Q.S Techinical Data

A Ready Reckoner For Quantity Surveyors 1
A READY RECKONER FOR

QUANTITY SURVEYORS
Objective
This book is intended and designed for day to day

reference mainly by quantity surveyors, contract managers,
architects, estimators, site engineers and middle order executives
of the construction industry who deals with quantity surveying,
estimating, analysis of rates, drafting of specifications, supervision
of works and checking of interim and final bills. Also it is useful in
legal and financial aspects of quantity surveying and in preparing,
defending claims, disputes etc.
Targeted People
Quantity Surveyors, Contract Managers, architects,

Estimators, Site Engineers etc.,
Most Likely Users
Billing Engineers, Middle order Executives like QC

Engineers , site supervisors, Contractors, Sub-contractors, and
consultants and students.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Technical Aspects
2. 1 Units and Conversions.
2. 2 Mensuration (Formulae)
2. 3 Weight of materials
2. 4 Notes on cement and concrete.
2. 5 Theoretical cement consumption.
2. 6 Consumption of building materials.
2. 7 Essential procedures for welding.
2. 8 Notes on rock and blasting.
2. 9 Output of plant and machinery and brief notes.
2.10 List of construction equipment.
2.11 Labour constants.
2.12 Material constants
2.13 References of IS codes.
2.14 Standard method of measurements for basic trades
(IS 1200).
2.15 Brief on Specification writing
2.16 Basic definitions – Quantity surveying.
2.17 Quick methods for estimating material and labour
requirements
2.18 Material and labour ratios for various trades of building
construction
2.19 Formulae used in valuation of properties
3. Contractual Aspects
3. 1 Brief on contracts
3. 2 Law relevant to the building and construction industry
3. 3 Arbitration and conciliation Act.
4. Financial Aspects
4. 1 Financial appraisal of projects.
4. 2 Financial reporting.
4. 3 Cost analysis and implications.
5. Professional Aspects
5. 1 Role of quantity surveyor.
5. 2 Brief on Building economics
5. 3 Estimation and bidding software
5. 4 First aid facilities at site
UNITS AND CONVERSION FACTORS
Conversion of Rates
Sno To convert Factor To obtain

1 Rft 3.28 Rmt
2 Sq feet 10.764 Sqmt
3 Cubic feet 35.315 Cubic Mt
4 Lb(Pound) 2.2046 Kg
5 Cwt 1.9684 Quintal
6 Gallon 0.22 Lt
7 Tonn/Sqft 10.937 Tonne/Sqmt
8 Acre 2.471 Hectare
CONVERSION FACTORS UNITS OF MEASURES
Metric to British British to Metric
LENGTH
1 CM 0.3937inch 1 inch 25.4 mm 1 mile 8 furlongs
1meter 3.2808 ft 1 ft 0.3048m 1 furlong 10 chains
1meter 39.3696 inch 1 yard 0.9144m 1 chain 22 yards
1 meter 1.0936 yard 1mile 1.609 km 1 nautical mile 6080 ft
1 KM 0.6214 mile 1 chain 20.1168 m
AREA
1 sqcm 0.1550 sqinch 1 sqinch 6.4516 sqcm 1 Acre 4840 sqyds
1 sqft 0.0929 sqm 1 sqmile 640 Acres
1 sqm 10.76 sqft 1 sqyd 0.8361 sqm 1 hectare 10000 sqm
1 sqm 1.1960 sqyd 1 sqkm 106 sqm
1 hectare 2.4170 Acre 1 Acre 0.4047 ha 1 sqkm 100 ha
1 sqkm 0.3861 sqmile 1 sqmile 2.59 sqkm
1 sqkm 247.1045 1 sqmile 259.0ha 1 sqm 10 sqdm
Acres
VOLUME
1 cum 35.3147 cuft 1 cuft 28.3161 lt 1 cuft 1728 cuinch
1 cum 1.3080 cuyd 1 cuft 0.0283 cum 1 cum 1000 cudm
1 cum 219.97 gallon 1 cuft 28.3161 cudm 1 cudm 1 lt
1 cum 264.18 gallon 1gallon 4.5460 liters 1 cuft water 6.24 gallon
WEIGHT
1 kg 2.2046 lb 1 lb 0.4536 kg 1 lb 16 oz
10 gm 0.322 oz 1 oz 31.1035 gm
1 tonne 1000 kg 1 quintal 220.46 lb
DENSITY (mass/volume)
1 gm/cc 0.0361 1 lb/cuinch 27.699 gm/cc 1 cuft of water 62.4 lb
lb/cuinch
1 kg/cum 0.0624 lb/cft 1 lb/cft 16.0185
kg/cum
1 tonn/cum 62.4 lb/cft 1 tonn/cum 0.7525 t/cuyd 1 tonn/cuyd 1.329
tonne/cum
* Nautical mile is a distance on the earth’s surface at the sea level of 1 min of arc( 1/60 of degree) of
longitude of earth at the equator. Equatorial diameter of the earth is 7926.72 miles.
Mensuration
WEIGHTS OF BUILDING MATERIALS
(Ret: IS: 1911-1967)
Material Weight in kg per cubic
meter
Acoustical material 240
Stag wood 270
Aggregate
Broken stone, dry broken bricks: 1600 to 1870
Fine 1450
Coarse 1010
Foam slag aggregate 700
Sand, dry, clean 1540 to1600
Shingle, 3mm to 38mm 1460
Bricks
Common burnt clay 1600 to 1920
Engineering bricks 2160
Pressed bricks 1760 to 1840
Refractory bricks 1760 to 2000
Cement
Ordinary and aluminous 1440
Rapid hardening 1280
Cement concrete, plain
Using stone aggregate 2240 to 2400
Light weight concrete

Cellular (‘Siporex’ etc.) 640
With foam slag aggregate 960 to 1840
Aerated 760
Chemicals
Gypsum powder 1410 to 1760
Salt, Common 960
Coal
Coal 850
Coal dust 700
Coke, furnace or gas 500
Charcoal 300
Lime
Slaked, fresh 580 to 640
Unslaked lime 1180
Material Weight in kg per cubic

Slaked lime 1020
Metals
Aluminum, cast 2580 to 2710
Aluminum, wrought 2640 to 2800
Brass 8550
Copper, cast 8790
Copper, wrought 8840
Iron, pig 7200
Iron, cast, gray 7030 to 7130
Iron, wrought 7700
Steel, cast 7850
Brick masonry 1920

Concrete 2420
Earth compacted 1750
Glass 2560
Rubber 960
RR masonry 2300
Hollow Block masonry 2500
Alum 1700
Flat Asbestos sheet 2.04 Kg / Sqm
Water 1000
Ice 910
Salt 1020
B)To know the weight of sheets of aluminum , copper, steel etc,
We must know the thickness corresponding to gauges
denoted. They are as under.
Standard Steel Copper Aluminum
Wire Gauge
24G 0.63mm 4.94 5.54 1.7
22 G 0.80 mm 6.27 7.04 2.16
20 G 1.00 mm 7.84 8.8 2.7
18 G 1.25 mm 9.8 11 3.36
16 G 1.60 mm 12.55 14.08 4.32
14 G 2.00 mm 15.69 17.60 5.40
12 G 2.50 mm 19.61 22.00 6.75
10 G 3.15 mm 24.70 27.72 8.51
8G 4.00 mm 31.36 35.2 10.8
C) Plates
Plate Plain Steel Plates Steel Chequred Plates
5 mm 39.2 Kg/Sqm 45.3 Kg/Sqm
D) Details of Rounds, Fabric & Structural Steel Weight of

M.S. Rounds & Torsteel:-
Size (mm) Area(Cm2) Wt.(Kg/mt) Length/ ton(mt)
6 0.283 0.222 4510
8 0.503 0.395 2532
10 0.785 0.617 1621
12 1.131 0.888 1125
16 2.011 1.578 633
18 2.545 2.000 500
20 3.142 2.466 405
22 3.801 2.980 336
25 4.909 3.854 260
28 6.157 4.830 207
32 8.042 6.313 159
36 10.179 7.990 125
40 12.566 9.864 101
E) Weight of Aluminum Sheets

SWG Inch MM L.B./ Kg/ Kg 8’x4’ Kg Kg
SFT SFT 8’x3’ 6’x3’
3/8” 0.375 9.53 5.29 2.399 76.740 57.540 43.17
3/0” 0.372 9.54 5.24 2.376 75.890 57.080 42.81
2/0” 0.348 8.84 4.91 2.227 71.210 53.430 40.05
1/0” 0.324 8.03 4.57 2.072 66.300 9.720 37.27
5/16 0.312 7.93 4.40 1.995 63.860 47.900 35.91
1 0.300 7.62 4.23 1.918 61.370 46.630 34.49
2 0.276 7.01 3.89 1.764 56.410 42.350 31.75
3 0.252 6.40 3.55 1.610 51.560 38.690 29.02
1/4” 0.250 6.35 3.52 1.596 51.166 38.380 28.74
4 0.232 5.89 3.27 1.483 47.480 35.600 26.39
5 0.212 5.48 2.99 1.356 43.370 32.510 24.40
6 0.192 4.88 2.71 1.229 38.280 29.480 22.08
3/16” 0.187 4.75 2.64 1.197 38.270 28.710 21.530
7 0.176 4.47 2.48 1.125 36.600 27.040 20.26
8 0.160 4.06 2.26 1.025 32.730 24.520 18.42
9 0.144 3.66 2.03 0.921 29.480 22.080 16.61
10 0.128 3.25 1.80 0.186 26.170 19.650 14.73
1/8” 0.125 3.18 1.76 0.798 25.570 19.190 14.37
11 0.116 2.95 1.64 0.744 23.720 17.830 13.32
12 0.104 2.64 1.47 0.667 21.250 15.950 11.96
13 0.092 2.34 1.30 0.590 18.810 14.090 10.60
14 0.080 2.03 1.13 0.512 16.320 12.240 9.210
15 0.072 1.83 1.02 0.462 14.730 11.050 8.380
16 0.064 1.63 0.902 0.409 13.090 9.830 7.130
17 0.056 1.42 0.792 0.359 11.480 8.610 5.430
18 0.048 1.22 0.677 0.307 9.830 7.330 5.520
19 0.040 1.02 0.564 0.255 8.160 6.116 4.610
20 0.036 0.914 0.508 0.230 7.33 5.520 4.110
21 0.032 0.813 0.451 0.205 6.520 4.409 3.650
22 0.028 0.711 0.395 0.179 5.720 4.300 3.190
23 0.024 0.610 0.388 0.153 4.810 3.640 2.720
24 0.022 0.559 0.310 0.141 4.470 3.340 2.480
25 0.020 0.508 0.232 0.128 4.060 3.080 2.280
26 0.018 0.457 0.254 0.115 3.650 2.740 2.030
F) Weight of Selected structural steel sections:

Designation Weight/meter Sectional Width/Flange
area
W-Kg A-Cm2 B-mm
ISMB-100 11.5 14.60 75
ISMB-125 13.0 16.60 75
ISMB-150 14.9 19.00 80
ISMB-200 25.4 32.33 100
ISMB-300 44.2 56.26 140
ISMB-400 61.6 78.46 140
ISMB-450 72.4 92.27 150
ISMB-500 86.9 110.21 180
ISMB-600 122.6 156.21 210
ISMC-75 6.8 8.67 40
ISMC-100 9.20 11.70 50
ISMC-125 12.7 16.19 65
ISMC-150 16.4 20.88 75
ISMC-200 22.10 28.21 75
ISMC-225 25.9 33.01 80
ISMC-300 35.8 45.64 90
ISMC-400 49.4 62.93 100
G)Details of Various Angle sections:
Designation Thickness Sectional Weight/meter
(mm) area (Cm2)
ISA 20X20 3.0 1.12 0.9
4.0 1.45 1.1
25X25 3.0 1.41 1.1
4.0 1.84 1.40
5.0 2.25 1.80
30X30 3.0 1.73 1.40
4.0 2.26 1.80
5.0 2.77 2.2
35X35 3.0 2.03 1.60
4.0 2.66 2.10
5.0 3.27 2.6
6.0 3.86 3.0
40X40 3.0 2.34 1.8
4.0 3.07 2.40
5.0 3.78 3.0
6.0 4.47 3.5
45X45 3.0 2.64 2.10
4.0 3.47 2.7
5.0 4.28 3.4
6.0 5.07 4.0
50X50 3.0 2.95 2.3
4.0 3.88 3.0
5.0 4.79 3.82
6.0 5.68 4.5
55X55 5.0 5.27 4.10
6.0 6.26 4.9
8.0 8.18 6.4
10.0 10.02 7.9
60X60 5.0 5.75 4.5
6.0 6.84 5.4
8.0 8.96 7.0
10.0 11.00 8.60
65X65 5.0 6.25 4.9
6.0 7.44 5.8
8.0 9.76 7.7
10.0 12.00 9.4
70X70 5.0 6.77 5.3
6.0 8.06 6.3
8.0 10.58 8.3
10.0 13.02 10.2
75X75 5.0 7.27 5.7
6.0 8.66 6.8
8.0 7.38 8.9
10.0 14.02 11.0
80X80 6.0 9.29 7.3
8.0 12.21 9.6
10.0 15.05 11.8
12.0 17.81 14.0
90X90 6.0 10.47 8.2
8.0 13.79 10.8
10.0 17.03 13.40
12.0 20.19 15.8
100X100 6.0 11.67 9.2
8.0 15.39 12.1
10.0 19.03 14.90
12.0 22.59 17.7
Details of square boxes (closed structures –RHS/SHS,

Reference IS -4923:1997)
Depth Width Thickness Sectional area Weight
Section
in mm in mm In mm in sq-cm in kg/m
25x25 25 25 2.6 2.16 1.69
25 25 3.2 2.53 1.987
30x30 30 30 2.6 2.68 2.1
30 30 3.2 3.17 2.49
30 30 4.0 3.75 2.94
32X32 32 32 2.6 2.88 2.26
32 32 3.2 3.42 2.69
32 32 4.0 4.07 3.19
35X35 35 35 2.6 3.2 2.51
35 35 3.2 3.81 2.99
35 35 4.0 4.55 3.55
38X38 38 38 2.6 3.51 2.75
38 38 2.90 2.86 3.03
3.2
38 38 4.19 3.29
38 38 3.6 4.62 3.63
38 38 4.00 5.03 3.95
40x40 40 40 2.6 3.72 2.92
40 40 3.2 4.45 3.49
40 40 3.60 4.91 3.85
40 40 4.0 5.35 4.2
45x45 45 45 2.6 4.24 3.32
45 45 2.9 4.67 3.66
45 45 3.2 5.09 3.99
45 45 3.6 5.63 4.44
45 45 4.5 6.67 5.31
49.5x49.5 49.5 49.5 2.9 5.19 4.07
49.5 49.5 3.6 6.28 4.93
49.5 49.5 4.5 7.58 5.95
63.5x63.5 63.5 63.5 3.2 7.45 5.85
63.5 63.5 3.6 8.29 6.51
63.5 63.5 4.5 10.10 7.93
72x72 72 72 3.2 8.54 6.7
72 72 4.0 10.47 8.22
4.8 12.31 9.66
75x75 75 75 3.2 8.93 7.01
4.0 10.95 8.59
4.9 13.12 10.3
88.9x88.9 88.9 88.9 3.6 11.95 9.38
4.5 14.67 11.52
4.9 15.85 12.44
91.5x91.5 91.5 91.5 3.6 12.32 9.67
4.5 15.14 11.88
5.4 17.85 14.01
100x100 100 100 4.0 14.95 11.73
5.0 18.36 14.41
6.0 21.63 16.98
113.5x113.5 113.5 113.5 4.5 19.1 14.99
4.8 20.28 15.92
5.4 22.6 17.74
6.0 24.87 19.53
125x125 125 125 4.5 21.17 16.62
5.0 23.36 18.33
6.0 27.63 21.69
132x132 132 132 4.8 23.83 18.71
5.4 26.59 20.88
6.0 29.31 23.01
150x150 150 150 5.0 28.36 22.26
6.0 33.63 26.4
50x25 50 25 3.2 4.13 3.2
60x40 60 40 2.9 5.25 4.12
66x33 66 33 2.9 5.19 4.07
66 33 3.6 6.28 4.93
4.5 7.58 5.95
70x30 70 30 52.9 5.25 4.12
3.2 5.73 4.5
4.0 6.95 5.45
80x40 80 40 2.9 6.41 5.03
3.2 7.01 5.5
4.0 8.55 6.71
96x48 96 48 3.2 8.54 6.7
4.0 10.47 8.22
4.8 12.31 9.66
100x50 100 50 3.2 8.93 7.01
4.0 10.95 8.59
122x61 122 61 3.6 12.32 9.67
4.5 15.14 11.88
5.4 17.85 14.01
127x50 127 50 3.6 11.89 9.34
4.6 14.89 11.69
145x82 145 82 4.8 20.28 15.92
5.4 22.6 17.74
172x92 172 92 4.2 23.83 18.71
5.4 26.59 20.88
Weight of mild steel stips
Thickness
1.6 1.8 2.0 2.24 2.5 2.8 3.15 3.55 4.00 4.50 5.0 6.0 8.0 10.0
In mm
Width in
Weight in kg/metre
mm
100 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.5 3.9 4.7 6.3 7.8
125 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.7 3.1 3.5 3.9 4.4 4.9 5.9 7.8 9.8
160 2.0 2.3 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.6 6.3 7.5 10.0 12.6
200 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.5 3.9 4.4 4.9 5.6 6.3 7.1 7.8 9.4 12.6 15.7
250 3.1 3.5 3.9 4.4 4.9 5.5 6.2 7.0 7.8 8.8 9.8 11.8 15.7 19.0
320 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.6 6.3 7.0 7.9 8.9 10.0 11.3 12.6 15.1 20.1 25.4
400 5.0 5.6 6.3 7.0 7.8 8.8 9.9 11.1 12.6 14.1 15.7 18.8 25.1 31.4
500 6.3 7.1 7.8 8.8 9.8 11 12.4 13.9 15.7 17.7 19.6 23.6 31.4 39.2
650 8.2 9.2 10.2 11.4 12.8 14.3 16.1 18.1 20.4 23 25.5 30.6 40.8 51
800 10.0 11.3 12.6 14.1 15.7 17.6 19.8 22.3 25.1 28.3 31.4 37.7 50.2 62.8
950 - 13.4 14.9 16.7 18.6 20.9 23.5 26.5 29.8 33.6 37.3 44.7 59.7 74.6
1050 - - 16.5 18.5 20.6 23.1 26 29.3 33 37.1 41.2 49.6 65.9 82.4
1150 - - - 20.2 22.6 25.3 28.4 32 36.1 40.6 45.1 54.2 72.2 90.3
1250 - - - - 24.5 27.5 30.9 34.8 39.2 44.2 39.1 58.9 78.5 98.1
1300 - - - - - 28.6 32.1 36.2 40.8 45.9 51 61.2 81.6 102
1450 - - - - - - 35.8 40.4 45.5 51.2 56.9 68.3 91.1 113.8
1550 - - - - - - 38.3 43.2 48.7 54.7 60.8 73 97.3 121.7
Weight of mild steel flats

