Citing & Referencing Guide:

Harvard Style
TELEPHONE: +44 (0) 20 7594 8820 EMAIL: [email protected]
 Contents

1. What is referencing? 2 5.7 Citing a direct quotation 6

2. Why should I reference? 2 5.8 Citing from works with

no obvious author 6
3. What should I reference? 3
5.9 Citing from multi-media works 7
4. What is a citation? 3
5.10 Citing from an interview or
5. How do I write citations using the personal communication 7
Harvard style? 4
5.11 Tips on good quotation practice 7
5.1 Citing one author 4
6. How do I write a reference? 9
5.2 Citing two authors 4
7. How do I write a reference list? 13
5.3 Citing three or more authors 4
8. Example of a reference list 13
5.4 Citing works by the same
author written in the same year 5 8. What is a bibliography? 14

5.5 Citing from chapters written 9. How to write references for your

Contents
by different authors 5 reference list and bibliography:
Harvard style 15
5.6 Secondary referencing 5
10. Sources of further help 23
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 There are many styles that can be used for referencing. When you are given coursework or dissertation guidelines, check
which style of referencing your lecturer or department asks you to use. If you don’t check, and you use a style that is not
the one stated in your guidelines, you could find you lose marks.

If your lecturer or department does not ask you to use any particular style, we would recommend using Harvard. It’s easy
to learn, simple to use, and when you get stuck, there is lots and lots of advice available to help you out. This guide
introduces you to the Harvard referencing style, which uses an ‘author-date’ approach.

When you begin your research for any piece of work, it is important that you record the details of all the information
you find. You will need these details to provide accurate references, and to enable you to locate the information again
at a later date, should it be necessary to do so. Section 6 of this guide will help you identify what information you need,
regardless of which referencing style you choose to use.

1. What is referencing?

It is a method used to demonstrate to your readers that you have conducted a thorough and appropriate literature search,
and reading. Equally, referencing is an acknowledgement that you have used the ideas and written material belonging to
other authors in your own work.

What Is Referencing?
As with all referencing styles, there are two parts: citing, and the reference list.

2. Why should I reference?

Referencing is crucial to you to carry out successful research, and crucial to your readers so they can see how you did
your research. Knowing why you need to reference means you will understand why it is important that you know how
to reference.

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 1. Accurate referencing is a key component of good academic practice and enhances the presentation of
your work: it shows that your writing is based on knowledge and informed by appropriate academic reading.

2. You will ensure that anyone reading your work can trace the sources you have used in the development of
your work, and give you credit for your research efforts and quality.

3. If you do not acknowledge another writer’s work or ideas, you could be accused of plagiarism.

Plus your lecturers are very keen to see good reference lists. Impress them with the quality of the information you use, and
your references, and you will get even better marks.

3. What should I reference?

You should include a reference for all the sources of information that you use when writing or creating a piece of your
own work.

4. What is a citation?

When you use another person’s work in your own work, either by referring to their ideas, or by including a direct quotation,

What Is Referencing?
you must acknowledge this in the text of your work. This acknowledgement is called a citation.

When you are using the Harvard style, your citation should include:

1. The author or editor of the cited work

2. The year of publication of the cited work

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 5. How do I write citations using the Harvard style?

There are a number of rules relating to citations depending on the number of authors of a work, and if you are citing
a quotation.

5.1 Citing one author

A recent study investigated the effectiveness of using Google Scholar to find medical research (Henderson, 2005).

or

Henderson (2005) has investigated the effectiveness of Google Scholar in finding medical research.

5.2 Citing two authors

Recent research indicates that the number of duplicate papers being published is increasing (Arrami &

Using the Harvard Style

Garner, 2008).

5.3 Citing three or more authors

If the work has three or more authors/editors the abbreviation ‘et al’ should be used after the first author’s name.

Social acceptance of carbon capture and storage is necessary for the introduction of technologies (van Alphen
et al, 2007).

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 5.4 Citing works by the same author written in the same year

If you cite a new work which has the same author and was written in the same year as an earlier citation, you must use
a lower case letter after the date to differentiate between the two.

Communication of science in the media has increasingly come under focus, particularly where reporting of
facts and research is inaccurate (Goldacre, 2008a; Goldacre, 2008b).

5.5 Citing from chapters written by different authors

Some books may contain chapters written by different authors. When citing work from such a book, the author who wrote
the chapter should be cited, not the editor of the book.

5.6 Secondary referencing

Secondary references are when an author refers to another author’s work and the primary source is not available. When

Using the Harvard Style

citing such work the author of the primary source and the author of the work it was cited in should be used.

