Loop Analysis
Loop Analysis
Loop Analysis
I1
I2
e
d
f
6
5
A BASIC3 ICIRCUIT
EACH COMPONENT
IS CHARACTERIZED
4 BY ITS VOLTAGE
ACROSS AND ITS
CURRENT THROUGH
EXAMPLES
I a f I1 I 3
I b e I1 I 2
Ib c I 2 I3
fabef
ebcde
fabcdef
I1
USING TWO
LOOP CURRENTS
Ia f I 1 I3
e
d
f
6
5
A BASIC CIRCUIT
I3
Ib e I 1
Ib c I 3
L B ( N 1)
MESH CURRENTS ARE ALWAYS INDEPENDENT
v S 2 v4 v5 v 3 0
USING OHMS LAW
v1 i1 R1 , v2 i1 R2 , v 3 ( i1 i2 ) R3
AN EXAMPLE
v4 i2 R4 , v5 i2 R5
REPLACING AND REARRANGING
IN MATRIX FORM
B7
N 6
L 7 (6 1) 2
R1 R2 R3
R3
R3
i1 v S 1
R3 R4 R5 i2 v S 2
v R 3 i2 R3
v R 2 (i1 i2 ) R2
v R 5 i2 R5
v R 4 i2 R4
TOP MESH : v S1 v R1 v S 2 v R 2 0
BOTTOM : v R 2 v R5 v R 4 v S 3 v R3 0
USE OHMS LAW
DEVELOPING A SHORTCUT
WRITE THE MESH EQUATIONS
V2
R1
+ -
V1
+
-
I1
R5
R2
I2
R3
WHENEVER AN ELEMENT
HAS MORE THAN ONE
LOOP CURRENT FLOWING
THROUGH IT WE COMPUTE
NET CURRENT IN THE
DIRECTION OF TRAVEL
R4
V1 I1R1 ( I1 I 2 ) R2 I1R5 0
V2 I 2 R3 I 2 R4 ( I 2 I1 ) R2 0
KVL @ I1
KVL @ I2
KVL @ I2
REARRANGE
KVL @ I1
NOW IO I1
12kI1 6kI 2 12
6kI1 9kI 2 3 * / 2 and add
12kI 2 6 I 2 0.5mA
5
12kI1 12 6kI2 I1 mA
4
EXPRESS VARIABLE OF
INTEREST AS FUNCTION
OF LOOP CURRENTS
I O I1 I 2
3
mA
4
12kI1 6kI 2 12 * / 3
6kI1 9kI 2 9 * / 2 and substract
3
24kI1 18 I1 mA
4
A PRACTICE EXAMPLE
LOOP 1
IN LOOP K
THE COEFFICENT OF Ik IS THE SUM OF
RESISTANCES AROUND THE LOOP.
THE RIGHT HAND SIDE IS THE ALGEBRAIC SUM
OF VOLTAGE SOURCES AROUND THE LOOP
(VOLTAGE RISES - VOLTAGE DROPS)
THE COEFFICIENT OF Ij IS THE SUM OF
RESISTANCES COMMON TO BOTH k AND j AND
WITH A NEGATIVE SIGN.
LOOP 1
12kI1 6kI 2 12
LOOP 2
6kI1 9kI 2 3
Loop 3
LOOP 2
coefficien t of I1 4k 6k
coefficien t of I 2 0
coefficient of I3 6k RHS 6[V ]
coefficien t of I1 0
coefficien t of I 2 9k 3k
coefficient of I3 3k
RHS 6[V ]
LEARNING
EXTENSION
I1
I2
MESH 2
3. SOLVE EQUATIONS
8 I1 2 I 2 3[mA]
2 I1 8 I 2 9[mA] * / 4 and add
33
30 I 2 33[mA]
VO 6kI 2 [V ]
5
12V
12k
I2
4k
4k
I4
I1
2k
6k
I3
9V
BOOKKEEPING: B = 7, N = 4
2. WRITE MESH EQUATIONS. USE KVL
Home Work
E:3.8,
P: 3.62, 3.63, 3.66
EQUATIONS BY INSPECTION
KVL
I1 2mA
MESH 2
2kI1 8kI 2 2V
2k (2mA) 2V 3
9
I2
mA VO 6kI 2 [V ]
8k
4
2
BY INSPECTION
KVL FOR Vo
I1 4mA
I 2 2mA
MESH 3
BY INSPECTION
I3
USE KVL TO
COMPUTE Vo
3V 2k (4mA) 4k (2mA) 1
mA
12k
4
LEARNING EXTENSIONS
I2
I2
I1
I1
I1 4mA
MESH 1:
MESH 2:
5[V ] 4k ( I 2 I1 ) 6kI 2 0
MESH 2:
VO 6kI 2
33
[V ]
5
I1 4mA
4kI1 12kI 2 0
I2
16 4
mA
12 3
VO 6kI 2 8[V ]
Loop 1
Loop 2
+
VS
+
-
I2
4k
I3
Loop 3
6k
VO
IS = 2mA, VS = 6V
SELECTING THE SOLUTION METHOD
4k ( I 3 I 2 ) 6kI3 2k ( I 3 I1 ) 0
2k
I1
VS 4k ( I 2 I 3 ) 2k ( I 2 I1 ) 0
2k
IS
I1 I S
I1 = Is
VS
2 I1 (6 4)[mA] * / 2
1k
4 I 2 12 I3 2 I S 4mA * / 3 and add eqs
6 I 2 4 I3
28 I3 10 2 4 3 I3
32
mA
28
48
VO 6kI 3 V
7
I 2 I3 4mA
3. WRITE EQUATIONS FOR THE OTHER MESHES
I1 2mA
4. DEFINE A SUPERMESH BY (MENTALLY)
REMOVING THE SHARED CURRENT SOURCE
5. WRITE KVL FOR THE SUPERMESH
6 1kI3 2kI 2 2k ( I 2 I1 ) 1k ( I3 I1 ) 0
I1
I S1
V4
V
R2
R1
V1
R4
I3
I2
IS2
V3
I 1 I s1
R3
IS3 I
4
I2 IS 2
I3 I S 3
VS
VS
R3 ( I 4
I 2 ) R1 ( I 4 I3 I1 ) R4 ( I 4 I3 ) 0
SOLVE FOR THE CURRENT I4.