Thickness
3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 8.0 10 12 16 18 20 25 32 40
In mm
Width in
Weight in kg/m
mm
10 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
15 0.4 0.5 0.60 0.7 0.9
20 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.3 1.6
25 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4
30 0.7 0.9 1.2 1.4 1.9 2.4 2.8 3.8
35 0.8 1.1 1.4 1.6 2.2 2.8 3.3 4.4 5.0 5.5
40 0.9 1.3 1.6 1.9` 2.5 3.1 3.8 5.0 5.6 6.3
45 1.1 1.4 1.8 2.1 2.8 3.5 4.2 5.6 6.4 7.1
50 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 3.1 3.9 4.7 6.3 7.1 7.8 9.8
55 1.3 1.7 2.2 2.6 3.4 4.3 5.2 6.9 7.8 8.6 10.8
60 1.4 1.9 2.4 2.8 3.8 4.7 5.6 7.5 8.5 9.4 11.8 15.1
65 - - - 3.1 4.1 5.1 6.1 8.2 9.2 10.2 12.8 `16.3 20.4
70 - - - 3.3 4.4 5.5 6.6 8.8 9.9 11 13.7 17.6 22.0
75 - - - 3.5 4.7 5.9 7.1 9.4 10.6 11.8 14.7 18.8 23.6
80 - - - 3.8 5.0 6.3 7.5 10.0 11.3 12.6 15.7 20.1 25.1
90 - - - 4.2 5.6 7.1 8.5 11.3 12.7 14.1 17.7 22.6 28.3
100 - - - 4.7 6.3 7.8 9.4 12.6 14.1 15.7 19.6 25.1 31.4
110 - - - 5.2 6.9 8.6 10.4 13.8 15.5 17.3 21.6 27.6 34.5
120 - - - 5.6 7.5 9.4 11.3 15.1 17 18.8 23.6 30.1 37.7
130 - - - - 8.2 10.2 12.2 16.3 18.4 20.4 25.5 32.7 40.8
140 - - - - 8.8 11.0 13.2 17.6 19.8 22.0 27.5 35.2 44.0
150 - - - - 9.4 11.8 14.1 18.8 21.2 23.6 29.4 37.7 47.1
200 - - - - - 15.7 18.8 25.1 28.3 31.4 39.2 50.2 62.8
250 - - - - - 19.6 23.6 31.4 35.3 39.2 49.1 62.8 78.5
300 - - - - - - 28.3 37.7 42.4 47.1 58.9 75.4 94.2
400 - - - - - - - 50.2 56.5 62.8 78.5 100.5 125.6
Specification for mild steel tubes and tubulars confirming to IS-1239(Part-I): 1990
Nominal Cl Outside Thick- SW Mass of Black tube Black plain End Calculated Galvanised
bore (NB) a Diameter ness G weight of
Galvanised tube
ss Max min
Plain S&S
end
MM Inches MM M Mm Kg/m Kg/m m/t f/t Kg/m Kg/m M/T F/T PCS/
M BDLE
15 ½” L 21.40 21.0 2.0 14 0.947 0.956 1056 3465 0.999 1.008 992 3255 160
M 21.80 21.0 2.6 12 1.21 1.22 826 2710 1.264 1.274 785 2575 130
H 21.80 21.0 3.2 10 1.44 1.45 694 2277 1.494 1.504 665 2182 110
20 3/4” L 26.90 26.4 2.30 13 1.38 1.39 752 2379 1.441 1.451 689 2260 112
M 27.30 26.5
Approximate weight of wire in kg per 1000 meter
Steel Copper
23/24G 0.60 mm Φ 2.49 2.77
21/22 G 0.8 mm Φ 4.01 4.47
19/20 G 1.00 mm Φ 6.27 6.98
18 G 1.25 mm Φ 9.8 10.9
16 G 1.6 mm Φ 16.04 17.86
14 G 2.00 mm Φ 25.08 27.91
12 G 2.5 mm Φ 39.40 43.4
10 G 3.15 mm Φ 62.00 70.00
J) Hoop iron -20 G 20 mm width -13 kg/100 Metre

25 mm -19.4 kg/100 Metre
K) Weight of prestressing wires and strands
Cable size Internal diameter of Weight of cable in

sheathing in mm kg / meter
12 nos 5 mm wire 30 1.850
12 nos 7 mm wire 39 3.625
12 nos 8 mm wire 42 4.735
13 mm strand - 0.735
L) Nominal weight of plain galvanized sheet in kg /m2
Gauge Thick- Class I Class II Class III Class IV

ness with 750G with 600Gwith 50G with 378G
mm zinc zinc zinc coating zinc coating
coating coating
24 G 0.63 5.7 5.55 5.4 5.32
22 G 0.8 7.03 6.88 6.73 6.66
20 G 1.00 8.6 8.45 8.3 8.22
18 G 1.25 10.56 10.41 10.26 10.19
16 G. 1.60 13.31 13.16 13.01 12.94
M) C.I S/S Pipes Both centrifugally cast & vertically cast up to 750
dia and above this size only vertically cast
Details Total weight of a pipe
Nominal diaNominal LA class 20 Class A of Class B of
of pipe length of kg/ cm2 test 25kg/cm2 30 Kg/cm2
pipe pressure
80 Φ 4.5 m 64 kg 69.5 kg 74.5 kg
100 Φ 5.5m 109 120 128
150 Φ 5.5m 177 194 209
200 Φ 259 281 304
300 Φ 450 492 533
400 Φ 690 754 814
450 Φ 832 914 986
600 Φ 1298 1417 1535
750 Φ 1876 2051 2225
900 Φ 2791 3024
1200 Φ 4623 4993
1500 Φ 7223 7833
N) Flange pipes vertically sand cast pipes
Approx
Dia of
Nominal Barrel weight kg of wt of No of
Bolts in
dia One metre one Bolts
mm
Flange
Class A Class B
80 Φ 16.0 17.3 3.7 16 Φ 4
100 Φ 20.5 22.0 4.2 16 Φ 8
150 Φ 33.2 35.9 6.7 20 Φ 8
200 Φ 48.1 52.1 9.3 20 Φ 8
300 Φ 84.0 91.4 14.8 20 Φ 12
400 Φ 128.7 139.5 23.4 24 Φ 16
450 Φ 156.0 169.0 26.5 24 Φ 20
600 Φ 241.0 262 44 27 Φ 20
750 Φ 348.9 380.6 69.8 27 Φ 24
900 Φ 474.3 516.6 94.6 30 Φ 28
1200 Φ 783.1 851.6 173 36 Φ 32
1500 Φ 1222.1 1333.1 276.2 39 Φ 40
C.I rain water pipe (IS 1230:1957)
Internal Bore Weight per pipe of 1.8 m Length
75 mm 11.0 kg
100 mm 14.0 kg
150 mm 26.0 kg
Weight of spirals (hard -drawn steel ) in socket of R/R Joint

RCC pipes of different Classes (kg/no)
Internal dia in NP2 NP 3 NP 4 P1 P2 P3
mm of Class Class Class Class Class Class
pipes
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
80 .08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08
100 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09
150 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.15
200 0.14 0.14 0.21 0.14 0.21 0.35
225 0.15 0.15 0.26 0.15 0.26 0.43
250 0.16 0.16 0.31 0.16 0.31 0.51
300 0.45 0.45 0.53 0.45 0.53 0.84
350 0.51 0.64 0.64 0.51 0.74 1.24
400 0.56 0.71 0.71 0.56 0.99 1.66
450 0.63 0.76 0.76 0.63 1.23 2.26
500 0.68 0.87 1.08 0.68 1.57 2.85
600 0.81 1.00 2.12 1.52 2.88 4.74
700 0.92 2.16 3.02 1.79 3.96 6.79
800 1.14 2.87 4.67 2.04 6.28 9.99
900 1.50 4.06 6.03 2.63 8.29 -
1000 1.91 - - 3.33 1.29 -
1100 2.34 - - 4.08 - -
1200 2.8 - - 4.9 - -
1400 3.82 - - - - -
1600 5.64 - - - - -
1800 7.25 - - - - -
2000 11.78 - - - - -
2200 12.88 - - - - -
Note 1 Longitudinal Reinforcement shall be proportional to the length
of socket cage
Note 2 If mild steel used for spiral reinforcement, the weight
specified above shall be increased to 140/125.
Weight of concrete pipes
No Material Internal Weight

Dia in mm Kg/Rmt
1 Class NP 1 80 19
(unreinforced non pressure 100 22
pipes ) 150 31
250 41
300 71
350 86
400 97
450 110
2 Class NP 2 80 20
(Reinforced concrete light 100 24
duty, non pressure pipes) 150 33
250 52
300 75
350 92
400 104
450 128
500 141
600 193
700 223
800 287
900 358
1000 438
1200 620
1400 834
1600 1013
1800 1283
3 Class NP 3 350 240
(Reinforced concrete heavy 400 269
duty, non pressure pipes ) 450 297
500 325
600 410
700 470
800 604
900 754
1000 829
1100 1054
1200 1140
4 Class P 1 80 20
(Reinforced concrete 100 24
pressure pipes safe for 2 kg 150 33
per cm2) 250 52
300 75
350 92
400 104
450 128
500 141
600 193
700 223
800 287
900 358
1000 437
1100 525
1200 620
5 Class P 2 80 20
per cm2) 250 63
300 103
350 134
400 170
450 188
500 230
600 326
6 Class P 3 80 20
per cm2) 250 75
300 117
350 168
400 208
Use of unreinforced and reinforced concrete pipes
Class Description Conditions where normally used
NP 1 Unreinforced concrete non- For drainage and irrigation use above ground or in
pressure pipes shallow trenches
NP2 Reinforced concrete, light duty, For drainage and irrigation use for culverts carring
non-pressure pipes light traffic
NP3 Reinforced concrete , medium For drainage and irrigation use for culverts carrying
duty , non-pressure pipes medium traffics
NP4 Reinforced concrete, heavy duty For drainage and irrigation use for culverts carrying
non-pressure pipes heavy traffic such as railway loading
P1 Reinforced concrete pressure For use on gravity mains , the site test pressure not
pipes tested to a hydrostatic exceeding 2/3 of the hydro static test pressure.
pressure of 0.2 MPa ,(20m head)
P2 Reinforced concrete pressure For use on pumping mains , the site test pressure not
pipes tested to a hydrostatic exceeding half of the hydro static test pressure.
P3 Reinforced concrete pressure -do-

pipes tested to a hydrostatic
Cast iron floor/Nahni traps ( Ref IS 3989:1984)
Des- Designatio Diameter Total Weight

Creation n Of inlet depth (approx )
Diameter / Grating of each
Size trap
(Nominal
Bore of
Out let)
Cast iron 50 mm 100 mm 175 mm 2.5 kg
Floor trap 75 100 225 4.8
100 200 296 7.5
Cast iron 50 165 175 5.5
Nahni trap 75 165 225 6.5
Barbed wire – 2 ply
Gauge Gap b/w 2 barbs Length in a bundle

of ½ CWTor 25 kg
12 G 75 mm 153 m
14 G 75 mm 300 m
Galvanized steel barb fencing wire
Description Weight of Length/ ton
100 yd 100 m
12 SWG line wire Lb Kg M
2 Point ordinary : Barbs round 1 wire only 5” apart 19 9.43 10602
2 Point ordinary : Barbs round 1 wire only 6”apart 18.5 9.18 10890
2 Point Thickset : barbs round 1 wire only 2.5” apart 21 10.42 9594
4 Point ordinary : Barbs round 1 wire only 6” apart 20 9.92 10080
4 Point Thickset : Barbs round 1 wire only 3” apart 25 12.40 8064
4 Point ordinary : Barbs round both wire only 6” apart 20 9.92 10080
14 SWG line wire

Minimum weight bitumen felt in kg
Bitumen felts are available in widths of 90 cm and 100 cm and in length of 10m or 20 m
Sno Type of felt For 10 M2
Minimum wt of the
Untreated Bitumen finished bitumen felt in
Saturant Contant
base content dry condition with mica
powder
A Fibre base
1) Type 1 under lay 4.0 3.6 - 3.6 7.6
2) Type 2 Self 5.0 4.5 12.9 12.0 22.6
Finished felt
B Hessain base
1)Type 3 self Finished 2.3 1.8 17.7 12.1 23.0
Felt grade 1
2)Type3 Self finished 2.3 1.8 31.8 20.2 37.1
felt Grade 2
Standard Wire Gauge
SWG Dia Dia SWG Dia Dia SWG Dia Dia

Dia (Inch) Mm No (inch) Mm Dia (inch Mm
7/0 0.500 12.7000 13 0.092 2.2368 32 0.0108 0.2743
6/0 0.465 11.7856 14 0 .0 8 0 2.030 33 0.0100 0.2540
5/0 0.432 10.9728 15 0.072 1.8288 34 0.0092 0.2347
4/0 0.400 10.1600 16 0.064 1.6256 35 0.0084 0.2134
3/0 0.372 9.488 17 0.056 1.4224 36 0.0076 0.1930
2/0 0.348 8.8392 18 0.048 1.2199 37 0.0068 0.1727
1/0 0.324 8.2296 19 0.040 1.0160 38 0.0060 0.1524
1 0.300 7.6200 20 0.036 0.9144 39 0.0052 0.1321
2 0.276 7.0104 21 0.032 0.8128 40 0.0048 0.1219
3 0.252 6.4008 22 0.028 0.7112 41 0.0044 0.1118
4 0.232 5.8928 23 0.024 0.6096 42 0.0040 0.0106
5 0.212 5.3848 24 0.022 0.5588 43 0.0036 0.0914
6 0.192 4.8168 25 0.020 0.5080 44 0.0032 0.0613
7 0.176 4.4704 26 0.018 0.4572 45 0.0028 0.0711
8 0.160 4.0640 27 0.0164 0.4166 46 0.0024 0.0610
9 0.114 3.6576 28 0.0148 0.3759 47 0.0020 0.0580
10 0.128 3.2515 29 0.0136 0.3454 48 0.0016 0.0406
11 0.116 2.9454 30 0.0214 0.3150 49 0.0012 0.0305
12 0.104 2.6416 31 0.0116 0.2946 50 0.0010 0.0254
THEORITICAL CEMENT CONSUMPTION

