Apa Referencing Handbook

Full APA Referencing Handbook
Contents
Part 1: The Basics of Referencing
1.1. What is referencing? 3

1.2. Copyrighted sources 3
1.3. Why should I reference? 3
1.4. What should I reference? 4
1.5. How should I reference? 4
1.6. Setting out citations 5
1.7. Setting out quotations 8
1.8. Points to look out for 9
2. List of References 10
2.1. Books 10
2.1.1. Printed books 10
2.1.2. E-Books 14
2.1.3. Multi-volume works 14
2.1.4. Sacred texts 15
2.1.5. More books 16
2.2. Journals 22
2.2.1. Journal articles 22
2.2.2. Pre-publication journal articles 23
2.2.3. Magazine articles 23
2.3. Digital and internet 24
2.3.1. The internet 24
2.3.2. CD-ROMs or DVD-ROMs 32
2.3.3. Computer games and programs 33
2.3.4. Personal and virtual learning environments 34
2.4. Media and art 35
2.4.1. Newspaper articles 35
2.4.2. Live performances 36
2.4.3. Visual sources 36
2.4.4. Audio-visual material 45
2.4.5. Reviews 49
2.4.6. Interviews 51
2.5. Research 53
2.5.1. Unpublished or confidential information 53
2.5.2. Unpublished academic work 54
2.5.3. Reports 56
2.5.4. Genealogical sources 58
2.5.5. Scientific and technical information 60
1
2.6. Legal material 63
2.6.1. House of Commons and House of Lords Papers 63
2.6.2. Hansard 63
2.6.3. Legislation from UK devolved Assemblies 64
2.6.4. More legal material 64
2.7. Government and EU 66
2.7.1. European Union publications 66
2.7.2. Government publications 66
2.7.3. Departmental publications 67
2.8. Communications 67
2.8.1. Conferences 67
2.8.2. Public communications 69
2.8.3. Advertisements and PR 70
3. Further referencing help
3.1. Sample reference list 73 3.6. Any questions? 77