USE OHMS LAW TO C0MPUTE REQUIRED
VOLTAGES
V1 R1 ( I1 I3 I 4 )
V2 R2 ( I 2 I1 )
V3 R3 ( I 2 I 4 )
V4 R4 ( I3 I 4 )
V2 VS
R2
I S1
R1
V4
IS2
V3
V2
R3
R4
IS3
VS
V1 V3
I S1 I S 2 0
R2
IS3
V3 V2 V3 V1 V3 V4
0
R3
R2
R1
I S1
V4 V4 V1
0
R1
R1
I1 4
I1 I 2 I 3 0
I 2 3I3 2 I 4 8
I 2 I 3 2 I 4 12
MESH CURRENTS
DETERMINED BY SOURCES
I1 4mA
VX
2k
MESH 3 : 1kI x 2k ( I3 I1 ) 1k ( I3 I 4 ) 0
I2
MESH 4 : 1k ( I 4 I3 ) 1k ( I 4 I 2 ) 12V 0
CONTROLLIN G VARIABLES
I x I4 I2
Vx 2k ( I3 I1 )
I1 4
I1 I 2 I 3 0
I 2 3I3 2 I 4 8
Since we divided by
1k the RHS is mA and
all the coefficients
are numbers
I 2 I 3 2 I 4 12
PUT IN MATRIX FORM
0 I1 4
1 0 0
1 1 1 0 I 0
0 1 3 2 I 3 8
I
0
1
2
12
0
1
1
-1
0 0
-1 0
3 -2
-1 2
I=R\V
I=
4
-6
-2
-10
Find Vo
2Vx 2kI1 4k ( I1 I 2 ) 0
LOOP 1
2Vx 2k ( I1 I 2 ) 4kI1 0
MESH 2
3 6kI 2 4k ( I 2 I1 ) 0
LOOP 2
2Vx 2k ( I1 I 2 ) 3 6kI 2 0
Vx 4k ( I1 I 2 )
2kI1 4kI 2 0
and solve...
Vx 4kI1
4kI1 10kI 2 3
I1 3mA, I 2 1.5mA
6kI1 6kI 2 0
6kI1 8kI 2 3
I1 1.5mA, I 2 1.5mA
SOLUTIONS
VO 6kI 2 9[V ]
NOTICE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MESH
CURRENT I1 AND LOOP CURRENT I1 EVEN
THOUGH THEY ARE ASSOCIATED TO THE
SAME PATH
Vx 2kI1
I1 2 I 2 4mA
Vx 4k ( I1 I 2 )
11
8kI 3 3 2kI 2 I3 mA
8
We treat the dependent source as a
conventional source
Equations for meshes with current sources
VO 6kI3
33
[V ]
4
I1
I x I2
I2
6kI1 6kI 2 0
4kI1 6kI 2 12
SOLVE FOR I2
2kI 2 12 I 2 6mA
VO 2kI 2 12[V ]
LEARNING EXAMPLE
@V4 : V4 4V
AT SUPER NODE
V1 V2 2VX
V2 V2 V3 V1 V3 V1 4V
2
mA
0
1k
1k
1k
1k
1k
1k @V : 2mA V V V V 0
3
1k
CONTROLLING VARIABLE
1k
VX V2
V1 3VX
2V1 2VX V3 6V
V1 VX 2V3 2V
VARIABLE OF INTEREST
VO V1 V3
DETERMINE Vo
Loop 1 : I1 2mA
Loop 3 : I 3 2mA
I1
I2
I4
I3
START SELECTION USING MESHES
SELECT A GENERAL LOOP TO AVOID
SHARING A CURRENT SOURCE
2kI 2 2kI 4 6
I 2 1mA, I 4 2mA
4kI 4 8
Variable of Interest VO 1kI 2
LEARNING EXAMPLE
@V2 : V2 12V
@V3 : V3 2VX
@ super node:
V4 V1 6V (constraint eq.)
V V3 V4 V5 V4
V1 V2 V1 V3
2I X 4
0
1k
1k
1k
1k
1k
FIND NODES AND SUPER NODES
@V5 : 2 I X
V5 V4 V5
0
1k
1k
CONTROLLING VARIABLES
VX V1 V2
IX
V4
1k
7 eqs in 7 variables
VARIABLE OF INTEREST
IO
V5
1k
Loop1: 1kI1 1k ( I1 I 2 ) 1k ( I1 I 4 ) 0
Loop 2: 1k ( I 2 I1 ) 6V 1k ( I 2 I 5 ) 0
Loop 3: I 3 2 I X
Loop 4: 12V 1k ( I 4 I1 ) 2VX 0
Loop 5: 1k ( I 5 I 2 ) 1k( I 5 I 6 ) 2VX 0
Select mesh currents
Loop 6: 1k ( I 6 I 3 ) 1kI 6 1k ( I 6 I 5 ) 0
Controlling variables
VX 1kI1
I X I5 I6
8 eqs in 8 unknowns
Variable of interest:
IO I6
Home Work
Examples:
3.20 and 3.21
Extensions: 3.11, 3.12 and 3.13
Problems:
3.85, 3.87, 3.89, 3.96 and 3.97
Application Example: 3.22