Description Mix by Cement Constant
Sno Unit
of item Volume In Kg In bags
Cement concrete
1 Mixed cement concrete 1:1.5:3 402.83 8.05
delivered on bunker 1:2:4 308.53 6.17
1:2:5 268.55 5.37
1:2.5:4 253.18 5.06
Cum
1:3:6 213.20 4.26
1:4:8 161.95 3.24
1:5:10 129.15 2.58
1:7:12 104.55 2.09
2 Mixed cement concrete 1:5 312.63 6.25
using all in aggregate 1:6 264.45 5.29
delivered on bunker Cum
1:8 206.03 4.12
1:12 138.38 2.77
MORTARS
3 Cement and sand 1:1 1058.82 21.18
mortars 1:2 699.05 13.98
1:3 493.03 9.86
Cum
1:4 382.33 7.65
1;6 254.20 5.08
1:8 192.70 3.85
4 Gauged mortar(cement 1:1:6 244.98 4.90
lime and sand mortar) 1:1:8 189.63 3.79
1:2:9 Cum 164.00 3.28
1:5:10 147.60 2.95
1:7:12 120.95 2.42
5. BRICKWORK
Old size Modular
Brickwork in well burnt 1:3 123.00 113.38
bricks straight on plan or 1:4 95.84 87.96
to curve exe 6M mean
inner radius, built in
1:6 Cum 64.05 58.47
cement, built in gauged 1:8 47.98 44.32
mortar
6 Stone masonry
Walling of random or 1:3 147.60 2.95
polygonal rubble 1:4 114.80 2.29
uncoarsed or brought upto
coarses well bonded
1:6 Cum 65.00 1.51
bedded and solidly 1:8 58.94 1.18
hearted in cement mortar
7 Walling of random or 1:1:6 73.80 1.48
polygonal rubble 1:1:8 114.80 2.29
uncoarsed or brought upto
coarses well bonded
1:1:9 Cum 49.71 0.99
bedded and solidly
hearted in gauged mortar
8 Plastering
10mm (1/2” ) th. 1:2 11.79 0.24
Rendering or screeding on 1:3 8.41 0.17
bricks or concrete surface Sqm
in cement and sand mortar
1:4 6.77 0.14
1:6 4.66 0.09
9 10mm (1/2” ) th. 1:1:8 3.38 0.07
Rendering or screeding on 1:2:9 2.82 0.06
bricks or concrete surface Sqm
in cement and gauged
mortar
10 10 mm (1/2”) th. 1:2 15.68 0.31
Rendering or screeding on 1:3 11.17 0.22
stone masonry surfaces or
1:4 Sqm 8.41 0.17
lathing in cement and
sand mortar 1:6 5.64 0.11
11 10 mm (1/2”) th. 1:1:8 4.20 0.08
Rendering or screeding on 1:2:9 3.64 0.07
stone masonry surfaces or
1:4 Sqm 2.51 0.05
lathing in cement and
gauged mortar
12 Add to or deduct from 1:2 4.77 0.10
serial item no. 8 &10 for 1:3 3.38 0.07
each 5mm(1/4”) th. In CM
1:4 2.51 0.05
over or under 10 mm Sqm
(1/2”) on concrete, brick, 1:6 1.69 0.03
lathing or stone masonry
surfaces
13 -ditto- item no.9&11 in 1:1:8 1.38 0.03
gauged mortar Sqm
1:2:9 1.13 0.02
14 POINTING
Raking cut joints to a 1:2 Sqm 2.51 0.05
depth of 10 mm and flush 1:3 1.69 0.03
keyed or stuck pointing on
brick work
1:4 1.39 0.03
15 Raking cut joints to a 1:2 Sqm 2.51 0.05
depth of 10 mm and flush 1:3 1.69 0.03
keyed or stuck pointing on
random rubble masonry,
1:4 2.83 0.06
uncoarsed or brought to
coarses, with 20mm thick
joints in CM
16 Struck, keyed or flush 1:2 Sqm 1.39 0.03
pointing to squared rubble 1:3 1.13 0.02
coursed or uncoursed
walling in cement mortar
1:4 0.85 0.01
17 Bastard tuck or manson’s 1:2 Sqm 5.02 0.10
V-joint pointing to squared 1:3 3.64 0.07
rubble coursed or
uncoursed masonry in
1:4 2.82 0.06
cement mortar
18 Bastard tuck or manson’s 1:2 Sqm 5.02 0.10
V-joint pointing to random 1:3 3.64 0.07
rubble masonry uncoursed
or brought to coarses in
1:4 2.82 0.06
cement mortar
19 Brick Flooring
Hard burnt brick floors, 1:3 Sqm 11.17 0.22
laid flat jointed and pointed 1:6 5.64 0.11
flush in cement and sand
mortar
20 - ditto- but bricks laid on 1:3 Sqm 15.68 0.31
edge ditto 1:6 8.41 0.17
21 Surface finishing to concrete floors
Flooring with wool or steel Sqm 1.38 0.03
hand float as ordered
cement concrete floor
surface to fair and even
surface using extra
cement
22 Granolithic Flooring
30 mm thick granolithic 1:1:2 Sqm 16.09 0.32
concrete floor tapping
spread over ordinary
concrete floors etc,
including floating or
troweling to an even and
fair surface
23 10 mm (3/8”) thick layer of 1:1:5 Sqm 8.71 0.17

terrazzo (consisting of one
part of mixture of cement
and marble powder to 1.5
parts of approved crushed
stone chipping, 4 to 7 mm
size laid level or to false
including cut and polished
finish
24 Terrazzo flooring
10 mm thick layer of 1;1:2 Sqm 8.71 0.174
terrazzo (consisting of 3
parts of cement mixed with
one part of marble powder
by weight; and one part of
such mixture by volume
mixed with 1.5 parts by
volume of crushed marble
or other approved stone
chippings laid to levels or
false
Consumption of Building Materials
Mortars : Estimation of quantity of materials
Mortar Mix (unit 1 M3) Unit Requirement of materials

Sl 3
Sand ( M ) Cement Lime
no
( M3)
M3 Bags
1 1 cement : 1 fine/ coarse sand 1 Cum 0.7125 0.7175 20.4
2 1 cement : 2 fine/ coarse sand - do- 0.95 0.475 13.6
7 1 cement : 1 lime putty : 6 sand - do- 1.07 0.178 5.0 0.178
8 1 cement : 2 lime putty : 9 sand - do- 1.07 0.119 3.4 0.238
Note : one quintal of un slaked lime will yield approximately 0.158 cum of lime putty . one quintal of
unslaked lime occupies 0.129 cum by volume.
Masonry : Estimation of quantity of materials .
Sl Mortar Quantity of
Masonry type Mortar Sand in
no 3 require Bricks (no) cement
( unit 1 M ) mix M3
ment M3 Bags
1 Brickwork 25 % 1: 6 ` 494 0.27 0.045 1.3
2 Brickwork 25 % 1:5 494 0.27 0.054 1.6
3 Brickwork 25 % 1: 4 494 0.27 0.067 1.9
4 Brickwork 25 % 1: 3 494 0.27 0.089 2.6
5 Random rubble 30 % 1:6 Stone 1 cum 0.35 0.059 1.7
Stone masonry bond stones 7 no
6 Coursed rubble 33 % 1:6 Stone 1.21 cum 0.32 0.054 1.5
Stone masonry bond stone 7 no
Concrete : Estimation of quantity of materials

Sl Concrete mix Coarse Sand Cement
no aggregate (M3) (M3) M3 Bags
1 1 :1 :2 0.85 0.43 0.425 12.2
2 1 :1.5 :3 0.85 0.43 0.283 8.0
3 1 :2 :4 0.89 0.45 0.223 6.4
4 1 :3 :6 0.92 0.46 0.154 4.4
5 1 :4 :8 0.95 0.48 0.118 3.4
6 1 :5 :10 0.97 0.46 0.091 2.6
• Cement bag weighing 50 kg has volumetric content of 0.035 cum
RCC : Estimation of quantity of reinforcement
Reinfocement Volume Quantity For rough estimation of Quantity of steel
as % of of steel of steel reinforcement in RCC the in kg/ M3 of
concrete (M3) (kg) following rule of thumb may be concrete volume
volume adopted
1 0.01 78 Lightly reinforced structures 70
(slabs etc)
2 0.02 157 Medium reinforced structures 80-90
(beams etc)
3 0.03 235 Heavily reinforced structures 110-120
(columns, T beams ,etc)
Plastering : Estimation of quantity of materials

Thickness Mortar Cement : sand(1:3) Cement :sand Cement : sand(1: 6)
of plaster quantity (1:4)
(mm) (M3) Cement Sand(M3) Cement Sand(M3) Cement Sand(M3)
(Bags) (Bags) (Bags)
6 0.072 0.73 0.077 0.55 0.077 0.37 0.077
10 0.12 1.22 0.128 0.91 0.128 0.61 0.128
12 0.144 1.47 0.154 1.10 0.154 0.73 0.154
15 0.172 1.75 0.184 3.31 0.184 0.88 0.184
18 0.216 2.2 0.231 1.65 0.231 1.1 0.231
20 0.224 2.29 0.240 1.71 0.240 1.14 0.240
Pointing : Estimation of quantity of materials
Item (unit 10 M2) Mortar (M3) Sand (M3) Quantity of cement

Cum Bags
Brick masonry walls 0.03 0.032 0.0107 0.31
Brick masonry walls* 0.046 0.049 0.016 0.47
Brick Flooring 0.02 0.022 0.0072 0.2
Brick tile work 0.046 0.049 0.016 0.47
Stone work 0.023 0.025 0.008 0.24
Stone work * 0.038 0.41 0.014 0.039
Sand stone slab pavement 0.015 0.016 0.0053 0.16
Note : The above estimate of quantities is for mortar mix 1: 3 The estimate of quantities is for raised and
cut pointing
Flooring : Marble stone : Estimation of quantity of materials
Item (unit 10 M2 ) Under layer Marble White

Bedding Coarse Cement slab (M2) cement
mortar(M3)` sand(M3) ` (kg) (kg)
Marble stone flooring with 20 mm thick 0.224 0.24 85.7 + 11.5 incl 6.0 for
marble stone over 20 mm avg thick 44.0 * of 15 % grouting
base and jointed with grey cement wastage joints
slurry including rubbing and polishing
complete with base mortar of 1: 4
30 mm thick marble slab in risers of 0.144 0.154 73.4+44.0 11.5 6.0 for
steps, skirting , dado , walls and pillars including pointing
laid on 12mm thick (avg) base of wastage
cement mortar 1: 3 and jointed with
grey cement slurry including rubbing
and polishing complete
*Inclusive of grey cement for slurry @ 4.4 kg/sqm

Painting and Polishing
Pain preserves, protects and decorates surfaces and enables them
to be cleaned easily.
Types of paints: There are seven types of paints, used commonly
are :
i) Oil paints: These are the traditions type having a linseed oil
medium. Finishes vary from flat to oil-gloss. Oil paints dry by
evaporation of the solvent and by oxidation, synthetic paints have
replaced them.
ii) Synthetic paint: The medium for these is a chemical
compound, one type being oil-modified alkyd resin. They have the
advantage over oil paints in setting more qu9ickly and offering
greater durability where corrosion is a main concern. They also
have better flow and are easier to apply.
iii) Water paints: Known also as distempers they are used
mainly on internal walls and ceilings and most of them give a flat
finish. They have a drying oil or varnish medium emulsified in
water. They are prepared on the site by adding water to make a
paste. Emulsion paint has super ceded water paint.
iv) Emulsion Paints: These are mostly used on wall surfaces. Oil
bound distemper is a type of emulsion paint. An emulsion paint has
the pigments and medium dispersed as small globules in water.
Oil, synthetic resin and bitumen are the common mediums. Among
different emulsion paints are alkyd, bitumen, polyvinyl acetate and
styrene emulsion paints. The finish obtained is flat to egg shell
gloss.
v)Varnishes: These are of two kinds, oil varnish and spirit varnish.
They are used to give a transparent film to a surface. The relative
proportion of the oil and the resin control the usage; if the oil is
predominant a more elastic varnish results for external work. If the
solvent is the major ingredient, a high gloss, which dries rapidly, is
obtained for internal work. Spirit varnishes are solution of shellac
and other spirit resins dissolved in commercial alcohol (methylated
spirits). They are only suitable for internal surfaces like furniture
(e.g. is French polishing). Poly urethane varnish is a type of resin
varnish producing a very durable finish.
vi) Cellulose Paints: They are mostly used as spray paints in car
industry because they dry very quickly by evaporation of solvents.
They are not satisfactory for general building work but can be used
for furniture and fittings in houses.
vii) Special paints: Among the many kinds are aluminum paints,
bituminous paints, chlorinated rubber paints, fire-resistant paints,
heat-resisting paints, fungicidal paints, texture paints etc., These
are used for special applications and manufacturer’s instructions
should be followed for thinning and applications of the required
number of coats.
Schedule for painting New Surfaces:
Sno Type of Primer coat Under Finishing

finish coat
1 White wash 1 coat of white wash - 2coats
2 Color wash 1 coat of color wash - 2coats
3 Dry Clear Cole, size, etc Filler to 2coats
distemper be used if
required
4 Oil bound 1 coat of alkali resistant -do- 2coats
distemper cement primer
5 Emulsion 1 coat of emulsion -do- 2coats
paint paint
6 Flat/ semi 1 coat of alkali resistant -do- 2coats
gloss paint cement primer
7 Acrylic 1 coat of alkali resistant -do- 2coats
emulsion cement primer
8 Cement 1 coat of cement paint Nil 2 coats
paint
Spreading Capacity of Different Paints
Type of finish Covering capacity (New work)

Internal finishes:
Lime for white washing 33-34 m2 / quintal for 3 coats
Plastic emulsion paints on 30-35 m2 / lt/coat
primed and puttied smooth 19-20 m2/ lt for 2 coats
surfaces by brushing 13-14 m2/ lt for 3 coats
Washable oil bound distemper, 20-25 m2/ kg per coat
spreading by brushing 12-15 m2/ kg per 2 coats
7-8 m2/ kg for 3 coats
Cement primer 20-25 m2/ lit coat
Exterior wall finishes
Acrylic emulsion paints 5.5-6.0 m2/lit for 2 coats
Cement paints 2 – 4 m2a/kg for 2 coats for
Cement-sand plaster, depends
on its texture
Metal/ Wood finishes
Synthetic enamel paint 15-22 m2/ lit /coat
10-12 m2/lit for 2 coats
Aluminum paint (dual pack) 20-22 m2/lit / coat
Metal primer 18-20 m2/ lit /coat
Wood Primer 18-20 m2/ lit /coat
Clear Wood Finishes
Copal varnish 10-13 m2/ lit /coat
French polish (ready mixed) 12-15 m2/ lit /coat
Melamanised finishes 8-10 m2/ lit /coat by brushing
5-6 m2/ lit /coat by spraying
Poly urethane clear wood finish 8-10 m2/ lit /coat
by brushing
Sealer 8-10 m2/ lit /coat by brushing
Measurements: Equivalent Plain Areas of Uneven surface

SN Description of work How Multiplying co-
measured efficient
1 Paneled or framed and Measured flat$ 1.3 (each side)
braced doors, window, etc
2 Flush doors -do- 1.2(each side)
3 Part paneled and part glazed -do- 1.0(each side)
or gauzed doors, windows,
etc.,
4 Fully glazed or gauzed -do- 0.8(each side)
doors, windows etc
5 Fully venetioned or louvered -do- 1.8(each side)
doors, windows etc
#
6 Trellis(or jaffri) work one way Measured flat 2 for painting
or two way all over
7 Carved or enriched work Measured flat 2(each side)
8 Wood shingle roofing 1.0(each side)
measured flat
9 Boarding with cover fillets Measured flat 1.05(each
and match boarding side)
10 Tiles &slate battering Measured 0.8 for painting
flat,# all over
Steel work, doors, windows etc
11 Plain sheet steel doors Measured flat 1.1(each side)
&windows
12 Fully glazed or gauzed steel Measured flat 0.5((each side)
doors and windows*
13 Partly paneled and partly Measured flat 0.8(each side)
glazed or gauzed doors and
windows
14 Corrugated sheet steel doors Measured flat 1.25(each
and windows side)
15 Collapsible gate measured measured flat 1.5 for painting
flat all over
16 Rolling shutters of Measured flat 1.1(each side)
interlocked laths
17 Expanded metal , grill work, Measured 1(for paint all
MS bars in window frame, flat# over)
railing, palisade fencing,
balustrade gates inc,
standards, braces, stays etc
in timber or steel
18 CGI sheathing in roof, side Measured 1.14(each
cladding etc., flat(not side)
girthed)
19 AC corrugated sheeting in -do- 1.2(each side)
roofs, side cladding, etc
20 Wire gauze shutters -do- 1.0(each side)
including painting of wire
gauge
$- Measured flat ( Not girthed) including chowkat or frame, edges,

chocks, cleats etc shall be deemed to be included in the item.
# - No deduction for open spaces, supporting members shall not
be measured separately.
*- Excludes painting of wire gauge portion
Essentials for proper welding procedures
1 Correct electrode size
2 Correct current
3 Correct arc length or voltage
4 Correct travel speed
5 Correct electrode angle
Besides the steady sizzling sound that correct arc procedures, the
shape of the molten pool and the movement of the metal at the
rear of the pool serve as a guide in checking weld quality. In a
correctly made deposit the ripples produced on the bead will be
uniform and the bead will be smooth , with no over lap or under
cut.
1. Correct electrode size