According to Colluzzi and Pappagallo (2005) as cited by Holding et al (2008) most patients given opiates
do not become addicted to such drugs.

You are advised that secondary referencing should be avoided wherever possible and you should always try to find the
original work.

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 5.7 Citing a direct quotation

If a direct quote from a book, article, etc., is used you must:

• Use single quotation marks (double quotation marks are usually used for quoting direct speech)

• State the page number

Simons et al state that the principle of effective stress is ‘imperfectly known and understood by many
practising engineers’ (2001:p.4).

Duplication of charts, diagrams, pictures etc., should be treated as direct quotes in that the author(s) should be
acknowledged and page numbers shown; both in your text where the diagram is discussed or introduced, and in the
caption you write for it.

5.8 Citing from works with no obvious author

Using the Harvard Style

If you need to cite a piece of work which does not have an obvious author, you should use what is called a ‘corporate’
author. For example, many online publications will not have individually named authors, and in many cases the author
will be an organisation or company.

The number of dementia sufferers in the UK has been recently estimated at 570 000 (Department of Health, 2008).

If you are unable to find either a named or corporate author, you should use ‘Anon’ as the author name. Be careful: if
you cannot find an author for online work, it is not a good idea to use this work as part of your research. It is essential
that you know where a piece of work has originated, because you need to be sure of the quality and reliability of any
information you use.

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 5.9 Citing from multi-media works

CD-ROMs (including electronic books on CD-ROM): if there is not an obvious author use the title of the CD-ROM as
the author.

DVD/Video: the series title should be used as the author.

5.10 Citing from an interview or personal communication

Always use the surname of the interviewee/practitioner as the author.

5.11 Tips on good quotation practice

Quotations longer than two lines should be inserted as a separate, indented paragraph.

Smith (2004) summarises the importance of mathematics to society and the knowledge economy, stating that:

Using the Harvard Style

‘Mathematics provides a powerful universal language and intellectual toolkit for abstraction,
generalization and synthesis. It is the language of science and technology. It enables us to probe
the natural universe and to develop new technologies that have helped us control and master our
environment, and change societal expectations and standards of living.’ (p.11)

or

A recent UK report summarised the importance of mathematics to society and the knowledge economy,
stating that:

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 ‘Mathematics provides a powerful universal language and intellectual toolkit for abstraction,
generalization and synthesis. It is the language of science and technology. It enables us to probe
the natural universe and to develop new technologies that have helped us control and master our
environment, and change societal expectations and standards of living.’
(Smith 2004: p. 11)

If you want to insert a long quotation (over two lines) but do not to want include all of the text, you can remove the
unnecessary text and replace with ‘...’.

As summarised by Smith (2004):

‘Mathematics provides a powerful universal language and intellectual toolkit for abstraction,
generalization and synthesis . . . It enables us to probe the natural universe and to develop
new technologies that have helped us control and master our environment, and change societal
expectations and standards of living.’ (p. 11)

You should only do this when you use a quotation taken from one paragraph.

Using the Harvard Style

When you use quotations within your text, sometimes you may want to insert one or two words in the quotation so that
your complete sentence is grammatically correct. To indicate that you have inserted words into a quotation, these have
to be enclosed in square brackets.

Smith (2004) provides a number of reasons as to why mathematics is important, stating that it is:

‘a powerful universal language and intellectual toolkit for abstraction, generalization and
synthesis ... [and] enables us to probe the natural universe and to develop new technologies that
have helped us control and master our environment, and change societal expectations and standards
of living.’ (p. 11)

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 Writing skills: at your academic level you will be expected to develop your writing skills, and this includes being able
to discuss and demonstrate an understanding of other people’s work and ideas in your own words. This is called
paraphrasing. It is much better to paraphrase than to use many quotations when you write.

6. How do I write a reference?

To write your own references you need different bits of information about each item that you read when you are researching
a piece of work. These bits of information are called ‘bibliographic’ information.

For all types of references the key bits of information you need to start with are:

1. Author or editor

2. Date of publication/broadcast/recording

3. Title of the item

This will form the basis of each reference you have to write. You may find that some items are not as straightforward as
others, so be aware of the following:

How to Reference
1. Author/editor: This means the primary (main) person who produced the item you are using.

If you are using a website or web page, and there isn’t an author, you can use what is called a ‘corporate author’. This will
usually be the name of the organisation or company to whom the website or web page belongs.