3.2. Sample bibliography 73
3.3. Hints and tips 74
3.4. FAQs 75 4. Glossary 77-78
3.5. Further information and useful 5. Index
websites 76
Note:
Some of the examples used within this guide have been invented by Library Services staff
members. Don’t be too alarmed if you click on a URL and it does not take you to the correct
website!
2
What is referencing?
The University has adopted the ‘Cite Them Right’ (www.citethemrightonline.com) style of
referencing and according to the co-authors, Graham Shields and Richard Pears,
referencing is;
“…the process of acknowledging the sources you have used in writing your essay,
assignment or piece of work. It allows the reader to access your source documents
as quickly and easily as possible in order to verify, if necessary, the validity of your
arguments and the evidence on which they are based. You identify these sources by
citing them in the text of your assignment (called citations or in-text citations) and
referencing them at the end of your assignment (called the reference list or end-text
citations). The reference list only includes the sources cited in your text. It is not the
same thing as a bibliography, which uses the same referencing style, but also
includes all material, for example background readings, used in the preparation of
your work.” (http://www.citethemrightonline.com/Basics/what-is-referencing)
Copyrighted sources
At present copyright law allows only small extracts of items to be copied legally provided that
they are referenced (and following the guidance herein fulfills that perfectly!). Only copy what
is completely necessary, and only when the use falls into one or more of the following
categories:
personal private study;
non-commercial research;
criticism and review;
illustration for instruction;
parody pastiche or caricature;
or quotation.
Students’ use will fall under personal private study, criticism and review, illustration, and/or
quotation. For further information, go to; https://intranet.birmingham.ac.uk/copyright
Why should I reference?
Referencing correctly is an important academic skill as it shows the reader of your work the
sources you have used to research your topic and gives support and weight to your
arguments and conclusions. In summary, there are four good reasons for referencing;
(i) To allow a reader of your work to find and check the sources you have ysed.
(ii) So that you can come back to your own work and know where you found a particular
quotation or piece of information.
(iii) To avoid accusations of plagiarism.
(iv) To make you think twice about using outdated and inaccurate books, articles, or
websites.
3
As a general rule you should not put your trust in any resource which does not give
references.
What should I reference?
The level of referencing will depend on the nature of the piece of work you are writing: a
coursework essay for a first-year survey module will probably require less than a third-year
dissertation. There is no maximum level of referencing, but do not let referencing become a
fetish. If you have worries about the amount of referencing which would be appropriate, seek
advice from your module tutor.
As a general minimum, you should include a reference when:
(i) You quote or paraphrase from a primary source or secondary work;
(ii) You make use of a statistic;
(iii) You paraphrase or otherwise refer to the ideas or writings of a named or identifiable
author.
For most modules you will not be required to give references for facts that are generally well
known (common knowledge) – only at dissertation level is it the guiding rule that ‘every
substantive statement requires a reference’. Where facts are contested, and you are taking
sides in an argument, you must then indicate the source of your own ideas, and if
appropriate acknowledge the opposing camp(s) with references as well.
How should I reference?
Using the APA style of referencing, you must acknowledge the source within the text by
citing the author’s last name and date of publication in parentheses, e.g. (Jones, 2015).
Moreover, you must give full details of each item in an alphabetical reference list at the end
of your assignment. You may also include a bibliography, although it is not a necessity.
As of the creation of this handbook, the courses at the University that use the APA style
include Psychology and some modules within SportExR. If you are still not completely sure
which referencing style to use, consult your tutor or subject advisor.
4
Setting out citations;
Using this method of referencing, the citations in your work must be included in the final
word count. In-text citations give brief details of the source that you are quoting from or
referring to. These citations will then link to the full reference that will be found in the
reference list at the end of your work. The reference list is always arranged in alphabetical
order by author. If you have cited a work in an appendix, but not in the main body of your
text, this should still be included in the reference list.
Footnotes and endnotes are only used in this style if extra information is needed at the
bottom of the page, rather than for a reference. Use a superscript number for this.
There are many ways in which citations can be used in your work, but your tutor or
supervisor should advise you on which format they prefer.
Your citations should always include the following elements;
(i) Author(s) or editor (s) surname/family name

(ii) Year of publication
(iii) Page number(s) if required
One author
In-text citation requires that the last name of the author and the year of publication be
inserted into the text, for example:
Marks (2011) states that ...
or
...(Marks, 2011)
Two authors
If there are two authors of a work, both should be cited.
Bee and Boyd (2010) state that ...
or
...(Bee & Boyd, 2010)
Note. Link the two authors’ names with and when cited outside parentheses. Link with an
ampersand (&) inside parentheses.
5
Three, four or five authors
If there are three, four or five authors of a work all authors should be cited the first time.
Subsequently use et al. after the first author.
(Rolfe, Jasper, & Freshwater, 2010) first cite
(Rolfe et al., 2010) subsequent cites
Note. There is a comma after the second-to-last author.
Six or more authors
The APA insists that up to six authors are listed by name in an in-text citation and use & not
and, example Smith, Jones, Cassidy, Grey, Timms & Anders (2006). If there are seven or
more authors, use the first author and et al. for the in-text citation, but all authors should be
listed in your reference list.
More than one work cited
If you cite two or more works within the same parentheses they should be in alphabetical
order of author.
....(Phillips, Ajrouch, & Hillcoat-Nalletamby, 2010; Rolfe, Jasper, &