The correct choice of electrodes size involves consideration
of a variety of factors, such as the type , position , and preparation
of the joint , the ability of the electrodes to carry high current values
without injury to the weld metal or loss of deposition efficiency ,
The mass of work metal and its ability to maintain its original
properties after welding, the characteristics of the assembly with
reference to effect of stresses set up by heat application the
practicability of specific requirements as welding quality and cost of
achieving the desired results.
2. Correct current
If the current on equipment is too high or low, you are certain
to be disappointed in your weld, if too high the electrode melted too
fast and your molten pool is large and irregular .If too low, there is
not enough heat to melt the base and your molten pool will be too
small, will pile up, and look irregular.
3. Correct arc length

If the arc is total long or voltage too high the metal melts off
the electrode in large globules which wobble from side to side as
the arc wavers, giving a wide, spattered and regular bead with
poor fusion arc is too short, or voltage too low, there is not enough
heat to melt the base metal property and the electrode quite sticks
to the work, giving a high, uneven bead, having irregular rippled
with fusion
4. Correct Travel speed
When your speed is too fast your pool does not last long
enough, impurities and gas are locked in. The bead is narrow and
ripples are pointed. When speed is too slow the metal piles up, the
bead is high and wide, with a reference straight ripple
5. Correct electrode angle

The electrode angle is of particular importance in fillet welding
and deep groove welding
Generally speaking When making a fillet weld ,the electrode
Should be held so that It bisects the angle between the plates (as
shown at right ) and is perpendicular to the line of weld. If under
cut occurs in the vertical member, lower the angle of the arc and
direct the arc towards the vertical member.
Causes and cures of common welding troubles
Porous welds why

1. Excessively long or short arc length
2. Welding current too high
3. Insufficient or damp shielding gas
4. Too fast travel speed
5. Base metal surface covered with oil grease, moisture, rust, mill
scale, etc
6. Wet unclean or damage electrode
What to do
1. Maintain proper arc length
2. Use proper welding current
3. Increase gas flow rate & check gas purity
4. Properly maintain and store electrodes
5.Reduce travel speed
Cracked welds Why

1. Insufficient weld size
2. Excessive joint restraint
3. Poor joint design and/or preparation
4. Filler metal does not match base metal
5. rapid cooling rate
6. Base metal surface covered with oil grease, moisture, rust, dirt
or mill scale
What to do
1. Adjust weld size to part thickness
2. Reduce joint restraint through proper design
3. Select the proper joint design
4. use more ductile filler
5. Reduce cooling rate through preheat
6. Properly clean base metal prior to welding
Undercutting why
1. Faculty electrode manipulation
3. Too long an arc length
4. Too fast travel speed
5. Arc blow
What to do
1. Pause of side of the bead when using a weaving technique
2. Use proper electrode angles
3. Use proper welding current for electrodes size]
4. Reduce arc length
5. reduce travel speed
6. reduce effects of arc blow
Distortion why
1.Improper tack welding and /or faulty
2.Improprer bead sequence
3.Improprer set up and fixturing
4. Excessive weld size
What to do
1. Tack weld parts with allowance for distortion
2. Use of bead sequencing
3. Tack or clamp parts securely
4. Make welds to specified size
Spatter why
1. Arc below
3. Too long an arc length
4. Wet unclean or damaged electrode
What to do
1. Attempt to reduce the affect of arc below
2. Reduce welding current
3. Reduce arc length
4. Properly maintain and store electrodes
Lack of fusion why

1. Improper travel speed
2. Welding current too low
3. Faulty joint preparation
4. Too large an electrode diameter
5. Magnetic arc below
6. Wrong electrode angle
Overlapping why
1. Too slow travel speed.
2. Incorrect electrode angle.
3. Too large an electrode.
What to do
1. Increase travel speed.
2. Use proper electrode angles.
3. Use a smaller electrode size.
Poor penetration why

1. Travel speed to fast.
2. Welding current too low.
3. Poor joint design and/or preparation.
4. Electrode diameter too large.
5. Wrong type of electrode.
6. Excessively long arc length.
What to do
1. Decrease travel speed.
2. Increase welding current.
3. Increase root opening or decrease root face.
4. Use smaller electrode.
5. Use electrode with deeper penetration characteristics.
6. Reduce arc length.
Magnetic arc blow why
1. Unbalanced magnetic field during welding.
2. Excessive magnetism in parts of fixture.
What to do
1. Use alternating current.
2. Reduce welding current and arc length.
3. Change the location of the work connection of the work
piece.
Inclusion why
1. Incomplete slag removal between passes.
2. Erratic travel speed.
3. Too wide a weaving motion.
4. Too large an electrode.
5. Letting slag run ahead of arc.
6. Tungsten spitting or sticking.
What to do
1. Completely remove slag between passes.
2. Use a uniform travel speed.
3. Reduce width of waving technique.
4. Use a smaller electrode size of better access to joint.
5. Increase travel speed or change electrode angle or
reduce arc length.
6. Properly prepare tungsten and use proper currents.
Handling:
Normally the packing used by manufactures is strong enough to

sustain normal handling; Average weight of one wooden case is 50
to 60 kgs. Including the weight of case (The weight can be handled
manually also.) with the new developments in materials handling
systems, it would not be difficult for nay industry to handling this
weight. However, mishandling is going to damage the packing and
also the electrodes coating.
What are the main trouble spot, where mishandling is
likely
1. Loading & unloading of material. Usually this job is done by
persons attached to transporting agencies and neither the
supplier nor the receiver has direct control over stage, there
can be two alternatives.
To reduce the weight to 20/25 kgs.
To increases the weight to 300/400 kgs.
This first alternative can ensure that a person can easily
carry the case, and there is less temptation to throw it.
Second alternative will mean only mechanized handling,
where safer handling can be expected.
But reducing weight per case will result in increased
packing cost. On the other hand bulk packing will require
suitable mechanized systems an additional investment.
Because of these reasons the packing of 50-60 kgs.
Electrodes per case reduced to 20/25 kgs.
Storage:
The place where electrodes are stored should have
relative humidity below 50% and normal room temp. say 30-35°C.
These are ideal conditions. It is also necessary that electrodes are
stored in a separate area where oil, grease, and other similar
hazardous items are not stored.
Higher humidity results in absorption of moisture by
electrode coverings. This moisture is the source for Hydrogen. As
we all know, hydrogen can have adverse effects on weldments.
For this reason proper storage, handling and conditioning of
electrodes in necessary.
AWS A 5.1 recommends the following storage conditions:

AWS Class Temp. Relative Humidity
i) E 6010, E6011 Ambient ------------
ii) E 6012, E6013 30°C +10°C Max 50%
E 7016, E7018 etc.
Electrode manufacturers provide a certain degree of

moisture resistant packing by using polythene bags. Numbers of
bags used per packet vary from 1 to 3, depending upon the type of
covering and permissible limit of moisture contents in the flux
coating.
Coating moisture contents requirements have been specified in

AWS / A 5.5 which are reproduced here.
AWS CODING COATING MOISTURE

(As per AWS A 5.5) Maximum percent (after reconditioning)
E 7015
E 7016 } 0.40
E 7018
E 8015
E 8016 } 0.20
E 8018
E 9015
E 9016 } 0.15
E 9018
E 100
E 110 } 0.15
E 120
E 12018 Ml 0.10
Since the possibilities of moisture pick up in

transportation and storage can not totally eliminated, there is a
need for re drying or re baking of electrodes before use. In other
words conditioning of the electrodes.
AWS / A 5.1 (Table) recommends re drying of electrodes for
conditioning electrode. Manufacture also may be consulted for any
special conditioning, procedure required for their products.
A) Cellulosic type electrodes conforming to E6010 and E6011
need no re drying as the moisture picked up by coating has
no adverse effect on welding. It has been observed that
moisture pick up improves performance.
B) Retile type electrodes conforming to E6012, E6013, E7024
and High iron Oxide/iron Powder type coating electrodes do
not pick up much moisture and hence can be dried to 135°C
for 1 hour to drive out the moisture.
C) Low Hydrogen (LH) type electrode coatings are most
susceptible to absorption of moisture.
All critical properties like Gr 1 radiography, toughness at

subzero temp, resistance to delayed cracking etc. can be obtained
by use of LH type of electrodes Hence the proper conditioning of
electrodes is very important.
The ideal re drying temperature and time is as follows:

Temp. Time
350°C 1 hour.
Or 250°C 2 hours.
Once the electrodes are re dried, they should be

transferred to holding Ovens where temperature should be
maintained around 60°C. A few electrodes should be taken at a
time from this holding oven. This procedure will ensure that the
amount of hydrogen is controlled to desired level.
Failure to control the level of hydrogen will result in

serious defects in weldment, such as porosity, cold cracking,
reduced toughness etc, these problems increase as the parent
metal strength, harden ability and joint restrain increase. Based on
the experiment carried out on the ‘MOISTURE PICK UP’ by LH
type, electrodes, it is observed that the ‘Coating moisture content’
can go as high as 3.2% if the electrodes are exposed to 75%
Relative Humidity for a week. If these electrodes are not
conditioned before use, they might evolve diffusible hydrogen to
the extent of 17/18, ml per 100 gm weld deposit against the
acceptable level which vary from, 2 ml to 10ml/100 gms.
From these observations, it is clear that storage & handling play
very vital role in obtaining best or worst results. Hence the
consumers must strictly follow the recommendations for storage
and conditioning of electrodes to avoid tragic consequences in
terms of defects, failure and rectifications costs.
Notes on rock and blasting
While Granite and Deccan Trip being of ligneous

originate of harder varieties lime stone, sand stone and shale are
softer varieties particular of some varieties of rock.
Solid density Bulk density

Sp.
Variety Tonne/m3 Tonne/m3
Gravity(g/cc)
Basalt 2.8-3.0 3.02 2.00
Dolomite 2.8-2.9 2.87 1.85
Granite 2.6-2.9 2.72 1.78
Lime stone 2.4-2.9 2.64 1.68
Quartzite 2.0-2.8 2.57 1.68
Sand stone 2.0-2.8 2.42 1.52
Shale 2.4-2.8 2.57 1.68
Trap Rock 2.6-3.0 2.78 1.85
It is important to maintain proper records of the following salient

points.
1. Blasting ratio: Normally 8 to 10 t/kg. or 3 to 4 m3 /kg of
80% gelatin with 4 detonators and 1.83 meter of fuse
wire.(Qty. of rock broken per kg. of explosive)
2. drilling ratio: 0.42 to 1.5 m3 /per drill meter of 25mm
cartridge.(Qty. of rock broken per mt. of drilling)
3. Secondary blasting: Avg. charge ratio is on 25mm x
200mm cartridge of S.G. 80% for every 2 cu.m. (kg. of
explosice/100 cu.m of rock)
Typical charges for primary blasting in hard variety.
Dia. of Dia. of Dept Burd Spac Solid vol. Cha Charg

hole(m cartridg h of en(m ing( of rge / e/ratio
m) e(mm) hole( ) m) rock/hole( hole m3 / kg.
m) m3)
.
Kg.
32 25 1.0 0.6 0.7 0.42 0.14 3.00
1.5 0.8 1.0 1.20 0.42 2.87
2.0 1.0 1.1 2.20 0.70 3.14
2.5 1.1 1.3 3.58 1.12 3.10
3.0 1.2 1.3 4.68 1.54
Drill speed & jack Hammers
In hard rock In soft rock

Manually 2m/day 4m/day
Mechanical 4m/hour 8m/hour

(pneumatic)
Life of steel drill 300m 600m
Life of jack hammer 30,000 Drill meter
Information on Explosives.
Explosive is a mixture of a mixture of substance whose

stable equilibrium is upset if subjected to severe shock resulting in
a violent release of energy in the form of shock wave accompanied
by rapid conversion of the explosive in to a large volume of gases
at high temp. and pressure. In practice the necessary shock is
provided by a detonator or detonating fuse.
Blasting Accessories:
1. Exploder
2. Ohm meter
3. Shot-firing cable twin core 300mm long & each core
consisting of conductor of atleast 4 copper wires of not less
than 0.46mm dia.
4. Wooden stemming rod.
5. Scraper of brass, aluminum or wood to pick the cartridge prior
to inserting the detonator or detonating fuse.
6. A crimpier of nonferrous non-sparking material is required for
crimping the detonator to the fuse.
Code of good practice in shot-firing:

1. Explosives and detonators should always be separately kept
or transported.
2. To deal with explosives only non-sparking materials like wood
or brass should be used.
3. To check the shot hole with a scraper or stemming rod before
insertion of cartridge.
4. Not to force a detonator to a cartridge.
5. Remove all surplus explosives, vehicles, cover or remove
equipment, remove all persons from the site to a safe
distance.
6. Install red flag all around at a safe distance with guards to
prevent people to enter inside the red zone till all clearance is
given by the shot fire.
7. Test the exploder before use.
8. While straightening the lead wires, do not hold the electric
detonator by the tube. Grip the wires about 10cm from the
detonator with one hand and smooth them out with other.
This will avoid any pull on the fuse head.
9. To avoid misfires, avoid damaging the insulation on the lead
wires of the electric detonator.
10. To avoid misfires the conductors should be thoroughly
cleaned free of grease or dirty wires. While making
connections the brae ends of the conductors should be
twisted to gather tightly for a length of about 3 cms.
11. Twin core cables have two conductors. Strand of one
conductor should not touch the other. Good practice is to
stagger the exposed ends in relations to each other.
12. To ensure good insulation and avoid short circuits in wet
conditions, use insulating tapes.
13. All connections should be done by shot-firer only. Exploder
key should never be parted by him. key should be removed
after blaster and cable connection disconnected from the
exploder and cable short circuited by twisting together the
bare ends of the two conductors.
14. Exploder should be kept in a dry place and similarly the bare
conductors.
15. All precautions should be taken against stray currents while
blasting near electrically operated machine or high voltage
power line.
Procedure for establishing a magazine (for storing
explosives)
An application in form ‘C’ should be made to the regional
Controller of Explosives together with six copies of site plan and
magazine construction details who will send the applicant a
copy of form ‘D’ showing safety distances. The applicant will
send form again to Regional Controller giving actual safety
distances who will forward all the documents to Chief Controller
of Explosives (CCE).CCE will then issues a form ‘E’ plus a draft
copy of the license ‘L’ and will also pass on one copy of site plan
to District Magistrate who will issue a ‘No Object Certificate’.
Based on this, CCE will allow the applicant to proceed ahead
with the construction of the magazine and also issue a license in
form of ‘L’. On completion of the building the Regional Controller
will inspect the magazine and endorse the license. The license
must be renewed annually. If the Quantity to be stored does not
exceed 100 kg. The applicant should obtain a ‘No Objection
Certificate’ from District Authority and forward this along with
form ‘C’ and the necessary plans as in case of large magazine.
For storage up to 5 kg. of nitro compounds, 200 detonators and
reasonable quantity of safety fuse, an applicant can be. Made
direct to the local authorities who are empowered to issue ‘J’
form license.
Use of Gun powder

a. Up to 10lbs. of Gun powder and fuse wire-no license required
in form no ‘J’ for procurement and storing but blasting license reqd.
in form no. ‘N’
b. Not more than 8 holes at a time.
c. A tampering rod should be of wood only & not iron.
d. Signaling for warning 200yds. Distance.
In small blast ½ kg. of powder will loosen 2 tons.
In huge blast ½ kg. of powder will loosen 3 tons.
Table of service powder to fill borings:

Dia. of pipes 12Φ 16Φ 19Φ 22Φ 25Φ
Wt. in kg/m 0.12 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50
Output of plant and machinery (brief notes)
Calculation of output of production/ construction equipments
Production estimating:
The performance of any equipment in terms of output
per hour is assessed on the basis of the time required to
perform each work cycle. This work cycle can be analysed in
terms of fixed element and variable element of time factor.
The production rate in per cum can be worked out on the
following basis.
Out put per hour in cum =
60 minutes x Pay load capacity X efficiency factor
fixed time + variable time (min)
Ex- working out output of a tipper :
Pay load capacity= 5 cum( 9 T of stone metal)
Fixed time = 12 min
Variable time = 15 min Efficiency factor =0.85
Therefore output/ hour = 60 x 0.85 x 5 =9.44 cum /hr
15+12
Hauling equipment
Rear dumper tipper and Rear dumper trailer are generally
used as highway hauling units:
Description Payload Capacities

capacity Kg Stuck Heaped Heaped2:1 Fuel
(SAE)Kgs 3:1 m3 (SAE) m3 consu
mption
Lt/hr
Dumper 25410 13.63 15.73 16.97 23.0
Gross engine 320
HP Fly wheel 303 HP
Cylinder 6
Dumper Gross 22700 12.30 15.00 16.00 22.0
engine 320 HP Fly
wheel 303 HP
Cylinder 6
Loader
Output details – Flywheel power loader – Engine capacity -112HP-
Payload 2722kg( 1.53m3 heaped capacity)
One way Average Cycle Production /Hr
distance speed time in
in mt Km/hr Min
No. of Heaped Production
work capacity in
cycle m3 M3
7.5 5 0.5 120 1.53 183.60
15 7 0.57 105 1.53 160.65
22.5 8 0.64 93 1.53 142.29
30 9 0.70 85 1.53 130.05
45 11 0.8 75 1.53 114.75
60 13 0.88 68 1.53 104.04
Bull dozer
Blade types
A) Straight B)Angle
C) U-type D) Cushion type
Output-track type tractor bulldozer with straight blade in cum /hr