2. Date of publication/broadcast/recording: This means the date the item was produced. It is usually a year, but if you
are using a newspaper article, an email, or a television recording, you will have to include a full date (day/month/year) in
your reference.
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 3. Title of the item: This means the primary (main) title of the item you are using. That sounds very obvious, but have a look
at a web page and try to work out what the main title is. We would advise common sense in this situation – you have to
identify the key piece of information that describes what you have used, and will allow the reader of your work to identify
that information.

The following table tells you about some of the variations you should look for
when you are collecting your reference information.

1. Primary author/editor 2. Date of publication 3. Primary title of item

Email Name of the person who wrote The full date the email was Subject of the email. This may
the email sent: day/month/year include RE: or FWD

Journal article Name of the person or persons The year the journal issue Title of the article (not the title of
who wrote the article was published the journal)

Newspaper Name of the journalist, or if The full date on which the Title of the article (not the title of
article there is no journalist name, the article was published: the newspaper)
name of the newspaper day/month/year

How to Reference
Website This can be tricky. Use an Usually the current year, the Title of the website
individual name if you can find year when the website was
one, or the name of the last updated, or the latest
organisation or company to date next to the copyright
whom the website belongs statement/symbol

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 1. Primary author/editor 2. Date of publication 3. Primary title of item

Web page This can be tricky. Use an Usually the current year, but Title of the web page. You will
individual name if you can find if the web page has a full need to use the title of the
one, or the name of the date of publication, you may website if the web page doesn’t
organisation or company to also need that: have an individual title
whom the website belongs day/month/year

TV broadcast Title of the programme, or if the The year the programme Title of the programme (it does not
programme is part of a series, was broadcast need to be written twice if you
use the series title used it as the author information)

Personal Name of the person The full date on which the No title needed
interview being interviewed interview took place:
day/month/year

Book chapter Name of the author of The year the book Title of the book chapter (not the
the chapter was published title of the book)

How to Reference
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 Depending on the type of material you want to reference you will also need other bits of information, such as:

• Name of publisher

• Place of publication

• Page numbers

• Volume number

• Issue number

• URL (website or web page address)

• DOI (link for journal articles)

• Title of conference proceedings

• Report number

• Book or conference editor (if not your primary author)

How to Reference
• Book or conference title (if not your primary title)

• Journal title (the journal article title will be your primary title)

• Date of access (for online material)

The more references you have to write, the more familiar you will be with what you need to know. But the best advice we
can give is to check our guides, ask us, or check with your lecturers.
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 7. How do I write a reference list?

This is your list of all the sources that have been cited in the assignment. The list is inclusive showing books, journals, etc.,
listed in one list, not in separate lists according to source type.

• The list should be in alphabetical order by author/editor.

• Books, paper or electronic journal articles, etc., are written in a particular format that must be followed.

• Your reference list contains all the items you have cited or directly quoted from.

• When you have used more than one piece of work by the same author, in your reference list you should list
the works in date order, beginning with the most recently published work.

8. Example of a reference list

Arrami, M. & Garner, H. (2008) A tale of two citations. Nature, 451 (7177), 397-399.

Writing A Reference List

Department of Health. (2008) More help for people with dementia. [Online] Available from: http://nds.coi.gov.uk/content/
detail.asp?NewsAreaID=2&ReleaseID=371217 [Accessed 20th June 2008].

Goldacre, B. (2008a) Dore - the media’s miracle cure for dyslexia. Bad Science. Weblog. [Online] Available from:
http://www.badscience.net/2008/05/dore-the-medias-miracle-cure-for-dyslexia/#more-705 [Accessed 19th June 2008].

Goldacre, B. (2008b) Trivial Disputes. Bad Science. Weblog. [Online] Available from:
http://www.badscience.net/2008/02/trivial-disputes-2/ [Accessed 19th June 2008].

Henderson, J. (2005) Google Scholar: A source for clinicians? Canadian Medical Association Journal, 172 (12), 1549-1550.
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 Holding, M. Y., Saulino, M. F., Overton, E. A., Kornbluth, I. D. & Freedman, M. K. (2008) Interventions in Chronic Pain
Management. 1. Update on Important Definitions in Pain Management. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation,
89 (3, Supplement 1), S38-S40.

Simons, N. E., Menzies, B. & Matthews, M. (2001) A Short Course in Soil and Rock Slope Engineering. [Online] London,
Thomas Telford Publishing. Available from: http://www.myilibrary.com?ID=93941 [Accessed 18th June 2008].

Smith, A. (2004) Making mathematics count: the report of Professor Adrian Smith’s inquiry into post-14 mathematics
education. London, The Stationery Office.