Freshwater,
2010).
Arrange two or more works by the same authors (in the same order) by year of publication.
Place in-press citations last. Give the authors’ last names once; for each subsequent work,
give only the date.
.... (Davies, 2008, 2010, 2012)
Author with two or more cited works in same year
Use lower case letters (a, b etc.) to distinguish between works published in the same year by
the same author (s).
...Hewitt (2010a) states that... this was supported by Hewitt (2010b) ...
The suffixes are assigned in the reference list, where these kind of references are ordered
alphabetically by title (of the article, chapter, or complete work).
6
Authors with the same last name
If a reference list includes publications by two or more primary authors with the same last
name, include the first author’s initials in all text citations, even if the year of publication
differs. Initials help the reader to avoid confusion within the text and to locate the entry in the
list of references.
Davies, H., Brophy, S., Dennis, M., Cooksey, R., Irvine, E., & Siebert, S.
(2013).
Patient perspectives of managing fatigue in ankylosing spondylitis, and views
on potential interventions: a qualitative study. BMC Musculoskeletal
Disorders, 14 doi: 16310.1186/1471-2474-14-163
Davies, P. G., Revell, P. A., & Mayston, V. (1986). Demonstration of

antiglobulin
activity in the synovial-membrane of patients with rheumatoid-arthritis and
ankylosing spondylitis after pepsin treatment - real or artifact. Annals of the
Rheumatic Diseases, 45(10), 821-826. doi: 10.1136/ard.45.10.821
In-text citation
Among studies, H. Davies et al. (2013) and P. G. Davies, Revel and Mayston (1986)
…
7
Setting out quotations;
Quotations should always be relevant to your arguments and used wisely within your text.
Overuse of quotations can disrupt the flow of your writing and prevent you from
demonstrating your understanding and analysis of the sources you have read. Direct
quotations are also counted in the word count.
You can include direct quotes in the following ways, depending on your sentence structure:
For short quotations:
The College Undergraduate Handbook for Undergraduate Students 2011/12 for the
College of Human & Health Sciences states “The risk of cheating is immense, ... a
student aspiring to become a …nurse might find his/her career path being closed
prematurely, if found guilty of cheating” (Swansea University College of Human &
Health Sciences, 2012, p. 24).
Or
Discussing data collection, Matthews and Ross (2010) note that “it is a practical activity, one
that has to be carried out with time, spatial and resource constraints” (p.181), and therefore
needs careful consideration.
For quotations over 40 words:
If the quotation is 40 words or more (not something that you should expect to do) then do not
use quotation marks, but indent the quotation by half an inch on the left margin (in the same
position as a new paragraph). Double space the entire quotation. The citation should be
included using one of the methods described below (In-Text Citations) with either the page
number, paragraph number or the full citation as the final element in the block of text, after
the final punctuation mark.
For example
Careful consideration of method is needed with data collection as it
... is a practical activity, one that has to be carried out with time, spatial and resource
constraints. It is therefore important to consider how valid social research data can
be collected effectively and efficiently within those constraints. The history of social
research has included the development of a range of research ‘tools’ to help social
researchers to organise and manage the task of data collection. (Matthews & Ross,
2010, p. 181)
8
Points to look out for;
Capitals
For a book title, only the first letter of the first word, the first letter of the first word of a subtitle
and any proper nouns are capitalised.
Dates
The year of publication should be in brackets, followed by a full stop. If there is no date
identified, use [n.d.].Dates in references should look like (1989, July 7) and dates in in-text
citations look like (July 7, 1989).
Abbreviations
Edition – ed.
Revised edition – Rev. ed.
Second edition – 2nd ed.
Editor(s) – Ed. Or Eds.
Translator(s) – Trans.
No date – n.d.
Page(s) – p. or pp.
Volume(s) – Vol. or Vols.
Number – No.
Part – Pt.
Supplement – Suppl.
Page references
Page numbers for book chapters are given immediately after the title of the book in round
brackets and before publication details.
Place of publication and publisher
If there is no place of publication, use [s.I.]. Give the place of publication, followed by the
publisher. If it is an American city, give the city name followed by the two-digit abbreviation
for the state. If it is a non-US city, give the city name followed by the country name.
DOIs/URLs
Internet sources should be indicated by Retrieved from URL, or doi:
APA states that it is not necessary to include the name of the database when referencing
online journals or ebook collections.
Edition
The edition information is never italicized. You should always include the edition of your
source, unless it is the only edition.
9
List of references
BOOKS
Printed books
Printed Book (one author)
In-text citation:
According to the British consulate (Guy, 2001, p. 37)…
Reference list:
Guy, J. (2001). The view across the river: Harriette Colenso and the Zulu struggle
against imperialism. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia.
Author/editor
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title (in italics)
Edition (only include the edition number if it is not the first edition)
Place of publication: publisher
Printed Book (two or three authors)
In-text citation:
Research by Banerjee and Watson (2011) suggests…
Reference list:
Banerjee, A., & Watson, T.F. (2011). Pickard’s manual of operative dentistry (9th ed).
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Author/editor
Title (in italics)
10
Printed Book (more than three authors)
In-text citation:
This was proved in ‘Engineering design’ (Dym, Little, Orwin & Spjut, 2009).
Reference list:
Dym, C.L., Little, P., Orwin, E.J., & Spjut, R.E. (2009). Engineering design: a project-
based introduction (3rd ed). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Author/editor
Title (in italics)
Printed Book (book with an editor)
In-text citation:
This was clearly shown by Al-Sabbagh (2015)…
Reference list:
Al-Sabbagh, M. (ed.). (2015). Complications in implant dentistry. Series: Dental

