unknown currents and voltages. They are useful techniques for problem solving that do not depend on the specific circuit elements or component values.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Lecture 6

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Osama
    32 views23 pages
    Kirchhoff's current law and Kirchhoff's voltage law are two fundamental conservation principles in electrical engineering based on the conservation of charge and conservation of energy, respectively. Kirchhoff's current law states that the algebraic sum of currents flowing into any node in a circuit is zero. Kirchhoff's voltage law states that the algebraic sum of the voltages around any closed loop in a circuit is zero. These laws can be applied to analyze circuits and solve for unknown currents and voltages. They are useful techniques for problem solving that do not depend on the specific circuit elements or component values.

    Original Description:

    Kirchhoffs Laws

    Original Title

    Lecture6

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Kirchhoff's current law and Kirchhoff's voltage law are two fundamental conservation principles in electrical engineering based on the conservation of charge and conservation of energy, respectively. Kirchhoff's current law states that the algebraic sum of currents flowing into any node in a circuit is zero. Kirchhoff's voltage law states that the algebraic sum of the voltages around any closed loop in a circuit is zero. These laws can be applied to analyze circuits and solve for unknown currents and voltages. They are useful techniques for problem solving that do not depend on the specific circuit elements or component values.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    32 views23 pages

    Lecture 6

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Osama
    Kirchhoff's current law and Kirchhoff's voltage law are two fundamental conservation principles in electrical engineering based on the conservation of charge and conservation of energy, respectively. Kirchhoff's current law states that the algebraic sum of currents flowing into any node in a circuit is zero. Kirchhoff's voltage law states that the algebraic sum of the voltages around any closed loop in a circuit is zero. These laws can be applied to analyze circuits and solve for unknown currents and voltages. They are useful techniques for problem solving that do not depend on the specific circuit elements or component values.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 23

    KIRCHHOFF CURRENT LAW

    ONE OF THE FUNDAMENTAL CONSERVATION PRINCIPLES


    IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

    CHARGE CANNOT BE CREATED NOR DESTROYED

    NODES, BRANCHES, LOOPS

    A NODE CONNECTS SEVERAL COMPONENTS.


    BUT IT DOES NOT HOLD ANY CHARGE.
    TOTAL CURRENT FLOWING INTO THE NODE
    MUST BE EQUAL TO TOTAL CURRENT OUT
    OF THE NODE
    (A CONSERVATION OF CHARGE PRINCIPLE)

    NODE: point where two, or more, elements


    are j
    joined
    i d (
    (e.g., big
    bi node
    d 1)
    LOOP: A closed path that never goes
    twice over a node (e.g., the blue line)
    The red path is NOT a loop
    BRANCH: Component connected between two
    nodes (e.g., component R4)

    NODE

    KIRCHHOFF CURRENT LAW (KCL)


    SUM OF CURRENTS FLOWING INTO A NODE IS
    EQUAL TO SUM OF CURRENTS FLOWING OUT OF
    THE NODE

    5A

    5A

    A current flowing into a node


    is equivalent to the negative
    flowing out of the node
    ALGEBRAIC SUM OF CURRENT (FLOWING) OUT OF
    A NODE IS ZERO
    ALGEBRAIC SUM OF CURRENTS FLOWING INTO A
    NODE IS ZERO

    A node is a point of connection of two or more circuit elements.


    It may be stretched out or compressed for visual purposes
    But it is still a node

    A GENERALIZED NODE IS ANY PART OF A


    CIRCUIT WHERE THERE IS NO ACCUMULATION
    OF CHARGE
    ... OR WE CAN MAKE SUPERNODES BY
    AGGREGATING NODES

    Leaving 2 : i1 + i6 i4 = 0
    Leaving 3 : i2 + i4 i5 + i7 = 0
    Adding 2 & 3 : i1 i2 i5 + i6 + i7 = 0
    INTERPRETATION: SUM OF CURRENTS LEAVING
    NODES 2&3 IS ZERO
    VISUALIZATION: WE CAN ENCLOSE NODES 2&3
    INSIDE A SURFACE THAT IS VIEWED AS A
    GENERALIZED NODE (OR SUPERNODE)

    PROBLEM SOLVING HINT: KCL CAN BE USED


    TO FIND A MISSING CURRENT
    SUM OF CURRENTS INTO
    NODE IS ZERO

    b
    IX = ?

    5A

    WRITE ALL KCL EQUATIONS

    5 A + I X + ( 3 A) = 0
    I X = 2 A

    a
    Which way are charges
    flowing on branch a-b?

    3A
    d

    ...AND PRACTICE NOTATION CONVENTION AT


    THE SAME TIME...
    TIME

    I ab = 2 A,
    I cb = 3 A
    I bd = 4 A
    I be = ?