Flywheel- HP One-way haul distance in meters
15m 30m 45m 60m
50-75 220 115 78 73
75-125 375 195 132 123
125-200 514 266 180 169
200-275 705 360 246 229
The production of the spreading equipment can be worked out by

the following formula
Time for completing the job (hr) =NO of passes x Distance in km

Avg.speed(km/hr) x eff. factor
The production per hour of the compacting equipment can be

worked to be reasonable accuracy level with the following formula
Compacted soil /sub base / Asphalt concrete in m 3
= W x S X L X 0.83
P
W= Effective rolling with width of the compactor in m
S=average speed of compactor in m/hr
L= Compacted thickness of material in m
0.83= Efficiency factor
P= Number of Passes required to achieve desired compaction
Method of computing owning and operating cost of an

equipment
In order to work out the cost of the equipment per hour.;

it is necessary to understand the various elements constituting
owning and operating cost. To work out owning and operating of
any equipment, typical example is given below.
Description of the loader, Fly wheel power 112 HP

Equipment: Rated pay load 2722 kg
A. Landed cost at site Rs.15,00,000.00

i.e. 1.53 m3 GP
bucket (for earth ) Rs. 40,000.00
Less : Tyre replacement cost Rs 14,60,000.00
Landed price less cost of tyre RS 1,50,000.00
Less : Resale value
B. Net value for depreciation RS 13,10,000.00
C. Owning cost
1. Depreciation : Net depreciated value
Life in hr
: 13,10,000/16,000 = 81.88/hr
Estimated Annual use in hrs:16,000 hrs
2. Interest at 12 % and insurance at 1 % =
Landed price x % investment x total annual rate
Annual use in hrs
= 15,00,000 X 55X 13 X 1X 1 = 67.03 /hr
1600 X 100 X 100
Repair cost
3. Tyres : Replacement cost = 40,000 = 12.50 Rs
Estimated life 3200
4. Normal repair 90 % of landed cost – Tyre cost
Total hours
0.9 X 15,00,000 – 40,000 = 81.88 /hr
16,000
Service cost
Fuel : 11 X 4.00 = RS 44 /hr (a)
Lubricant grease Etc : LS = Rs 10 /hr (b)
5. Total service cost : 44+ 10 =Rs 54 /hr
6. Operators salary : Rs 80/8 = Rs 10 /hr
Total owning and
Operating cost /hr : 1.88 + 67.03 +12.50 +81.88 + 54 +10
=Rs 307.29 /hr
List of construction equipments
1. Asphalt batch mix plant ( 60 – 240 TPH)
2. Asphalt drum mix plant ( up to 150 TPH)
3. Asphalt pavers finishes ( up to 9 m width )
4. Wet mix macadam plant ( 300 TPH)
5. Concrete Kerb line machine
6. Bitumen crusher distributors
7. Road marking machine
8. Controls and auto machine for asphalt plant
9. Port handling equipment – Ship loader, grab type un-
loader level loafing cranes, surface mining equipment
like bucket wheel excavators, spreaders, mobile transfer
conveyors.
10. Crushers Jaw crusher ,Cone crusher , VSI
11. Screens - horizontal , inclined
12. Mobile plants – Wheel mounted, Crawler mounted.
13. Weigh batching and mixing plants-120 m3 ,60 m3 30 m3
14. Types of plants – Stationary mixer , Batching star or
Lincar bins for storage of aggregates
15. Tower cranes
16. Transit mixer – 4 m3, 6 m3
17. Bull dozer – 180 HP, 165 HP, 90 HP, 66 HP.
18. Hydraulic excavators -0.44- 1.26 m3, 0.44 – 0.7 m3, 0.3
m3.
19. Motor graders 280 HP, 173 HP, 145 HP.
20. Bach hoe loader – 1 cum Loader, 0.24 cum Back hoe.
21. Hydraulic piling rig – 45 Tons ( machine class)
22. Telescopic handler – (similar to hydraulic loader )
23. Vibratory soil compactor
24. Pneumatic tyred roller
25. Plate compactors /Tampers
26. Walk behind rollers
27. Tandem compactors
28. Refuse compactors
29. Tandem rollers
30. Tandemibratoryroller
Excavator
Shovel and Back hoes: Output Table
Description HP of Fuel Width Nature Bucket Struck Efficienc Cycle No Of Ourpu

Engine Consu- In m Of Capacit Capcit y time In Work r inno
mption/Hr Soil y y factor Min Cyle
M3 M3
Hydraulic Loose
275/295 30/31 1.68 3.0 2.4 0.8 2.5 24 46.08
excavator soil
1.58 2.70 2.16 0.8 2.5 24 41.47

2.00
1.6 2.50 0.8 2.5 24 38.40
0
1.40 1.7 1.36 0.8 2.5 24 26.11
LABOUR AND MATERIAL CONSTANTS (IS 10067-1982) NORTH ZONE

Recommended labour out put constants for building work:
Recomm
S.no ended
Description of work Unit Labour Remarks.
. constant
in days.
1) Excavation over areas (hard/dense M3 Mate 0.06 _
soil),depth up to 1.5m and removal Mazdoor 0.62 _
(up to one meter from edge)
2) Excavation in trenches (soft/ loose M3 Mate 0.05 _
soil),for foundations not exceeding Mazdoor 0.50 _
1.5m in width and for
shafts,wells,cesspits and the like,
not exceeding 10m3 and on plan,
depth up to 1.5m and removal(up to
one meter away from edge)
3) Returning, filling and ramming of M3 Mate 0.02 _

excavated earth in layers not Mazdoor 0.25 _
exceeding 20 cm in Bhisti 0.02 _
depth,watering,well ramming and
leveling, lead up to 50m
4) Concrete : M3 Mazdoor 0.50 _
Mixing by machine (mixer) at Bhisti 0.10 _
banker, cement concrete (with Mixer 0.07 _
20mm graded coarse aggregate) operator 0.07 _
Mixer
5) Mixer mixed cement concrete M3 mason 0.10 _

mazdoor 1.63 _
bhisti 0.70 _
mixer 0.07 _
operator 0.07 _
mixer 0.07 _
vibrator
6) Reinforced cement concrete in situ M3 mason 0.17 The constants
in foundations,footings,bases for mazdoor 2.00 for items include
columns,etc excluding form work bhisti 0.90 mixing, pouring,
and reinforcement mixer 0.07 consolidating
operator 0.07 and curing. This
mixer 0.07 does not include
vibrator fair finish.
7) Reinforced cement concrete in situ M3 mason 0.24 _

in suspended floors/roofs excluding mazdoor 2.50 _
form work, and reinforcement. bhisti 0.90 _
mixer 0.07 _
operator 0.07 _
mixer 0.07 _
vibrator
8) Mortars : M3 Mazdoor 0.75 Labour required
Mixing by hand, cement mortar of Bhisti 0.07 will be
any mix/proportions approximately
same for
different mix
proportions.
9) Brick work (straight walls) : M3 mason 0.94 The constants
Brick work in walls exceeding one mazdoor 1.80 include labour
brick thick, in cement / lime mortar bhisti 0.20 involved in
scaffolding.
10) Brick work in walls, one brick thick, M2 mason 0.25 The constants
in cement/lime mortar mazdoor 0.40 could be adopted
bhisti 0.10 for brick work
with any mix or
mortar.
11) Form work : Carpenter 0.25 _
a) fabrication and erection Mazdoor 0.20 _
with all supports, struts, Carpenter 0.23 _
braces, etc, and dressing Mazdoor 0.20 _
with oil as cleaning of Carpenter 0.30 _
formwork : Mazdoor 0.20 _
1) rectangular column and M3
walls M2
2) suspended floors/roofs M2
3) sides and soffits of beam
12) Reinforcement: Quintal Bar bender 1.00 _
Bar reinforcement including cutting Mazdoor 1.00 _
to length, hooked ends, cranking or
bending, hoisting and placing in any
position, binding wire and holding
firmly so as not to be disturbed
while placing and ramming of
concrete
13) Plastering and pointing : mason 0.08 _
a) 15mm thick cement plaster to M2 mazdoor 0.10 _
ceiling including mixing of mortar. bhisti 0.10 _
M2 _
b) 15mm thick cement plaster on mason 0.06 _
brick walls (exterior) including mazdoor 0.10 _
mixing of mortar M2 bhisti 0.10
_
c) tuck pointing to random rubble mason 0.10 _
masonry in cement mortar mazdoor 0.15 _
including mixing mortar. bhisti 0.10
14) Damping proof course : M3 mason 0.10 _
a) Laying damp proof course 40mm thick mazdoor 0.10 _
cement concrete including form work and bhisti 0.01 _
fair finishing to edges and mixing.
Material constants in mortars:
s.no. Item(mix by volume) Constants per m3 of mortar
Slaked
Cement Surkhi Sand
Lime
(bags) M3 M3
M3
Cement mortar 1:4
1 6.79 _ _ 0.9
(1 cement : 4 sand)
Cement mortar 1:6
2 4.65 _ _ 0.99
(1 cement : 6 sand)
composite mortar 1:1:6
3 4.48 0.16 _ 0.96
(1 cement: 1 lime : 6 sand)
Material constants in concrete:

s.no. Item (mix by volume) Fineness Size of course Constants per M3 of
modulus (normal gauge) mortar
Fine Coarse Cement Sand Shingle
agg. agg (bags) M3 M3
1. Cement concrete 1:1.5:3 (1 2.87 6.5 20mm 7.33 0.39 078
cement : 1.5 sand :3 shingle)
2. Cement concrete 1:3:6 2.87 6.5 40mm 4.05 0.43 0.86
(`1cement : 3sand :6shingle)
3. Cement concrete 1:4:8 (1 1.26 6.9 40mm 3.2 0.45 0.90
cement : 4 sand :8 shingle)
Material constants for Brick work with modular bricks :

Sl Description of item Constants per m3 Frog down
no Frog up
No of Cement Fine sand No of Cement Fine sand
bricks (bags) M3 bricks (bags) M3
1 Brick work on cement 5.17 1.41 0.200 517 1.26 0.178
mortar 1:4 (1 cement :4
sand)
2 Brick work on cement 517 0.96 0.204 517 0.87 0.182
mortar 1:6 (1 cement :6
sand)
3 Half brick masonry in 506 1.08 0.153 506 0.94 0.133
cement 1:4 (1 cement :4
sand)
Material constants for cement concrete flooring
Sno Description of item Constants for 10 M2
Cement (bags) Sand (coarse) M3 Coarse aggregate M2
1 75 mm thick cement concrete 4.81 0.31 0.62
flooring 1: 2:4 (1 cement : 2 sand :4
Shingle20 mm nominal gauge)
finished with a floating coat of neat
cement
2 40 mm thick cement concrete 2.80 0.164 0.328
flooring 1: 2:4 (1 cement : 2 sand :4
Shingle20 mm nominal gauge)
finished with a floating coat of neat
cement
Material constants for plastering
Sl no Description of item Constants for 10 M2
On traditional brick work On modular brick work
Cement bags Sand (fine) M3 Cement bags Sand (fine) M3
1 12 mm cement plaster 1:4
0.98 0.138 0.95 0.134
(1 cement : 4 sand)
0.67 0.143 0.78 0.139
(1 cement : 6 sand)
1.53 0.217 1.51 0.213
(1 cement : 4 sand)
1.05 0.224 1.03 0.220
(1 cement : 6 sand)
Reference of IS codes :
IS no DESCRIPTION OF WORK
5-1978 Color for ready mixed paints & enamels (3 rd revision)
73-1961 Paving Bitumen
206-1981 Tee & strap hinges ( 3 rd revision)
208-1979 Door handles ( 3 rd revision)
217-1961 Cut back bitumen (revised)
226-1975 Structural steel ( std quality ) ( 5 th revision )
269-1976 Ordinary & low heat Portland cement ( 3rd revision)
277-1985 Galvanized steel sheets
278-1978 Galvanized steel barbed wire for fencing
303-1975 Ply wood for general purposes
383-1970 Coarse aggregate & fine aggregate from natural sources for concrete
401-1982 Code of practice for preservation to timber
427-1965 Distemper , dry color as reqd (revised)
428-1969 Distemper oil emulsion , color as reqd (1 st rev)
432-1982 Mild steel & Medium tensile steel bars ( 3rd rev)
455-1976 Portland slag cement
456-1978 Code of practice for plain & reinforced concrete ( 3 rd rev)
458-1971 Concrete pipes ( with & without reinforcement)
516-1959 Methods of test for strength of concrete
525-1968 Varnish, finishing exterior & general purposes
651-1980 Salt glazed Stone ware pipes & fittings
702-1988 Industrial Bitumen
774-1984 Flushing cisterns for water closets &urinals valve ness symphonic action
777-1970 Glazed earthen wave tiles
800-1984 Code of practice for Structural steel in general building constructions
814-1974 Covered Electrodes for metal arc welding of structural steel
816-1969 Code of practice for use of metal arc welding for general construction in mild steel
822-1970 Code of procedure for inspection of welds
1081-1960 Code of practice for fixing & glazing of metal doors (aluminum & steel ) windows &
ventilators
1195-1978 Bitumen mastic for flooring
1239-1979 Mild steel tubes
1239-1982 Mild steel tubular * other wrought steel pipe fittings
1254-1975 Specifications for Corrugated aluminum sheet
1489-1976 Port land pozzlona cement
1542-1977 Sand for plaster
1566-1982 Hard drawn steel wire fabric for concrete reinforcement
1592-1980 Asbestos cement pressure pipes
1597-1967 Code of practice for construction of stone masonry
1786-1985 High strength deformed steel bars and wires for concrete reinforcement
2065-1983 Code of practice for water supply in building
2202-1983 Wooden flush door ,shutters ,ply wood faces , panels
2386-1963 Methods of test for aggregate for concrete
2645-1975 Integral cement water proofing compounds
2720-1980 Method of test for soils
2911-1985 Code of practice for design and construction of pile and pile foundations
2932-1974 Enamel,synthetic,exterior,under coating and finishing
3043-1987 Code of practice for earthing
3117-1965 Bitumen emulsion for roads
3461-1980 PVC asbestos floor tiles
3764-1966 Safety code for excavation work
4014-1967 Code of practice for steel tubular scaffolding , safety regulations for scaffolding
4648-1968 Guide for electric layout in residential buildings
5410-1969 Cement paint, color as required
6313-1981 Anti Termite measures in building ,constructional measures
6313 Anti Termite measures in building preconstruction chemical treatment measures
6313-1981 Anti Termite measures in building treatment for existing building
Measurement of materials (IS:1200)
Name of material How measured