clinics of North America. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier.
Editor
Title (in italics)
Printed Book (book with authors and editors)
11
In-text citation:
Lucas (2004) highlights that…
Reference list:
Lucas, G. (2004). The wonders of the Universe. F. Jones, J. Smith & T. Bradley
(eds.). London: Smiths.
Author
Title (in italics)
Editors
Printed Book (book with no author)
In-text citation:
It was clear (Medicine in old age, 1985, p. 74)…
Reference list:
Medicine in old age. (1985). (2nd ed). London: British Medical Association.
Title (in italics)

Encyclopaedia Entry
In-text citation:
12
It is obvious that (Crystal, 2007, p. 45)…
Reference list:
Crystal, D. (2007). Medical science. In The Penguin Concise Encyclopaedia (3rd ed).
London: Penguin.
Author
Year of publication
Entry title
In Encyclopaedia name (in italics)
Edition (if relevant)
Encyclopaedia (full)
In-text citation:
It is obvious that (Crystal, 2007)…
Reference list:
Crystal, D. (2007). The Penguin Concise Encyclopaedia (3rd ed). London:

Penguin.
Author
Year of publication
Encyclopaedia name (in italics)
Electronic books (ebooks)
E-Book
13
In-text citation:
Wear (2000) suggests…
Reference list:
Wear, A. (2000). Knowledge and practice in English medicine. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from
http://site.ebrary.com/lib/bham/detail.action?docID=5004608
Author/editor
Title (in italics)
Retrieved from URL or doi:
Multi-volume works
Multi-Volume Works
In-text citation:
Jones (1999, p. 7) was clear in his definition…
Reference list:
Jones, D. (Ed.). (1999). Definitions of life (Vols. 1-6). London: Pirate