    NODES: a,b,c,d,e
    BRANCHES: a-b,c-b,d-b,e-b
    d
    c

    -3A

    2A

    4A
    b

    Ibe = ?
    e

    I be + 4 A + [(3 A)] + (2 A) = 0

    THE FIFTH EQUATION IS THE SUM OF THE


    FIRST FOUR... IT IS REDUNDANT!!!

    Example: 2.6

    FIND MISSING CURRENTS

    I1=80mA, I4=70mA,
    I5=50mA, I6=-10mA
    WRITE ALL KCL EQUATIONS
    Current leaving +ive, Current
    entering -ive

    KCL DEPENDS ONLY ON THE INTERCONNECTION.


    THE TYPE OF COMPONENT IS IRRELEVANT
    KCL DEPENDS ONLY ON THE TOPOLOGY OF THE CIRCUIT
    Negative
    i
    sign
    i
    of
    f calculated
    l l
    d current shows
    h
    that
    h
    the
    h direction
    di
    i
    of
    f
    actual current is opposite to the predicted direction. So the
    actual direction of I6 is towards entering node 2.

    Example: 2.7 WRITE KCL EQUATIONS FOR THIS CIRCUIT

    THE LAST EQUATION IS AGAIN LINEARLY


    DEPENDENT OF THE PREVIOUS THREE

    THE PRESENCE OF A DEPENDENT SOURCE


    DOES NOT AFFECT APPLICATION OF KCL
    KCL DEPENDS ONLY ON THE TOPOLOGY

    Here we illustrate the use


    of a more general idea of
    node The shaded surface
    node.
    encloses a section of the
    circuit and can be considered
    as a BIG node

    SUM OF CURRENTS LEAVING BIG NODE = 0


    I 4 + 40mA 30mA 20mA 60mA = 0

    I 4 = 70mA
    THE CURRENT I5 BECOMES INTERNAL TO THE
    NODE AND IT IS NOT NEEDED!!!

    Find I1

    Find I T

    I1 = 50mA

    Find
    d I1

    10mA 4mA I1 = 0

    IT = 10mA + 40mA + 20mA

    Find I1 and I2
    I 2 + 3mA I1 = 0

    I1 + 4mA 12mA = 0

    Find ix

    10i x + i x 44mA = 0

    i x 10i x + 120mA 12mA = 0

    i x = 4mA
    I 3 + I 2 I1 = 0
    I1
    I3

    I5 + I 4 I3 = 0
    I5

    +
    -

    I2
    I2 = 6mA,
    6 A I3 = 8mA,
    8 A

    I4
    I4 = 4mA
    4 A

    mA
    I1 = 14
    _______
    5mA
    I5 = _______

    DETERMINE THE CURRENTS INDICATED

    I3

    I1

    +
    -

    5mA

    I 4 = 2mAA

    +
    -

    I4

    2I 2

    I5

    I6

    I 2 8mA

    I1 = 2mA, I 2 = 3mA, I 3 = 5mA


    I 6 I1 2 I 2 = 0 I 6 = 8mA

    I5 + I 2 I6 = 0
    I 4 + I3 I5 = 0

    I 5 = 5mA
    THE PLAN
    MARK ALL THE KNOWN CURRENTS
    FIND NODES WHERE ALL BUT ONE CURRENT
    ARE KNOWN

    FIND I x

    Ix

    3mA

    I X + I1 2 I X = 0
    I1 + 4mA 1mA = 0

    I1 3mA

    VERIFICATION
    I b = 1mA + I X = 2mA

    1mA

    2 I X + 4mA = I b
    Ib

    2I x

    4mA

    This question tests KCL and


    convention to denote currents
    Use sum of currents leaving node = 0
    A

    I X + (5 A) + (3 A) + 10 A = 0
    5A

    I EF

    Ix

    I DE = 10A

    I EF + 4 A 10 A = 0
    I EG = 4 A

    3A
    C

    I x = -8A

    On BD current flows fromB


    __ to D
    __

    I EF = 6A
    OnEF current flows from__
    E to F__

    Home AssignmentsE: 2.3, 2.4, 2.5


    P: 2.10, 2.11, 2.12, 2.14

    KCL

    KIRCHHOFF VOLTAGE LAW

    ONE OF THE FUNDAMENTAL CONSERVATION LAWS


    IN ELECTRICAL ENGINERING To CALCULATE VOLTAGES

    THIS IS A CONSERVATION OF ENERGY PRINCIPLE


    ENERGY CANNOT BE CREATE NOR DESTROYED

    W = q (VB VA )

    W = qV AB

    +V B

    A POSITIVE CHARGE GAINS ENERGY AS IT MOVES


    TO A POINT WITH HIGHER VOLTAGE AND RELEASES
    ENERGY IF IT MOVES TO A POINT WITH LOWER
    VOLTAGE

    B VB
    AB

    KVL IS A CONSERVATION OF ENERGY PRINCIPLE

    A THOUGHT EXPERIMENT

    +V

    KIRCHHOFF VOLTAGE LAW (KVL)