Aggregate In M3 after making a
Bricks/stones of 40mm nominal deduction of 7.5 percent from
size and above stack measurements and as
per type.
Brick/stone aggregates of less In M3 of gross stack
40mm size cinder, sand, measurements according to
moorum, fly ash, pozzulana, nominal size and type.
stone, stone dust.
Aluminium flats In kg, stating size
Aluminium strip and edging In running meter stating size
Asbestos cement products
Bare boards Enumerated, stating size.
Ridge In pairs, according to size and
type
Gutters Enumerated, stating size,
type and length
Roof lights, north light curves Enumerated, stating size and
type
Ventilators, eaves fillers, apron Enumerated and described
pieces,louvers,cowls,ridge
finials, septic tanks
Bitumen products
Bitumen felt In M3,stating type, grade and
width
Bitumen hot sealing compound By weight, in kg. grade and
type
Bitumen road tar In tones, stating type
Joint filler (sealing compound) In kg.
Boards
Plywood,etc In M3,stating type and
thickness
Brick/brick tiles Enumerated, stating class
and size.
Blocks building (clay, cement, Enumerated stating size, type
stone, etc.) and grade , if any
Cement/lime pozzulana In kg, stating type
mixture
Distemper In kg.
Doors/windows/ventilators In liner meter and described
frames (outside dimensions
measured )
Doors/windows/ventilators In M2 and described
(excluding fittings and finishes)
Fiber glass felt In M2 stating thickness and
grade
Filler, fibrous/non fibrous In M2and described
Fillings for doors and windows Enumerated
Galvanized steel barbed wire In kg, stating type and size
Galvanized steel In quintal or enumerated,
sheets(corrugated/plain) stating type and size
Glass sheets(plain/pin In m2, stating type, thickness
head/frosted/wired/splinter and size.
proof)
Glass strips In running metres, stating
thickness and width.
Jali (cement concrete/clay) In M2,stating thickness and
type
Lead for caulking In kg.
Lime In kg, stating class
Marble chips In quintal, stating size and
described
Marble dust In kg.
Marble pieces In kg, stating colour
Marble slab In m2,stating thickness and
type
Metal beading In running metres, stating
type and size.
Paints, emulsions and thinners In litres, stating type and
class
Paint (stiff) and pigment In kg, stating type and class
Pipes and accessories
Pipe fittings Enumerated and described
Pipes (except mild steel) In running metres and
described
Rope manila In kg and described
Rubber rings for pipes Enumerated and described
Steel
Mild steel sheets In tones, stating size and
thickness
Mild steel expanded metal In m2 and described
Wire fabric/chain fabric In m2 and described
Hoop iron/bolts/rivets/structural In kg or tones and described
sections/rails/mild steel pipes
Stone
Boundary stone/kilometer Enumerated, stating size and
stone type
Kerb stone Enumerated, stating size
Floor stone slabs In M2and described
Soiling stone,boulder,rubble In M2, after making a
deduction of 15 % from gross
stack measurements, stating
nominal size and type.
Sanitary fittings
Cisterns/clamps/cocks/ferrules/ Enumerated and described
footrests/grating/hydrants/traps
/bath tubs/urinal/valves/wash
basins/WC pans/showers/towel
rails/bidets
Tiles Enumerated, stating type and
size.
Timber
Blocks/baulks Enumerated, stating type and
size
Ballies Enumerated, specifying
diameter and described
(diameter shall be measured
at 1.5m from the thick end)
Bamboos Enumerated and described
Scantlings/planks/battens In m3, stating type and size
Tiles (other than sanitary) In m3, stating type and size
Wall tiles/false ceiling Enumerated, stating type and
tiles/roofing tiles size.
Water proofing compound In kg
Water proofing In litres
paste/emulsion/liquid
Wire In kg and described
Wire rope In running meter and
described
Measurement reinforced/plain concrete – recast component
Method of
Sn Classification
measurement
1 Wall panel, floor/roof slabs In m2.
2 Beams unit and columns, trusses, In running metre or
etc numbers
3 Channel unit and purlins In running metres or
numbers
4 String or lacing course, coping, In running metres or
bed plates, anchor blocks, plain numbers
window sills, shelves louvers,
steps, staircases, etc.
5 Kerbs, edgings, etc In running metres or
numbers
6 Solid block work In cubic metres or
square metre.
7 Hollow block work In cubic metres or
square metre.
8 Light weight partitions In square meters
stating the thickness
9 Door/window frames In running meters
stating the thickness
10 Waffle units In square metres or
numbers
11 Water tank In numbers
12 Fallies In square meters of
opening fitted
stating thickness
13 Fencing posts In numbers or cubic
metres
14 Folded slab In cubic metres.
Measurement of plinth and carpet areas of buildings
(Reference IS: 3861 - 1975)
Plinth area shall mean the covered built up area at the floor level
of any storey or at the floor level of the basement.
Carpet area shall mean the cover area of the usable rooms at any
floor level.
Mezzanine floor – an intermediate floor in between two main

floors having minimum height of 2.2 m (or minimum 1.8m where
rules of the local bodies permit) from the floor and having proper
access to it.
Stairs cover (mumty) is the roofed space over a stair case and its
landing, built to enclose only the stair for the purpose of providing
protection from weather and not used for human habitation.
Loft is an intermediate storage area in between two main floors.
Porch is a covered surface (with roof supported on pillars or

otherwise), used for the purpose of pedestrian or vehicular
approach to a building.
Measurement - measure lengths to the nearest 0.01m.work out

areas to the nearest 0.01sq.m.
The areas of each of the following categories shall be

measured separately:-
(a) Basement (b) floor without cladding (stilted floor) (c) floors
including top floor which may be partly covered (d) mezzanine
floor, and (e) garage.
Measurement of plinth area – following areas shall be include

where occurring in each category of plinth area
(a) Area of the wall at the floor level excluding plinth offsets it any.
When the building consists of columns projecting beyond the
cladding, the plinth area shall be measured up to external face of
the cladding (in case of corrugated sheet cladding outer edge of
corrugation shall be considered) (b) internal shaft for sanitary
installations and garbage chute, provided these do not exceed 2
sq.m in area, vertical duct for air conditioning, and lift well including
landing (c) stair cover (mumty) (d) machine room, and (e) porch.
The following shall not be included in the plinth area:-
(a)Additional floor for seating in assembly
buildings/theatres and auditoriums (b) cantilevered porch
(c)balcony (d) area of loft (e) internal sanitary shaft and garbage
chute provided these are more than 2 sq.m in area (f) area of
architectural band, cornice.,etc., (g) area of vertical sun breaker or
box louver projecting out and other architectural features for
example slab projection for keeping flower pots (h) open platform
(j) terrace at floor one (k) spiral staircase including landing, and (m)
towers, turrets domes projecting above the terrace.
Wall area means the area on plan occupied by walls (including
thickness of finishing/dado if the height of such finish is more
than 1 m from floor finish) on any particular floor and qualifying
for inclusions in the plinth area.
The following shall be excluded from the wall area:
(a) Pilaster along wall not exceeding 300 sq.m in
area, and
(b) Chullah platform projecting beyond
the face of the wall.
Carpet area shall mean the plinth area less the area of following
portions:
(a) wall area (b) verandah (c)corridor and passage (d)entrance hall
and porch (e) staircase and stair-cover i.e. mumty (in a hall or
basement the area of portion up to 1m beyond the last step of
staircase shall be treated as part of the staircase) (f)lift shaft and
machine room for lift (g) bath room and lavatory (h) kitchen and
pantry (j) store (k) canteen (m) air conditioning duct and plant room
(n) shaft for sanitary piping (p) stilled floor and garage.
Brief on Specification writing
What is a specification for?

To be read by the contractor’s estimator as the only information
available on which to prepare a competitive tender.]
To be read by quantity surveyor to enable a bill of quantities to be
prepared as a basis for such competitive tenders.
To be read by the clerk of the works and contractor’s agent during
the progress of the contract as architect’s instructions for carrying
out the work.
Specification as a basis for tenders
Contractors prepare the tender from drawings and

specifications only. Estimators take their own measurement of the
work from the drawings and build up their estimates relying on the
specification for a full description of quality, materials and
workmanship. Besides this, drawings and specifications, when
read together, must indicate everything required to be included in
the estimate. If any thing is omitted, some thing that is required is
not mentioned or shown, or very obviously necessary or implied,
such work will not be part of the contract. If it’s carrying out is
insisted upon, the contractor will be entitled to extra payment.
Specifications for the Quantity Surveyor
Quantity Surveyor may prepare the bill, instructions must be

given by the architect as complete as those required by the
contractors when taking their own measurements, and these
instructions conveyed in a specification. In this case the architect’s
specification may not become a contract document. Whilst such a
specification should be as complete as possible, omissions are not
valid as vital as in the first case. So that the quantity surveyor will
find the gaps while preparing the quantities, because every stage
in the erection of the building has to be visualized, and questions
will arise when ever further information is required to complete the
specifications preambles. These preambles should be in CAWS
(Common Arrangement of Work Sections for building works) order
to enable to easy reading with the measured items. The preambles
must convey the specification information to enable the bills to fully
describe and accurately represent the quantity and quality of the
required work as required by the standard method of
measurement.
Note: Essentials in drafting a specification

1. To know what one requires
2. To be able to express it clearly.
Simple definitions – Quantity surveying
Estimate: It is defined as the process of calculating the quantities

and costs of the various items required in connection with the
work. It is prepared by calculating the quantities, from the
dimensions on the drawing for the various items required to
complete the project and multiplied by unit cost of the item
concerned. To prepare an estimate ,drawings consisting of the
plan , elevation and the sections through important points, along
with a detailed specification giving specific description of all
workmanship , properties and proportion of materials , are
required.
Detailed estimate : It includes detailed particulars for the

quantities, rates and costs of all the items involved for satisfactory
completion of a project. Detailed estimates is accompanied by
(a) Report (b) Specifications (c) Detailed drawings showing plans,
different sections, key or index plan .etc, (d) Design data and
calculations (e) Basis of rates adopted in the estimate .
Preliminary or approximate or rough estimate : This is an

approximate estimate to find out an approximate cost in a short
time and thus enables the authority concerned to consider the
financial aspect of the scheme.
Bill of quantities : The purpose of the Bill of quantities is to

provide a complete list of quantities necessary for the completion
of any engineering project and when priced gives the estimated
cost of the project.
Revised estimate: A revised estimate is a detailed estimate for

the for the revised quantities and rates of items of works originally
provided in the estimate. Without material of a structural nature
from the design originally approved for a project.
Supplementary estimate: While a work is in progress, some
changes or additional works due to material deviation of a
structural nature from the design originally approved may be
thought necessary for the development of a project. An estimate is
then prepared to include all such works is known as supplementary
estimate.
Complete estimate: this is an estimated cost of all items which
are related to the work in addition to the main contract or to the
detailed estimate.
Annual maintenance or repair estimate: After completion of the

work it is necessary to maintain the same for its proper function
and for the same, an estmate is prepared for the items which
require renewal, replacement, repairs etc, in the form of a detailed
estimate.
Specifications:
General specifications: In general specifications the nature and
class of the work and names of the materials that should be used
or described and it forms a general idea for the project.
Detailed specifications: Detailed specifications describe every item
of the work in the estimate. These specify the qualities, quantities
and proportion of the materials, workmanship, and the method of
preparation and execution for different items of works in a project.
Contingencies: the term contingencies indicates the incidental

expenses of a miscellaneous character which can not be
reasonably predicted during preparation of the estimate.
Work charged establishment: the work charged establishment

will include such temporary establishments as or employed for the
execution or the immediate technical supervision or departmental
stores and machinery in connection with a specific work.
Tools and Plants(T&P) : For the large projects the cost of tools
and plants should be considered an amount of 1% to 1.5% of the
estimated cost is provided in the estimate.
Supplementary Items: these are the extra substituted items of the

works having no approved rates in the contract required for the
satisfactory completion of a project, without affecting the drawing
and the designs.
Schedule of Rates: To facilitate the preparation of estimates, and
also to serve as a guide in settling rates in connection with contract
agreements, a schedule of rates for each kind of work commonly
executed should be maintained by different engineering
departments or authorized organizations and kept up to date.
Re casting of estimate: After an estimate has been technically

sanctioned, it may be decided tot make a change in the method
originally contemplated for the execution of the work . In such a
case, the original abstract should be re-casted for a construction
work individually.
Prime cost: Prime cost is the net cost purchased cost of an

articles at shop, and refers to the supply of the articles only and not
to the carrying out the work. the fitting and fixing charges paid
separately. In order to execute such items of work a reasonable
amount is provided in the estimate.
Day work: These are paid on the basis of the actual quantity of
materials and labour hours required to complete the job and are
denoted as day work.
Provisional sum: It is an amount arbitrarily provided by an

experienced estimator in the total estimated const of a project to
carry out a special type of work whose details cannot be known at
the time of preparing the estimate.
Contract value: this is the total amount provided for all schedule
items of the work provided in the estimate. And that is the
estimated value for the work excluding the amount for the
contingencies, work charged establishments, tools and plants etc.,
Contract: An agreement enforceable by law is contract. Invariably

follows a proposal from one party and its acceptance by the other.
Tender: Tender is a written offer submitted by the contractors in

pursuance of the notification given, to execute certain work or
supply of some specified articles or transport of materials at certain
rates with terms and conditions laid down in tender documents.
Tender Form: Tender form is a printed standard form of contract
giving standard conditions of the contract , general rules and
directions for guidance of contractors and also it consists of
estimated cost, earnest money, security deposit, time allowed for
the work form date of written order to commence, column for
signature of contractor before submission of tender.
Different types of contract :
Item rate contract: Contractors are required to quote rates for

individual items of work on the basis of schedule of quantities
furnished by the department.
Percentage rate contract: The contractors are required to offer to
carry out the work at par with the rates shown in the specific price
schedule or percentage above or below the rates indicated in the
schedule of work attached to the tender.
Lump sum Contract: Contractors are required to quote a fixed
sum for execution of a work complete in all respect that is
according to the drawing, design and specification supplied to
them with the tender within the specified time
Labour contract: Contractors are required to quote rates for item
work exclusive of the element of materials which are supplied by
the department free of cost.
Materials supply contract: Contractors have to offer the rates for
the supply of the required quantity of the materials inclusive of the
all local tax, carriage and delivery charges to the specified stores
within the time fixed in the tender.
Cost plus percentage contract: In tendering for a work on a cost
plus basis the contractor is paid the actual cost of the work, plus an
agreed percentage in addition, to allow for profit.
Turnkey contract: The owner contemplating a construction project
desires to deal with only one party for all services, both
engineering and construction, in connection with the work.
Conditional contract : a Contract is said to be conditional if its
performance depends upon some future or uncertain events or
contingencies.
Earnest Money: Earnest money is an assurance or guarantee in

the form of cash on the part of the contractor to keep open for the
offer for consideration and to confirm his intentions to take up the
work accepted in his favour for execution as per terms and
conditions in the tender.
Security Deposit: It is an amount of money which shall be
deposited by the contractor whose tender has been accepted in
order to render himself liable to the department to pay
compensation amounting to the part or whole of his security
deposit if the work is not carried out according to the specification,
time limit and conditions of contract.
Retention Money: When ever any claims for payment of a sum of
money arises out of or under the contract against the contractor,
the engineer incharge is entitled to withhold and have lien to retain
sum in whole or in part from security deposit till finalization or
adjustment of any such claim.
Liquidated Damages: It is an amount of compensation payable by
a contractor to the owner or vice versa due to delayed construction
having no relationship with real damage.
QUICK METHODS FOR ESTIMATING MATERIAL AND LABOUR REQUIREMENTS (CBRI)
Statistical relationships for residential buildings (building portion only)
(A = plinth area of one dwelling in sq.m)
Material/labour Units Statistical relations
Single storey Double storey Four storey
Load bearing
construction RCC framed construction
(including (including foundation)
foundation)
Material
Bricks 100 no.s 2.26A+66.8 2.51A+63 2.56A-0.0096A2-26.2
Cement Tonne 0.153A+0.57 0.145A+0.54 0.2024A-0.364
Steel Kg 21.3A-314 21.97A-305 102.46A-0.401A2-1662
Sand Cu.m. 0.47A-5.6 0.43A-5.6 0.397A-0.38
Coarse aggregate:
(i) 20mm and down Cu.m 0.176A-0.21 0.178A-0.21 0.366A-0.76
(ii) 40mm and down Cu.m 0.145A+1.5 0.075A+0.78 0.0027A+0.0001A2+0.45
Brick aggregate Cu.m 0.113A-0.83 0.056A-0.42 0.021A+0.01
Timber for :
(i) frames and Cu.m 0.019A+0.23 0.019A+0.23 0.02A+0.11
shutters
(ii) shuttering Cu.m 0.0042A 0.0042A 0.0097A-0.03
Ballies for form work M 0.504A 0.504A 0.936A-2.35
Lime Q 0.145A-0.35 0.083A-0.17 0.063A-0.08
Surkhi Cu.m 0.052A-0.37 0.026A-0.18 0.01A
Bitumen Kg. 1.836A-9 0.918A-0.18 0.357A+0.14
Glass panes Sq.m 0.047A 0.047A 0.047A
Primer for oil paint Litre 0.048A 0.048A 0.045A+0.56
Oil paint Litre 0.08A+0.27 0.08A+0.27 0.075A+0.93
Stone rubble Cu.m - - 0.032A
Labour
Mason Day 1.335A+28 1.335A+6 1.593A-2
Carpenter Day 1.184A-9 1.194A-9 1.66A
Painter Day 0.19A 0.19A 0.19A
Blacksmith Day 0.269A-4 0.274A-1.4 1.11A-0.0043A2-17.6
Mazdoor Day 4.769A+32 4.91A+13 5.833A-9.2
Statistical relationships for office buildings (building portion only)