Publishers.
Author/editor
Year of publication
Title
Number of volumes
Place of publication publisher
Collected Works
In-text citation:
14
His collected works (Lee, 1976-1990) explain…
Reference list:
Lee, G. (Ed.). (1976-1990). Rush: The early years (Vols. 1-30). Toronto:
Toronto Press.
Author
Date
Title (in italics)
Volumes (if relevant)
Place of publication
Publisher
Sacred texts
Bible
In-text citation:
It was found in the Beatitudes (Matthew 5:3-12)…
Reference list:
King James Bible. Matthew 5:3-12.
Source type
Book of the Bible
Chapter: verse
Torah
In-text citation:
It is said that ‘a righteous man falls down several times and gets up’
(Proverbs 24:16)…
Reference list:
Torah. Proverbs 24:16.
Source type
Book
Chapter: verse
Qur’an
In-text citation:
‘Nothing is hidden from Allah, whether on Earth or in Heaven’ (Qur’an 14:38).
15
Reference list:
Qur’an, 14:38: Wordsworth Limited Edition.
Source type
Surah (or chapter): verse
Publisher (if relevant)
More books
Ancient Texts
In-text citation:
The epic tale by Homer (1997)…
Reference list:
Homer. (1997). The Iliad. In J. Davies (trans). London: Dover Publications.
Author
Year of publication
Title of book
Translator (if relevant)
Anthologies
In-text citation:
In the work (Mead & Tranter, 1991)…
Reference list:
Mead, C. & Tranter, J. (Eds.). (1991). The Penguin Book of Modern Australian
Poetry. London: Bloodaxe Books.
Authors/editors
Year of publication
Title of anthology (in italics)
Place of publication
Publisher
Atlas
In-text citation:
As illustrated in the text (Wiegand, 2012, p. 37)…
Reference list:
16
Wiegand, P. (2012). Oxford School Atlas.3rd edn. Oxford: Oxford University
Press.
Author/editor
Year of publication
Title of atlas (in italics)
Audiobooks
In-text citation:
Fry (2004) was emphatic in his description of the beast.
Reference list:
Fry, S. (2004). The Hippopotamus [Audiobook].
Author/Editor
Year of publication
Title of audiobook
Media type
Book illustrations, figures, diagrams, logos and tables
In-text citation:
Jones’ painting illustrated his immense skill (Bevin, 1997).
Reference list:
Bevin, A. (1997). Lost Welsh Treasures. London, UK: Davies Publishers. (Original
work published 1785).
Author
Year of publication
Title of book (in italics)
Original work published…
Bibliographies
In-text citation:
Lifeson (1981) noted the key research…
Reference list:
17
Lifeson, A. (1981). Select bibliographies of Canadian autobiographies. Toronto:
University of Toronto, School of Librarianship.
Author/editor
Year of publication
Title of bibliography
Publication details
Non-English Works
In-text citation:
Dell’Isola was very clear in her argument (1934).
Reference list:
Dell’Isola, M. (1934). Napoléon. Paris: R. Helleu.
Author
Year of publication
Title (in italics)
Historical books in online collections
In-text citation:
James’ measured plans (1654)…
Reference list:
James, P. (1654). Ruins of the palace at Thermopylae. Retrieved from

http://site.ebrary.com/lib/birmingham (Original work published 1654).
Author/editor
Year of publication
Title (in italics)
Retrieved from
Lines in plays/scripts
In-text citation:
‘I prithee do not mock me fellow student’ (Shakespeare, 1998, 1.2:177)…
Reference list:
18
Shakespeare, W. (1998). Hamlet. In K. Bryant (ed). London: Penguin.
Author
Year of publication
Title
Editor
Publication details
Manuscripts
In-text citation:
The evidence (Simpson, 1865) points to…
Reference list:
Simpson, J. (1865). 6/57/896 [Manuscript]. Birmingham University Library,

Birmingham, UK.
Author
Year of publication
Location of manuscript in archive or repository
Media type
Name of collection containing manuscript
Magazine Articles
In-text citation:
Stevens (2011)…
Reference list:
19
Stevens, N. (2011, November). Circular motion. Physics Monthly, 8-15.
Online article:
Stevens, N. (2011, November). Circular motion. Physics Monthly. Retrieved from

http://www.physicsmonthly.com/articles/circularmotion
Author
Year and month of publication
Title of article
Title of magazine (in italics)
Page reference
IF ONLINE
Retrieved from…
Pamphlet/Booklet/Programme
In-text citation:
The pamphlet (Royal College of Physicians, 2008)…
Reference list:
Royal College of Physicians, British Geriatrics Society, British Pain Society. (2008).
The assessment of pain in younger people: local guidelines [Pamphlet]. London:
RCP.
Author
Year of publication
Title (in italics)
Media type
Publication details
Reprints
In-text citation:
One of the very first historian (Seaman, 1945/1998)…
Reference list:
20
Seaman, D. (1998). The king of the truth. London: B.Y. Jove. (Original work
published 1945).
Author
Year of publication
Title (in italics)
Publication details
Original work published in…
Translated Works
In-text citation:
Ludwig (2005)…
Reference list:
Ludwig, E. (2005). Napoleon. (E. Paul and C. Paul, Trans.). London: Book
Jungle.
Author/Editor (surname followed by initials)