    W = qVBC

    +
    VA + VCA
    W = qVCA

    B
    VB

    VC

    IF THE CHARGE COMES BACK TO THE SAME


    INITIAL POINT THE NET ENERGY GAIN
    MUST BE ZERO (Conservative network)

    +
    VA

    OTHERWISE THE CHARGE COULD END UP WITH


    INFINITE ENERGY, OR SUPPLY AN INFINITE
    AMOUNT OF ENERGY

    +
    q

    q (VAB + VBC + (VCA )) = 0

    + Vab

    b
    Vcd +

    +
    c

    LOSES W = qVab

    KVL: THE ALGEBRAIC SUM OF VOLTAGE


    DROPS AROUND ANY LOOP MUST BE ZERO

    GAINS W = qVcd

    V +

    + (V )

    A VOLTAG E RISE IS
    A NEGATIVE DROP

    PROBLEM SOLVING TIP: KVL IS USEFUL


    TO DETERMINE A VOLTAGE - FIND A LOOP
    INCLUDING THE UNKNOWN VOLTAGE
    THE LOOP DOES NOT HAVE TO BE PHYSICAL

    +
    Vbe

    VS + VR + VR + VR = 0
    1

    VR = 12V
    2

    VR = 18V
    1

    EXAMPLE : VR1 , VR3 ARE KNOWN


    DETERMINE THE VOLTAGE Vbe

    VR + Vbe + V R 30[V ] = 0
    1

    LOOP abcdefa

    BACKGROUND: WHEN DISCUSSING KCL WE SAW


    THAT NOT ALL POSSIBLE KCL EQUATIONS
    ARE INDEPENDENT. WE SHALL SEE THAT THE
    SAME SITUATION ARISES WHEN USING KVL

    A SNEAK PREVIEW ON THE NUMBER OF


    LINEARLY INDEPENDENT EQUATIONS

    IN THE CIRCUIT DEFINE


    N
    NUMBER OF NODES
    B
    NUMBER OF BRANCHES

    N 1

    LINEARLY INDEPENDENT
    KCL EQUATIONS

    B ( N 1) LINEARLY INDEPENDENT
    KVL EQUATIONS

    EXAMPLE: FOR THE CIRCUIT SHOWN WE HAVE


    N = 6
    6, B = 7.
    7
    HENCE THERE ARE ONLY TWO INDEPENDENT
    KVL EQUATIONS

    THE THIRD EQUATION IS THE SUM OF THE


    OTHER TWO!!

    FIND THE VOLTAGES Vae ,Vec

    GIVEN THE CHOICE USE THE SIMPLEST LOOP

    DEPENDENT SOURCES ARE HANDLED WITH THE


    SAME EASE

    Vad = ______
    10V
    Vac = ______

    Vac 4 6 = 0

    6V
    Vbd = ______
    11V
    Vbd = _______
    Vbd 2 4 = 0

    MUST FIND VR FIRST


    12 + V R + 1 + 10V R = 0 V R = 1V
    1

    DEPENDENT SOURCES ARE NOT REALLY


    DIFFICULT TO ANALYZE

    Veb 4 + 6 12 = 0

    REMINDER: IN A RESISTOR THE VOLTAGE AND


    CURRENT DIRECTIONS MUST SATISFY THE
    PASSIVE SIGN CONVENTION

    Vad 12 8 6 = 0

    +
    Vad = _______, Veb = ________

    V +

    SAMPLE PROBLEM

    + 4V

    +
    V1

    b + Vx

    R = 2k
    +
    -

    +
    -

    V1 = 12V , V2 = 4V a

    V2

    DETERMINE
    Vx =

    4V

    Vab = -8V
    Power disipated on
    the 2k resistor
    P2kk =

    Remember
    past topics

    We need to find a closed path where only one voltage is unknown

    FOR V X
    V X + V2 V1 + 4 = 0
    V X + 4 12 + 4 = 0

    V X + V2 + Vab = 0
    Vab = V X V2

    5k

    10k

    +
    25V

    Vx +
    +
    -

    +V1

    There are no loops with only


    one unknown!!!

    Vx/2 +

    +
    -

    The current through the 5k and 10k


    resistors is the same.
    same Hence the
    voltage drop across the 5k is one half
    of the drop across the 10k!!!

    Vx
    4

    VX VX
    V1
    +
    =0
    4
    2
    VX VX
    25[V ] V X
    +
    =0
    V
    2
    4
    V1 = X = 5[V ]
    4
    V X = 20[V ]

    Home Work:
    H
    W k E2.6,
    E2 6 E2.7,
    E2 7
    P2.17, 2.20, 2.22

    23

    You might also like