(A = plinth area of all storeys added up, in sq.m)
Material/labour Unit Statistical Material/labour units Statistical
relationship relationship
Cement Tonne 0.1925A+18.52 Steel windows Sq.m 0.1117A+93.26
Fine sand Cum 0.03A+105.50 Glass(for Sq.m
glazing)
Coarse sand Cum 0.2592A-80.94 Primer for painting Litre 0.0256A+9.7
Oil paint Litre 0.0322A+7.24
Course aggregate :
(i) 20mm size Cu.m 0.2728A-48.50 Lime Q 0.0754A-51.21
(ii) 10mm size Cu.m 0.1164A-20.74 Surkhi Cu.m 0.0204A-18.39
(iii) 40 mm size Cu.m 0.0151A-73.91 Marble chips Q 0.1338A-48.52
Brick ballast Cu.m 0.0426A-38.37 Marble powder Cu.m 0.0012A-0.36
Timber for :
(i) form work Cu.m 0.0050A+11.19 LABOUR
(ii)joinery Cu.m 0.0024A-0.53 mason Day 1.1314A-407.40
Carpenter Day 0.7094A+449.09
Ballies m 0.5507A+797.75 Glazier Day 0.0122A+10.31
(centering)
Bricks 100 1.1829A-524.23 Painter Day 0.0905A+37.26
No.s
Seel Tonne 0.0479A Blacksmith Day 0.479A
Flush doors Sq.m 0.0636A-17.07 Mazdoor Day 6.055A-2024.37
Material and Labour ratio for various trades of building construction
Sl no Description of the trade Material Labour
1 Excavation and earth work in solis - 100%
2 Concrete 80% 20%
3 Brick work 75% 25%
4 Wood work (including form work ) and 72% 28%
joinery
5 Bilders hard ware 85% 15%
6 Steel and iron work 82% 18%
7 Roof covering 85% 15%
8 Pavings and floor finishes 75% 25%
9 Plastering 65% 35%
10 Glazing 88% 12%
11 Paintitng, white colour wash and 65% 35%
distempering on walls and ceiling
12 Water supply 85% 15%
13 Electrifications 85% 15%
14 Sanitary fittings and plumbing 84% 16%
15 Fire fighting installation including 85% 15%
connections plumbing items
16 Central air conditioning installation 87% 13%
including ducting etc
17 Lifts 86% 14%
Formulae used in Valuation of property
1. Amount of re.1.00
To find the amount that will accumulate at the end of N
years if re 1.00 is invested today at the rate of interest of i % per
annum
Amount of re 1.00 = (1+ i )n
Where i is the rate of interest viz. 0.03 for 3 %, 0.05 for
5 % etc and n is the No of the years
2. Present value of re 1.00
To find the present value of re 1.00 payable at the n
years at the rate of interest of i percent/annum
Present value of re 1.00 = 1/ (1+ i )n
Where n is the no of years and I is the rate of rate of
interest viz. 0.03 for 3 % rate of interest
3. Amount of re 1.00 per annum
To find the amount that will accumulate at the end of n
years if re. 1.00 is invested at the end of every year at the rate of
interest of 1 percent per annum.
Amount of re 1.00 per annum = (1+ i )n - 1
i
Where n is the number of years and i is the rate of
interest viz. 0.03 for 3% rate of interest.
4. Annual sinking fund
To find the amount should be invested every year at the
rate of interest of i percent per annum so that it will accumulate to
re 1.00 at the end of n years.
Annual sinking fund = i/(1+ i )n – 1
Where i is the rate of interest viz. 0.03 or 3%, and n is
the no. of years.
5. Present value of re 1.00 per annum (single rate). (this is also

called as the year’s purchase (single rate) for n years).
To find the present value of the total accumulation at the
end of n years if re 1.00 is proposed to be invested at the end of
every year at the rate of interest of i percent per annum.
Here, i.e. in single rate calculations, it is assumed that
the invested capital (present value) can be redeemed by paying in
to sinking fund an annual amount which will accumulate at
compound interest at the percent at which the annual payment of
re 1.00 will be invested.
Present value of re 1.00 per annum (single rate) (i.e.
year’s purchase(single rate) for n years).
[1 – 1/(1+ i )n ]
i
Where i is the rate of interest per annum viz. 0.03 for 3%
and n is the no. of yea
6. Present value of re 1.00 per annum (Dual Rate)
To find the present value of the total accumulate at the
end of n years if re 1.00 is proposed to be invested at the end of
every year at the rate of interest of i per annum and where
allowance is to be made foe invested capital (i.e. the present
value) to be redeemed at the end of n years by paying in to an
annual sinking fund at a different rate percent, usually much lower
than i.
Present value of re 1.00 per annum (dual rate) (i.e.
year’s purchase (dual rate) for n years).
1 – V/i – (V x d)
Where V = Present value of re 1.00 received at the end
of n years at the rate percent at which an annual sinking fund can
be invested.
d = Difference between interest on re 1.00 for
year at the two given rates per cent.
i = the rate of interest on the yearly investments
that is to be allowed.
LEGAL ASPECTS
Brief on contracts
Types of Procurement Systems
Traditional:- Item rate, Percentage Rate and Lump sum contracts

Non-traditions:- Construction Management and Project
management
Single source: Design and construct, Turnkey, BOOT and
variations
Collaborative: Partnering, Joint venture and Allianzing
Traditional: Benefits:
Client involvement in the design and construction is limited.
Control systems, documentation and organization of a large
industry players are setup to manage in this way
Where designs are completed prior to tenders being invited, the
client can have a high degree of confidence in the contract price.
The provision of detailed drawings, specifications, quantities
provides a basis for better completion and facilitates quicker
evaluation of tenders.
The contract provides for variations/ extra items necessitated
during execution
Where a quantity surveyor is engaged in the project, a high level of
cost control and monitoring can be achieved.
Non-Traditional: Construction Management

Client engages an architect and a construction manager
A Team approach is created
Client is contracted to the architect, construction manager and the
individual trade contractor through separate contract
The construction manager is usually engaged as an agent to the
client on a fee.
Non-Traditional: Project Management

A Project Manager is appointed by the client as the first manager
of the project team
A Project Manager may be required to work with the
representatives of the client’s organization
The client enters separate contract with the Project management,
Design Consultant and the Builder.
The project manager is required to take the lead in the overall
management of the design process though there is no direct contra
ct between him and the designer.
Design and Build

Design and Build and Turnkey procurement methods are closely
aligned
The contractor is singularly responsible for both the design and the
construction
It is the client’s responsibility that the concept design and / or
performance specifications are prepared.
A Variation to the design and build may include design, innovate
and build strategy.
Turnkey
The builder undertakes all the components of a project.
It faces all He design, construction and performance responsibility
under a single entity.
Turnkey projects can be done by lead company which
subcontracts out the different aspects of the project, or the
principle participant join in a consortium or joint venture agreement
BOT family of Contracts
BOOT : Build Own Operate and Transfer

BOT : Build Operate and Transfer
BOO : Build Own and Operate
BTO : Build Transfer and Operate
BT : Build Transfer
BLT : Build Lease and Transfer
ROT : Rehabilitate Operate and Transfer
The client normally provides a detailed performance criteria

The bids are normally required to include information relating to the
following fundamentals of the project
1. Design concept
2. Contract firm
3. Transfer Period
4. Level of Service to be provided during the operation period
Financial security to complete and operate the facility
Operational cost of the facility upon transfer
Collaborative
Partnering: Partnering involves the commitment of two parties to
establish a cooperative relationship that promotes a spirit of
goodwill and fair dealing with the common view towards the
success of a project and is therefore a strategy that is very strongly
focused on the win/win principle
Joint Ventures: A joint venture is the project-specific joining of

firms, on a temporary basis, through combined investment of
capital and expertise to undertake the works. It is defined as the
legal binding of two companies for the purposes of providing a
competitive advantage that would be difficult to attain alone.
Strategic Alliances: Strategic alliances take the partnering

concept one step further, promoting not only cooperative
relationships but focusing on the benefits of long-term relationships
or alliances between the contracting parties. Effectively strategic
alliances can be described as an extension of a partnering
agreement to encompass a number of projects in order to attain
the common long-term goals of both parties.
The law relevant to the building and construction industry.
• Indian Contract Act, (9 of 1872)

• Arbitration Act, (10 of 1940)
• Rules of Arbitration of the Indian council of Arbitration, (ICA Rules)
• Constitution (Forty sixth Amendment), Act, (1982)
• (Popularly known as the works Contract Act)
• Sale of Goods Act, (3 of 1930)
• Transfer of property Act, (4 of 1882 as amended by 21 of 1929)
• Limitation ACT, (36 OF 1963)
• Architects (professional Conduct) regulation, (1989)
• Explosives Act, (4 of 1884)
• Explosives Substance Act, (6 of 1908)
• The Explosives Rules, (1983)
• Forest Act, (16 of 1927)
• Forest Conservation Act, (69 of 1980)
• Mines and Minerals (Regulation and Development) Act,
• (67 of 1957)
• Minimum Wages Act, (11 of 1948)
• Workmen’s Compensation Act, (8 of 1923)
• Workmen’s Compensation Rules, (1924)
• Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act, (37 of 1970)
• Employment of Children Act (26 of 1938)
• Equal Remuneration Children Act, (25 of 1976)
• Payment of Wages Act, (4 of 1936)
• Employer’s Liability Act, (24 of 1938)
• Companies Act, (1 of 1956)
• Income – tax Act, (43 of 1961)
• Partnership Act, (9 of 1932)
• Prevention of Corruption Act, (2 of 1947)
• Specific Relief Act, (47 of 1963)
• Co-operation Societies Act, (2 of 1947)
• Official Societies Act, (19 of 1923)
• Cantonments Act, (2 of 1924)
• Cantonments (Amendment) Act, (15 of 1983)
• Electricity Act, (9 of 1910)
• The Indian Electricity Rules, (1956)
• Motor Vehicles Act, (4 of 1939)
• Personal Injuries (Compensation Insurance) Act, (37 of 1963)
ARBITRATION
Arbitration is a process of dispute resolution between parties.
Definitions
Rule 1 (i) these rules may be called the “Rules of arbitration of the
Indian Council of Arbitration”.
(ii) These rules shall apply where parties have agreed in
writing that (a) a dispute has arisen or (b) a dispute which may
arise between them in respect of a defined legal relationship
whether contractual or not shall be settled under the rules of
arbitration.
Rule 2: in these rules, the following words have the following

meanings:
• “Arbitral Tribunal” means an arbitrator or arbitrators

appointed for determining a particular dispute or difference.
• “Arbitral Award” includes an interim award.
• “Committee” means the arbitration Committee of the Council
as provided for hereinafter.
• “Council” means the Indian Council of Arbitration.
• “Governing Body” means the Governing Body of the council.
• “Guidelines” means the guidelines for arbitrators and the
parties to arbitration for expeditious conduct of the arbitration
proceedings given in the Annexure to these Rules.
• “International Commercial Arbitration” means an arbitration
relating to disputes arising out of legal relationships, whether
Contractual or not, considered as commercial under the law
in force in India and where at least one of the parties is (i) an
individual who is a national of, or (ii) a body corporate which
is incorporated in any country other than India; or (iii) a
company or an association or a body of individuals whose
central management and control is exercise in any country
other than India; or (iv) the Government Undertaking.
• “Party” means a party to an arbitration agreement. it shall
include any individual, firm, company, Government,
Government organization or Government Undertaking.
• “Panel” means that panel of arbitration maintained by the
Council.
• “Registrar” means that the Registrar for the time being
appointed by the Committee and includes such other person
as the Committee may nominate for carrying out duties of the
Registrar under these rules.
• “Rules” means the Rules of Arbitration of the Council.
• “Fast Track Arbitration” means arbitration in accordance with
Rule 82.
• Words importing the singular number include, where the
context admits or requires, the plural number and vice versa.
“Disputes are inevitable”, reasons for many of the disputes are:
*Drafting of contract agreement is not simple

*Confusing words *Unreasonable decisions
*Incomplete specifications *Incorrect specifications
Essential requirements for Arbitration:

Existence of Arbitration agreement in writing either as a
clause in contract or as a separate agreement.
Who can be an arbitrator:

Persons spelt out in the Arbitration agreement
Persons form Indian Council of Arbitrators
Persons from Panel of Arbitrators
Persons appointed by Court
• Even judges, Advocates in the panel of arbitrator can be
appointed.
Number of Arbitrators (Sec 10)
) No. as agreed by both parties, should be odd number.

) If nothing is agreed, the no should be one.
Appointment (Sec-11)
a) Parties are free to agree for their own procedure.

b) If three arbitrators, then one arbitrator each by each
party and third arbitrator by the two arbitrators already
selected who will act as presiding arbitrator over two.
c) Time for such appointments are 30 days of receipt of
request by either party to the appointing authority.
d) If the appointing authority fails, then the appointment of
arbitrators or 3rd arbitrator shall be done by Chief Justice
of high court( or any person or institution designated by
him)
Jurisdiction of Arbitral Tribunals (Sec 16)
Arbitral Tribunal can decide its own jurisdiction

• Objection to jurisdiction should be raised not
later than submission of defense statement.
• If objection not accepted by Arbitral Tribunal,
then objection can be filed in court under section 34.
Conduct of Arbitration Proceedings
• Parties shall be
given full opportunity
• Parties free to
decide procedure for arbitration proceedings
• If no consent by the
parties, then Arbitral Tribunal shall conduct proceedings in the
manner it considers appropriate.
Hearings
a) Mode: Parties can agree on the procedure
If no consent, the Tribunal can decide whether oral or only
document
b) Place: Parties can agree for place of hearing
If no consent, place to be decided by Arbitration Tribunal
considering circumstances of the case and convenience of
parties
Rules For Award:

Award to be decided in accordance with the terms of contract,
using trade practice and substantive law in India.
Arbitral Award
• It should be
reasoned or speaking, in writing and signed.
• It should state rate
of future interest or else it shall be 18%.
• Cost of Arbitrator
shall be fixed by Arbitral Tribunal.
Correction of Award
Request for computational errors/ typographical errors by any party

within 30 days of receipt of award. The Arbitral Tribunal may make
correction on its own.
Setting aside Arbitration Award
Award may be set a side only if :

• A party was under some in-capacity
• Arbitration Agreement is not valid under law
• Party was not given adequate opportunity to present his case
• Award deals with dispute not included in the terms of reference.
• If the Arbitral award is in conflict with the Public policy of India.
• Application for objection within 90 days
Enforcement
The Arbitral Award is as good as decree of court.
INDIAN CONTRACT ACT

Definitions
a) Proposal: When one person signifies to another his willingness

to do or abstain from doing anything, with a view to obtaining the
assent thereto such as or abstinence, he is said to make a
proposal.
b) Promise: When the person to whom the proposal is made

signifies his assent there to, the proposal is said to be accepted. A
proposal when accepted becomes a promise.
c) Promissor and Promisee: The person making the proposal is
called the promisor, and the person accepting the proposal is
called promise.
d) Consideration: When, at the desire of the promisor, the

promise or any other person has done or abstained form doing, or
does, or abstains from doing, or promises to do or abstain from
doing, something, such act or abstinence of promise is called
consideration for the promise.
e) Agreement: Every promise and every set of promises, forming
the consideration for each other is an agreement.
f) Void Agreement: An agreement not enforceable by law is said
to be void.
g) Contract: An agreement enforceable by law is a contract.
h) Voidable Contract: An agreement which is enforceable by law
at the option of one or more of the parties thereto, but not at the
option of the other is a voidable contract.
i) Void Contract: A contract which ceases to be enforceable by
law becomes void when it ceases to be enforceable.
Various Kinds of Agreements:
1. Valid Agreement: An agreement is one which is enforceable by

law.
2. Void Agreement: An agreement not enforceable by law is said
to be void. It has no legal existence at all and is devoid of any legal
effect.
3. Enforceable Agreement: An agreement enforceable by law is a
contract.
4. Voidable Agreement: A voidable agreement is one which is
enforceable by law at the option of one or more of the parties
thereto but not at the option of the other or others.
5. Unenforceable Agreement: An unenforceable agreement is
valid in law but is incapable of proof because of some technical
defect.
Contract: Contract is a combination of agreement and

enforceability. The test to distinguish between an agreement and a
contract is whether it is enforceable by law or not. If it is
enforceable by law, it is a contract.
Free Consent: Parties to a contract must give their free consent.
The parties must be a ad idem, i.e. both the parties must agree
upon the same thing in the same sense.
An Agreement becomes a contract:

• Parties to the contract must be competent.
• Parties to the contract must exercise free consent.
• Agreement must be for lawful consideration with a lawful
object.
• Agreement must not be expressly declared to be void.
FINANCIAL ASPECTS
Accounting Methods
The main theme of contractor’s accounting system centers

around the determination of income and expense from each of its
construction projects i.e., to say each contract is treated as a
separate profit center.
The cash method and the accrual method are two basic
accounting procedures. Under the cash method, income is taken
into account only when cash is actually received, and expense is
taken into account only when cash is actually expended.
The cash method is simple and straight forward form of
income recognition and no attempt is made to match revenues with
the accompanying expenses.
The accrual method is the second basic accounting

procedure. Under these method, income is taken into account in
the fiscal period during which it is earned, regardless of whether
payment is actually received.
Accounting for long term contracts:
The tax reform act of 1986 mandates that one of three

methods of accounting must be applied by contractors to their long
term construction contractors. These are called the percentage of
completion method, the percentage of completion- capitalized cost
method, and the completed contract method.
Percentage of completion method:
The percentage of completion method recognizes job income
from long term contracts as the work advances. Thus, the profit is
distributed and the taxes are paid over the fiscal year during which
the construction is under way. This method has a advantage of
recognizing project income periodically on a current basis rather
than regularly as contractors are completed.
Completed contract Method:
The completed contract method of accounting recognizes

project income only when the contract is completed. What actually
constitutes completion of a contract for income- reporting purposes
has been subject to varying interpretation by the courts. Under the
completed contract method, project costs are accumulated during
construction using extended period cost capitalization. The scope
of contract costs that must be capitalized includes not only the
costs directly related to the contracts but also indirect costs
attributable to the project. Costs such as general and
administrative expenses and interest expense relate to the
performance of the contract are included.
These financial statements serve many important
functions with respect to external agencies. Bankers, surety and
insurance companies, equipment dealers, credit –reporting
agencies, and clients are concerned with the contractor’s financial
status and profit experience. Stock holders, Partners, and others
with a proprietary interest use the statements to obtain information
concerning the company’s financial condition and the status of
their investment. Two financial statements of particular importance
are the income statements and the balance sheet.
Financial Reports:
Budget: It helps management to plan and control the effective and

efficient application of all the resources of the company and it
usually covers monetary units such as rupees, estimates the
performance potential of the responsibility center.
Cost Reports: Cost reports focus on cost data that aids
management in controlling cost and taking other related decisions
and they also cover products, services, jobs, programmes,
divisions, departments, projects.
Profit and loss account: It is an activity statement that shows

details and result of the company’s profit related activities for a
period of time.
Cash flow statement: It is an activity statement that shows the

details of company’s activities involving cash during a period of
time.
The income statement

The income statement is an abstract of the nature and
the amounts of the company’s income and expense for a given
period of time, usually a quarter or full fiscal year.
The balance sheet:

A balance sheet presents a summary of the assets,
liabilities, and net worth of the company at a particular time. The
basic balance sheet equation may be stated as follows:
Assets = Liabilities + Net worth
The balance sheet presents in analytical form all company-owned
property, or interests in property, and the balancing claims of
stockholder or others against this property.
Financial Ratios:
Liquidity ratios: these measures reveal a company’s ability meet its
financial obligations.
Activity ratios: these ratios indicate the level of investment turnover
or how well the company is using its working capital and other
assets.
Profitability Ratios: These values relate company profits to various

parameters such as contract volume or total assets.
Leverage Ratios: These ratios compare company debt with other
financial measures such as total assets or net worth.
Equipment Management:
Management involves making informed judgments about
equipments acquisition and financing, establishing a
comprehensive preventive maintenance programme, managing
accurate and current records of equipment income, expenses, and
usage, and establishing an appropriate company policy concerning
equipment replacement.
Equipment Depreciation:
Business property steadily declines in value because of
age, wear and obsolescence. This reduction in value is called
depreciation. Depreciation charges for equipment-oriented
contractors account for an appreciable portion of their annual
operation expense. Basically depreciation systematically reduces
the value of a piece of equipment on an annual basis. The sum of
these reductions at any time is depreciation reserve which, when
subtracted from the initial cost of equipment, gives its current book
value.
Procurement:
Procurement involves the preparation and use of a
number of standard documents forms such as requisitions,
purchase orders, and subcontractors.
The principle procurements are
1. Purchasing 2. Expediting and receiving

3. Inspections 4. Shipping
5. Subcontractors
Cash discounts:
Cash discounts are in the nature of a premium given in
exchange for payment of an invoice before it becomes due, and
the buyer is entitled to the discount only when payment is made
with in the time specified.
Title of purchasers:
1. Cash sale 2. On-approval sale

3. Sale or return 4. Delivery by vendor
5. Shipment by common carrier
Periodic Payments
Construction contracts typically provide that partial payments of

the contract amount shall be made to the prime contractor as the
work progresses. Payments to the contractor at monthly intervals
is the more usual contract provision. The pay request may be
prepared by the contractor, the architect-engineer, or the owner.
The general conditions or supplementary conditions of the contract
normally stipulate which party is to have the responsibility and
authority for compiling these requests. Such periodic payments
made by the owner to the prime contractor or subject to the
retainage provisions contained in the construction contract.
Project cost breakdowns:

The break down, which is actually a schedule of costs of the
various components of the structure, including all work done by
sub contractors, is prepared in sufficient detail so that the architect-
engineer or owner can readily check the contractor’s pay requests.
Payment requests for lump-sum contracts:

Usually prepared by the contractor, it includes all sub contracted
work as well as that done by the contractor’s own forces. For each
work classification that it does itself, the contractor estimate the
percentage completed and in place. From invoices submitted by
the subcontractors, suitable percentage figures are entered for all
subcontracted work.
Payment requests for unit-price contracts:

Payment requests under unit-price contracts are actual
quantities of each bid item completed to date. The determination of
quantities accomplished in the field is done in several different
ways, depending on the nature of the particular bid item. On unit-
price contracts, the owner or architect-engineer often pay request
and sends it to the contractor for checking and approval before
payment is made.
Final payment:
In building construction, the process typically commences when
the contractor having achieved substantial completion, requests
the preliminary inspection. The owner or its authorized
representative, in company with general contractor and sub
contractor personal, inspect the work, list of deficiencies to be
completed are corrected is prepared and the engineer issues a
certificate of substantial completion. After the deficiencies have
been remedied, a final inspection is held and the contractor
presents its application for final payment.
Payment to subcontractor
The general contractor must check each monthly pay request
from a sub contractor to ensure that it is a fair measure of work
actually performed. The prime contractor does not wish to allow its
subcontractors to be overpaid any more than the owner wants to
over pay the general contractor.
Payments to material suppliers:

Payments by the contractor to its material suppliers are made in
accordance with the terms applicable purchase order or usual
commercial terms. For materials is not normally dependent on any
disbursement made by the owner to the general contractor, but it is
due and payable in full 30days after invoice date, receipt of
materials, end of the month in which delivery was made.
INVESTMENT ANALYSIS
Basic Steps
1. Estimating CashFlows
2. Estimating the Cost of Capital
3. Applying Appraisal criteria
Cash Flow
Cash flow refers to a contractors income and out go of cash.
The net cash flow is the difference between disbursement and the
income over a period of a time. A positive cash flow indicates that
cash income is exceeding disbursement and a negative cash flow
signifies just the opposite. And the contractor must maintain a cash
balance sufficient to meet pay rolls, pay for materials, make
equipment payments, and satisfy other financial obligations as they
become due.
PROJECT CASH FLOWS
Cash Flow Stream – Basic Components
Initial Investment
Operating Cash Flows
Terminal Cash Flow
Cash forecast:
A Cash forecast is a schedule that summarizes the estimated
cash receipts, estimated disbursement, and available cash
balances for some period into the future. The preparation of the
cash forecast begins with the collection of detailed information
regarding future cash income and expenditures.
APPRAISAL [DECISION MAKING] CRITERIA
Evaluating Project‘s Financial Feasibility
Two broad categories

1. Non discounting criteria
Pay Back Period
Average Rate of Return
2. Discounting criteria
Net Present Value --NPV
Internal Rate of Return--- IRR
PRESENT VALUE [PV]
 Present Value of a Single amount:
PV = Fn [ 1/(1+r)]n
Where,
P = Present Value
F = Future Value
r = Discount rate per period
n = Number of periods
Present Value of a Cash Flow Stream

n
PVn = Σ Ct__
t=0 ( 1+r)t
PVn = Present Value of a Cash Flow stream

Ct = Cash Flow occurring at time t
r = Discount rate
n = Duration of Cash Flow stream
NET PRESENT VALUE - NPV
Sum of the Present Value of all expected Cash flows

[inflows as well as outflows] associated with an investment /
project, taken one year at a time and discounted by a factor which
represents the opportunity cost of capital.
n
NPV = Σ Ct __
t
t=0 (1+r)
Where,
Ct = Cash Flow occurring at the end of year t, t = 0....n)
[A cash inflow will have a positive sign,
whereas a cash outflow has a negative sign]
n = Life of the project
r = Rate of Discount
INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN [IRR]
The discount rate which results in NPV = O

It is the discount rate in the equation
n
Σ Ct__ = 0 (NPV)
t=1 ( 1+r)t
Where
Ct = Cash flow at the end of year t
r = Internal Rate of Return [Discount rate]
n = Life of the project
 ACCEPT, IF NPV IS POSITIVE
 REJECT, IF NPV IS NEGATIVE
 INDIFFEENT , IF NPV IS ZERO
Computer Usage:
The computer is invaluable and indispensable element in the
conduct of a successful construction business.
Areas of computer usage:
1. Financial accounting: The computer performs basic accounting

functions such as accounts receivable, accounts payable, general
ledger, inventory, cash forecast, financial statements,
subcontractor control.
2. Equipment accounting: Computer maintains records of
equipment depreciation, ownership and operating costs, hours of
operation, maintenance, spare parts, production rates and units
costs.
3. Payroll: Using time card input, the computer prepares payroll
checks, periodic and special payroll and tax reports, the payroll
register, and updates the employee master files.
4. Purchasing: The computer participates in the tabulation and
handing of bits, purchase order preparation, expediting and shop
drawings.
PROFESSIONAL ASPECTS
Role of a Quantity Surveyor
Description
The elements of Civil Engineering, Economics, Finance, Statistics,
Valuation, Management and Law together define the role of
Quantity Surveyor.
Tasks and Duties

Consult with the clients about the cost of building projects
• Study Architects and the engineers building plans
• Measure and estimate building and material costs for
projects
• Prepare reports about projected building costs for clients
• Administer the tendering process for contractors and
subcontractors
• Visit building sites to monitor to progress and to check that
the work is to budget
• Recalculate costs if the design or material changes
• Certify progress claims from contractors
• Manage the payments for contractors and suppliers
• Prepare a statement of final account recording the actual
costs of the project
• Offer services in value management, comparing building
costs to similar buildings.
• Prepare building feasibility studies
• Prepare bank reports and offer financial advice to clients
• Consult with other construction industry professionals
Quantity surveyors can specialize in different areas,

contractor quantity surveyors mostrly work on estimating building
costs, managing building contracts and monitoring construction
progress. Quantity surveying practices often focus on offering
clients financial advice and estimation services for setting up
building contracts. They may also be involved in mediation and
arbitrations between parties about building contracts.
Quantity surveyors need to have

• Skills in reading building plans and estimating building
and material costs.
• Good oral and written communication skills.
Problem solving and negotiation skills
• Maths and basic accounting skills
• Good organizational and time management skills
Brief on Building Economics
 Economics in general is about the choice in the way that

scarce or limited resources and ought to be allocated between
their possible uses.
 Building Economics serves in cost planning technique and this
profession well in offering value added services to clients and the
concept of elements has been incorporated in to the development
of life cycle costing and value management.
 On private finance initiative schemes, the provider’s ability to
control costs through the life of the building is central to the
profitability of the contract.
 Cost planning, value management and life cycle costing are
essential tools in the development of optimum solutions.
 To meet construction industry requirements, schematic study of
various factors affecting the cost of buildings and their economic
consideration in various stages has been made.
Necessity For Economy In Construction :
 To limit the client’s expenditure

 To achieve a balanced design expenditure
 To provide the client with a value for money project.
 The clients requirements today are more complex than those of
past
 The introduction of new constructional techniques, materials and
components creates greater problems in assessing the capital
and maintenance costs of buildings.
Factors to consider
 Site Considerations
 Building Size
 Planning Efficiency
 Plan Shape
 Height
 Storey heights
 Grouping of Buildings
Design Cost Management

 Design : The process of producing the required model of a
building
 Cost :The total price that the builder wants to complete his
work
 Management: The responsibility for ensuring that the functions
of planning, control and feed back are successfully
brought in terms of design, cost, time and quality.
Value for money in construction

- May be increased by improving utility with no change in cost,
- Retaining the same utility for less cost or combining an
improved utility with a decrease in cost.
FIRST AID FACILITIES
First aid facilities as per Contract Labour (R&A) Act 1970.One box
for every 150 Contract labours to contain;
a. 12 Small sterilized dressings.
b. 6 medium Size sterilized dressings.
c. 6 Large size sterilized dressings.
d. 6 Large size sterilized burn dressings.
e. 6 (15 gms.) packers sterilized burn wool.
f. 1 (60 ml.) bottle containing Tincture of lodine.
g. 1 (60ml.) bottle containing Salvolatile having the dose and
mode of administration indicated on the label for faintness
cure.
h. 1 (30 gms.) bottle of potassium permanganate crystals.
i. 1 Roll of a adhesive plaster.
j. A snake bite lancet.
k. 1 pair Scissors.
l. 1 copy of the first aid leaflets issued by the Director General,
Factory Advice Service and Labour.
m. A bottle containing 100 tablets (each of 5 grains) of aspirin.
n. Ointment for burns.
o. A bottle of Suitable Surgical Anti septic Solution.
In addition the following items are also advisable.

1. A Clinical Thermometer.
2. A hot water bag.
3. Tincture of Benzoin.
4. Liquor Ammonia for Scorpion bite.
5. Vaseline.
6. Boric Acid powder.
7. Bicarbonate of soda.
Nothing except the prescribed Contents shall be kept in the First
Aid Box.
SOFTWARE AVAILABLE FOR ESTIMATION
Super rate analysis 2000,

Super civil cd.com Build Quant,
www.ensoftindia.com.
QE Pro www.softtech_engr.com
Geo synthetics for reinforced soil structure www.polyfelt.com
www.intecc.com
Email: [email protected]
Email: [email protected] www.Beml.co.in

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A Ready Reckoner For Quantity Surveyors 1

A READY RECKONER FOR

This book is intended and designed for day to day

Quantity Surveyors, Contract Managers, architects,

Most Likely Users

Billing Engineers, Middle order Executives like QC

Sno To convert Factor To obtain

Light weight concrete

Material Weight in kg per cubic

Brick masonry 1920

D) Details of Rounds, Fabric & Structural Steel Weight of

E) Weight of Aluminum Sheets

F) Weight of Selected structural steel sections:

Details of square boxes (closed structures –RHS/SHS,

Weight of mild steel flats

J) Hoop iron -20 G 20 mm width -13 kg/100 Metre

K) Weight of prestressing wires and strands

Cable size Internal diameter of Weight of cable in

L) Nominal weight of plain galvanized sheet in kg /m2

Gauge Thick- Class I Class II Class III Class IV

N) Flange pipes vertically sand cast pipes

Weight of spirals (hard -drawn steel ) in socket of R/R Joint

No Material Internal Weight

P3 Reinforced concrete pressure -do-

Des- Designatio Diameter Total Weight

Barbed wire – 2 ply

Gauge Gap b/w 2 barbs Length in a bundle

14 SWG line wire

SWG Dia Dia SWG Dia Dia SWG Dia Dia

7/0 0.500 12.7000 13 0.092 2.2368 32 0.0108 0.2743

6/0 0.465 11.7856 14 0 .0 8 0 2.030 33 0.0100 0.2540

5/0 0.432 10.9728 15 0.072 1.8288 34 0.0092 0.2347

4/0 0.400 10.1600 16 0.064 1.6256 35 0.0084 0.2134

3/0 0.372 9.488 17 0.056 1.4224 36 0.0076 0.1930

2/0 0.348 8.8392 18 0.048 1.2199 37 0.0068 0.1727

1/0 0.324 8.2296 19 0.040 1.0160 38 0.0060 0.1524

1 0.300 7.6200 20 0.036 0.9144 39 0.0052 0.1321

2 0.276 7.0104 21 0.032 0.8128 40 0.0048 0.1219

3 0.252 6.4008 22 0.028 0.7112 41 0.0044 0.1118

4 0.232 5.8928 23 0.024 0.6096 42 0.0040 0.0106

5 0.212 5.3848 24 0.022 0.5588 43 0.0036 0.0914

6 0.192 4.8168 25 0.020 0.5080 44 0.0032 0.0613

7 0.176 4.4704 26 0.018 0.4572 45 0.0028 0.0711

8 0.160 4.0640 27 0.0164 0.4166 46 0.0024 0.0610

9 0.114 3.6576 28 0.0148 0.3759 47 0.0020 0.0580

10 0.128 3.2515 29 0.0136 0.3454 48 0.0016 0.0406

11 0.116 2.9454 30 0.0214 0.3150 49 0.0012 0.0305

12 0.104 2.6416 31 0.0116 0.2946 50 0.0010 0.0254

THEORITICAL CEMENT CONSUMPTION

23 10 mm (3/8”) thick layer of 1:1:5 Sqm 8.71 0.17

Mortar Mix (unit 1 M3) Unit Requirement of materials

Concrete : Estimation of quantity of materials

Plastering : Estimation of quantity of materials

Item (unit 10 M2) Mortar (M3) Sand (M3) Quantity of cement

Flooring : Marble stone : Estimation of quantity of materials