Title (in italics)
Name of translator, Trans. (in round brackets)
JOURNALS
Journal articles
In-text citation:
21
In their review of the literature (Knapik et al., 2015)…
Reference list:
Knapik, J.J., Cosio-Lima, L.M., & Reynolds, K. L. (2015) Efficacy of functional

movement screening for predicting injuries in coast guard cities. Journal of Strength
and Conditioning Research, 29(5): 1157-1162.
Author
Title of article
Title of journal (in italics)
Volume number (in italics)
Issue (in round brackets), page numbers
Journal articles (accessed via VLE)
In-text citation:
In their review of the literature (Knapik et al., 2015, p. 87)…
Reference list:
Knapik, J J., Cosio-Lima, L.M., and Reynolds, K.L. (2015) ‘Efficacy of functional
movement screening for predicting injuries in coast guard cadets’, The Journal of
Strength and Conditioning Research, 29 (5): pp. 1157-1162. EDUC 1028: E-learning.
Available at: http://intranet.bir.ac.uk
Author
Title of article
Available at…
Pre-publication journal articles
In-text citation:
Several scientists have encountered a problem in this area (Jones, Kree & Rigby,
2014).
Reference list:
22
Jones, J., Kree, J., & Rigby, P. (2014) Aerobic Capacity. Manuscript submitted for
publication.
Author (surname followed by initials)

Year of posting (in round brackets)
Title of the article
Journal title (in italics)
Advance online publication
URL or doi of the journal's home page
Magazine Articles
In-text citation:
Stevens (2011)…
Reference list:
Stevens, N. (2011, November). Circular motion. Physics Monthly, 8-15.
Online article:
Stevens, N. (2011, November). Circular motion. Physics Monthly. Retrieved from

http://www.physicsmonthly.com/articles/circularmotion
Author
Year and month of publication
Title of article
Page reference
IF ONLINE
Retrieved from…
Journal with more than three authors
In-text citation:
Research (Jennings, Merrell, Thompson & Heinrich, 2015) suggests…
Reference list:
23
Jennings, H.M., Merrell, J., Thompson, J.L., & Heinrich, M. (2015). Food or
medicine? Journal of Ethnopharmology, 167, 97-105.
Authors
Year of publication
Title
Journal title
Journal volume, page numbers
DIGITAL AND INTERNET

The internet
Blog
In-text citation:
No evidence was suggested (Davidson, 2013) in the wake of the bombings.
Reference list:
Davidson, A. (2013, April 16). The Saudi marathon man [Blog post]. Retrieved from
http://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-saudi-marathon-man

Year and date of post (in round brackets)
Title of post
[Blog post]
Retrieved from URL
Facebook
In-text citation:
It is clear that the campus for 2016 will be a hive of activity (University of
Birmingham, 2015).
Reference list:
24
University of Birmingham. (2015, June 18). New for 2016 on campus will be a fabulous
library, filled with new and emerging technologies… [Facebook status update]. Retrieved
from https://www.facebook.com/unibirmingham
Author (surname followed by initials) and [given name is in square brackets]

Year, month, day (in round brackets)
Title of page
[Facebook status update]
Retrieved from URL
Twitter
In-text citation:
The University (University of Birmingham, 2015)…
Reference list:
University of Birmingham. [unibirmingham]. (2015, June 13). We hope out alumni are
having a great time today at the Alumni Sports Day. [Tweet]. Retrieved from
https://twitter.com/unibirmingham/status/609691694762627072
Author (surname followed by initials) and/or [Screen name]