Van Alphen, K., Voorst, Q. V. T., Kekkert, M. P. & Smits, R.E.H.M. (2007) Societal acceptance of carbon capture and storage
technologies. Energy Policy, 35 (8), 4368-4380.

The layout for each type of publication can be found on the following pages. If you are using the bibliographic software
RefWorks, you should use the ‘Imperial College London – Harvard’ style which follows the same format as this guide.

What Is A Bibliography?
8. What is a bibliography?

There may be items which you have consulted for your work, but not cited. These can be listed at the end of your
assignment in a ‘bibliography’. These items should be listed in alphabetical order by author and laid out in the same
way as items in your reference list. If you can cite from every work you consulted, you will only need a reference list. If you
wish to show to your reader (examiner) the unused research you carried out, the bibliography will show your extra effort.

Always check the guidance you are given for coursework, dissertations, etc., to find out if you are expected to submit work
with a reference list and a bibliography. If in doubt, ask your lecturer or supervisor.

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 9. How to write references for your reference list and bibliography: Harvard style

Remember: Your lecturers consider accurate and consistent referencing to be an important part of your academic work.
Always check your course guidelines so you know which style of referencing to use, and always use the help guides
especially if you’re using a new style.

Layouts For Your Reference List & Bibliography

The examples on the following pages are in two parts:

• the information you should collect about each piece of work you use; and

• how this information is presented when you write a full reference.

If you cannot find the type of work you need to provide a reference for, please contact your liaison librarian or campus
library manager for more help (see section 10).

Book: print

Author/Editor (if it is an editor always put (ed.) after the name)

(Year of publication)
Title (this should be in italics)
Series title and number (if part of a series)
Edition (if not the first edition)
Place of publication (if there is more than one place listed, use the first named)
Publisher

Simons, N. E., Menzies, B. & Matthews, M. (2001) A Short Course in Soil and Rock Slope Engineering. London, Thomas
Telford Publishing.

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 Book: online/electronic

Author/Editor (if it is an editor always put (ed.) after the name)

(Year of publication)
Title (this should be in italics)
Edition (if not the first edition)
[Online]

Layouts For Your Reference List & Bibliography

Place of publication (if there is more than one place listed, use the first named)
Publisher
Available from: URL
[Date of access]

Simons, N. E., Menzies, B. & Matthews, M. (2001) A Short Course in Soil and Rock Slope Engineering. [Online] London,
Thomas Telford Publishing. Available from: http://www.myilibrary.com?ID=93941 [Accessed 18th June 2008].

Book: chapter in an edited book

Author of the chapter

(Year of publication)
Title of chapter followed by In:
Editor (always put (ed.) after the name)
Title (this should be in italics)
Series title and number (if part of a series)
Edition (if not the first edition)
Place of publication (if there is more than one place listed, use the first named)
Publisher
Page numbers (use ‘p.’ before a single page number and ‘pp.’ where there are multiple pages)

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 Moran, M. J. (2005) Engineering thermodynamics. In: Kreith, F. & Goswami, D. Y. (eds.) The CRC handbook of mechanical
engineering. 2nd edition. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press. pp. 2-81.

Journal article: print

Author
(Year of publication)

Layouts For Your Reference List & Bibliography

Title of journal article
Title of journal (this should be in italics)
Volume number
Issue number
Page numbers of the article (do not use ‘p’. before the page numbers)

Chhibber, P. K. & Majumdar, S. K. (1999) Foreign ownership and profitability: Property rights, control, and the performance
of firms in Indian industry. Journal of Law & Economics, 42 (1), 209-238.

Journal article: online/electronic

If an electronic journal article has a DOI (digital object identifier), you can use this instead of the URL. The DOI is a
permanent identifier provided by publishers so that the article can always be found online. Your lecturer may ask you to
include the DOI, not a direct URL, in your written references.

To find the DOI, when you read an article online, check the article details as you will usually find the DOI at the start of
the article. For more help, contact your liaison librarian.

If you read the article in a full-text database service, such as Factiva or EBSCO, and do not have a DOI or direct URL to the
article you should use the database URL.

