1. Potassium is the second most abundant cation in the body after sodium and plays a key role in many cellular functions like enzyme activity and cell growth.
2. Potassium is mainly found inside cells (intracellular) with only a small amount in blood plasma. The kidneys play an important role in maintaining potassium homeostasis by regulating its excretion in urine.
3. Hypokalemia occurs when blood potassium levels fall below 3.5 mEq/L and can be caused by low potassium intake, insulin activity moving potassium into cells, or increased renal or non-renal losses. Symptoms include muscle weakness, constipation and cardiac arrhythmias. Treatment focuses on oral or IV potassium supplementation
1. Potassium is the second most abundant cation in the body after sodium and plays a key role in many cellular functions like enzyme activity and cell growth.
2. Potassium is mainly found inside cells (intracellular) with only a small amount in blood plasma. The kidneys play an important role in maintaining potassium homeostasis by regulating its excretion in urine.
3. Hypokalemia occurs when blood potassium levels fall below 3.5 mEq/L and can be caused by low potassium intake, insulin activity moving potassium into cells, or increased renal or non-renal losses. Symptoms include muscle weakness, constipation and cardiac arrhythmias. Treatment focuses on oral or IV potassium supplementation
1. Potassium is the second most abundant cation in the body after sodium and plays a key role in many cellular functions like enzyme activity and cell growth.
2. Potassium is mainly found inside cells (intracellular) with only a small amount in blood plasma. The kidneys play an important role in maintaining potassium homeostasis by regulating its excretion in urine.
3. Hypokalemia occurs when blood potassium levels fall below 3.5 mEq/L and can be caused by low potassium intake, insulin activity moving potassium into cells, or increased renal or non-renal losses. Symptoms include muscle weakness, constipation and cardiac arrhythmias. Treatment focuses on oral or IV potassium supplementation
1. Potassium is the second most abundant cation in the body after sodium and plays a key role in many cellular functions like enzyme activity and cell growth.
2. Potassium is mainly found inside cells (intracellular) with only a small amount in blood plasma. The kidneys play an important role in maintaining potassium homeostasis by regulating its excretion in urine.
3. Hypokalemia occurs when blood potassium levels fall below 3.5 mEq/L and can be caused by low potassium intake, insulin activity moving potassium into cells, or increased renal or non-renal losses. Symptoms include muscle weakness, constipation and cardiac arrhythmias. Treatment focuses on oral or IV potassium supplementation
1. Hiperreninemie Stenoza de artera renala Tumori secretante de renina Vasculite 2. Sindrom Cushing sindrom adrenogenital hiperaldosteronism primar alti mineralocorticoizi HIPOPOTASEMIA Rata excretiei renale a K + SCAZUTA <15mmol/zi sau TTKG<2
NORMALA / CRESCUTA
Pierdere recenta de K + prin urina Pierdere de K + GI Dieta saraca In K +
Intrarea K + In celule K + urinar Poliurie
Diuretice osmotice Cu HTA Fara HTA Varsaturi Sdr. Bartter Sd. Gitelman Renina Renina N / Stenoza a.renala HTA maligna Tumori secre- tante de renina MC endogeni Compusi exogeni cu actiune MC Sd. Liddle HIPOPOTASEMIA MANIFESTARI CLINICE Cardiovasculare aritmii ( mai ales la digitala ) ECG: aplatizare T, depresia ST, QT alungit, unda U hipotensiune ortostatica Musculare Slabiciune musculara Paralizie Rabdomioliza Gastrointestinale Ileus Constipatie HIPOPOTASEMIA TRATAMENT Indicatie de urgenta Pacienti digitalizati Tratamentul cetoacidozei diabetice Hipopotasemie severa < 2,5 mEq/L Hipopotasemie simptomatica
HIPOPOTASEMIA TRATAMENT Pacienti cu risc Cardiomiopatii Encefalopatie hepatica Hipopotasemie moderata < 3 mEq/L Prezenta unui factor care poate produce migrarea potasiului In celule (-adrenergice)
HIPOPOTASEMIA TRATAMENT PREPARATE UTILIZATE clorura: cel mai bine retinut in spatiul extracelular si reabsorbit renal bicarbonat/citrat : diaree, ART tip I sI II
TRATAMENT EVALUAREA DEFICITULUI in dinamica !!! Concentratia serica poate sa nu reflecte deficitul total Deficit total de K = 350 x ( 4 - Kplasm )
Relatia este modificata de variatiile factorilor care influenteaza Na/K-ATPaza
Alcaloza: Kplasm cu 0,3 mEq/L pentru fiecare de 0,1 unitati pH
Hiperosmolaritate: Kplasm cu 0,3-0,5 mEq/L pentru fiecare de 10 mosm/kg
HIPOPOTASEMIA TRATAMENT ADMINISTRARE Intravenos Conc max 40 60 mEq/L Rata 10 40 mEq/h Oral alimente bogate in potasiu saruri de K : pudra/lichid HIPOPOTASEMIA HIPERPOTASEMIA DEFINITIE Cresterea concentratiei plasmatice a K +
peste 5.5 mEq/L
RASPUNS FIZIOLOGIC NORMAL Cresterea excretiei renale > 100 mEq K + /zi (TTKG > 8 )
CAUZE 1. Cresterea aportului Exogen oral intravenos Endogen liza celulara traumatisme hemoliza severa rabdomioliza resorbtia unor hematoame hipercatabolism HIPERPOTASEMIA CAUZE 2. Translocatie intracelulara Scade activitatea ATPazei Acidoza metabolica Hiperosmolaritate: hiperglicemie manitol substante de contrast Alte cauze efort depolarizante: succinilcolina hipotermia HIPERPOTASEMIA CAUZE 3. Scaderea excretiei renale Scade livrarea de Na: insuficienta renala Creste reabsorbtia de Na hipovolemie scade volumul circulant Scaderea activitatii aldosteronului Hipoaldosteronism primitiv: distructie gl. SR hiporeninemie lipsa de raspuns la aldosteron
HIPERPOTASEMIA MEDICAMENTE CARE POT PRODUCE HIPERPOTASEMIE
1. Contin K 2. Produc translocatia extracelulara a K 3. Interfera cu excretia renala a K produc insuficienta renala interfera cu sistemul RAA
HIPERPOTASEMIA Aport crescut Translocare extracelulara Raspuns renal dupa administrare de MC TTKG < 7 Hipoaldosteronism Anomalii canale Na, K, Cl Rata excretiei renale a K + NORMALA / SCAZUTa CRESCUTA
TTKG > 7 HIPERPOTASEMIA HIPERPOTASEMIA MANIFESTARI CLINICE Cardiovasculare Aritmii ( mai ales la digitala ) ECG: ascutire T, alungire PR, largire QRS Hipotensiune ortostatica Musculare Parestezii Paralizie Gastrointestinale Ileus Constipatie
HIPERPOTASEMIA TRATAMENT IN URGENTA Calciu Antagonizarea efectelor cardiace - stabilizare Ca gluconic i.v.10% 20 mL Efect: 5 min 1 h Bicarbonat Na Translocatia intracelulara NaHCO3 i.v. 8,4% 100 mL Efect: 30 min 2 h Insulina Translocatia intracelulara Actrapid 20 UI I.v. + glucoza hipertona Efect: 30 min 6 h HIPERPOTASEMIA TRATAMENT IN URGENTA Agonisti adrenergici Translocatia intracelulara Albuterol