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 Author
(Year of publication)
Title of journal article
Title of journal (this should be in italics)
[Online]
Volume number
Issue number

Layouts For Your Reference List & Bibliography

Page numbers of the article (do not use ‘p’. before the page numbers)
Available from: URL or DOI
[Date of access]

Arrami, M. & Garner, H. (2008) A tale of two citations. Nature. [Online] 451 (7177), 397-399. Available from:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v451/n7177/full/451397a.html [Accessed 20th January 2008].

or

Wang, F., Maidment, G., Missenden, J. & Tozer, R. (2007) The novel use of phase change materials in refrigeration plant. Part
1: Experimental investigation. Applied Thermal Engineering. [Online] 27 (17-18), 2893-2901. Available from: doi:10.1016/j.
applthermaleng.2005.06.011 [Accessed 15th July 2008].

or

Read, B. (2008) Anti-cheating crusader vexes some professors. Chronicle of Higher Education. [Online] 54 (25). Available
from: http://global.factiva.com/ [Accessed 18th June 2009].

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 Conference proceeding: individual paper

Author
(Year of publication)
Title of conference paper followed by, In:
Editor/Organisation (if it is an editor always put (ed.) after the name)
Title of conference proceeding (this should be in italics)

Layouts For Your Reference List & Bibliography

Place of publication
Publisher
Page numbers (use ‘p.’ before a single page number and ‘pp.’ where there are multiple pages)

Wittke, M. (2006) Design, construction, supervision and long-term behaviour of tunnels in swelling rock. In: Van Cotthem,
A., Charlier, R., Thimus, J.-F. and Tshibangu, J.-P. (eds.) Eurock 2006: Multiphysics coupling and long term behaviour in rock
mechanics: Proceedings of the International Symposium of the International Society for Rock Mechanics, EUROCK 2006, 9-12
May 2006, Liège, Belgium. London, Taylor & Francis. pp. 211-216.

Standard

Name of Standard Body/Institution

(Year of publication)
Standard number
Title (this should be in italics)
Place of publication
Publisher

British Standards Institution (2003) BS 5950-8:2003. Structural use of steelwork in building: code of practice for fire
resistant design. London, BSI.

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 Report

Author/Editor (if it is an editor always put (ed.) after the name)

(Year of publication)
Title (this should be in italics)
Organisation
Report number: followed by the number of the report (if part of a report series)

Layouts For Your Reference List & Bibliography

Leatherwood, S. (2001) Whales, dolphins, and porpoises of the western North Atlantic. U.S. Dept. of Commerce. Report
number: 63.

Map

Author (usually the organisation responsible for publishing the map)

(Year of publication)
Title (this should be in italics)
Scale
Series title and number (if part of a series)
Place of publication

British Geological Survey (1998) South London, 270. 1: 50 000. London.

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 Web page/website

Author/Editor (use the corporate author if no individual author or editor is named)

(Year of publication) (if available; if there is no date, use the abbreviation n.d.)
Title (this should be in italics)
[Online]
Available from: URL

Layouts For Your Reference List & Bibliography

[Date of access]

European Space Agency. (2008) ESA: Missions, Earth Observation: ENVISAT. [Online] Available from: http://envisat.esa.int/
[Accessed 3rd July 2008].

Email

Sender
(Sender’s email address)
(Date of email)
Subject of message (this should be in italics)
Email to: Recipient’s name
(Recipient’s email address)

Harrison, R. ([email protected]) (10 June 2009) Plagiarism tutorial. E-mail to: Weiss Johnson, W.
([email protected]).

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 Personal communication

Name of practitioner
Occupation
(Personal communication, followed by the date when the information was provided)

Law, James. Engineering consultant. (Personal communication, 26th April 2004).

Layouts For Your Reference List & Bibliography

Lecture/presentation
Name of lecturer/presenter
(Year of lecture/presentation)
Title of lecture/presentation (this should be in italics)
[Lecture/Presentation]
Title of module/degree course (if appropriate)
Name of institution or location
Date of lecture/presentation (day month)

Wagner, G. (2006) Structural and functional studies of protein interactions in gene expression. [Lecture] Imperial College
London, 12th December.

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 10. Sources of further help

For more referencing examples: www.imperial.ac.uk/library/learningandsupport/referencemanagement

Want to use reference management software?

The Library recommends RefWorks for undergraduate and Master’s students, and EndNote for postgraduate research
students and staff. For information and training workshops:
www.imperial.ac.uk/library/learningandsupport/referencemanagement

To contact your liaison librarian or campus library manager for more advice:
www.imperial.ac.uk/library/contactshelp/subjectenquiries

For guidance on citing and referencing using the Vancouver (numerical) style:
www.imperial.ac.uk/library/learningandsupport/referencemanagement/vancouver

Sources Of Further Help

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NOTES:
Telephone: +44 (0)20 7594 8820
Email: [email protected]
August 2009