Year, month day (in round brackets)
Title of page
[Tweet]
Retrieved from URL
Wiki
In-text citation:
Rush originated from the Willowdale neighbourhood of Toronto, Ontario (Rush

(band), 2015).
Reference list:
25
Rush (band). (2015, June 18). Retrieved from Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/?
title=Rush_(band)
Title of page
Year and date last edited
Retrieved from…
Google+
In-text citation:
It is obvious in this day and age (Guild of Students, 2015) that…
Reference list:
Guild of Students, University of Birmingham. (2015, June 4). Ready to move out?
Drop off your non-perishable food at our collection trolley, in support of Sparkhill food
bank. [Google+ post]. Retrieved from https://plus.google.com/+guildofstudents/posts
Author
Year and date of publication
Title of page (if not same as author)
Message
Media type
Retrieved from…
Online newspaper articles
In-text citation:
The White Rose of Yorkshire is still flying high in the cricket (Hardcastle,
2015).
Reference list:
26
Hardcastle, G. (2015, June 18). Gale gears up for pivotal spell for Yorkshire. The
Press, York. Retrieved from
http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/sport/13339665.Gale_gears_up_for_pivotal_spell_for_Yo
rkshire/
Author
Year and date published
Title of article
Newspaper it was published in
Retrieved from…
Web pages
Web Page – individual author
In-text citation:
It was clear that (Dan Snow, n.d.)…
Reference list:
Dan Snow. (n.d.). How did so many soldiers survive the trenches? Retrieved from
http://www.bbc.co.uk/guides/z3kgjxs
Author
Year the site was published/last updated (in round brackets)
Title of internet site (in italics)
doi: or Retrieved from URL
Web page – organisation as the author
In-text citation:
During WW1 (BBC News, 2014)…
Reference list:
27
BBC News. (2014). ‘Lights out’ ends day of WW1 centenary commemorations.
Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-28632223
Author
Year the site was published/last updated (in round brackets)
Title of internet site (in italics)
doi: or Retrieved from URL
Web page – no authors or titles
In-text citation:
Thunderstorms have become increasingly common (“Blitzortung.org”, n.d.).
Reference list:
[Blitzortung.org.] (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://www.blitzortung.org/Webpages/index.php?lang=en&page=1
Description of document
Year or no date
Retrieved from…
Web page – no dates
In-text citation:
He was seen by many to be a great man (BBC History, n.d.).
Reference list:
BBC History. (n.d.). Duke of Wellington (1769-1852). Retrieved from

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/wellington_duke_of.shtml
Name
(n.d.).
Title of web page
Retrieved from…
Web page – no authors
In-text citation:
(Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821), 2015)…
Reference list:
28
Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821). (2015, July 18). Retrieved from
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/bonrte_napoleon.shtml
Title of web page

Year, month day
Retrieved from…
Radio and internet radio
In-text citation:
According to the latest research (In our time, 2015)…
Reference list:
Morris, T. (Producer), & Bragg, M. (Presenter). (2015, January 1). The Sun [Radio
series episode]. In In Our Time. London: BBC Radio 4.
Producer/author/presenter(s)
Year and date of production
Title of episode
Media type
Series name
Publication details
Photographs from the internet
In-text citation:
The great photograph (Jarvis, 2015)…
Reference list:
Jarvis, C. (2015). Blue [Photograph]. Retrieved from

http://www.chasejarvis.com/#s=10&mi=2&pt=1&pi=10000&p=8&a=0&at=0
Photographer (surname followed by initials)

Year of production (in round brackets)
Title of work (in italics)
[Medium]
Retrieved from URL
Papers from conference proceedings published on the internet
In-text citation:
Jones (1999) explained…
Reference list:
29
Jones D. (1999). ‘Developing big business’. In Large firms policy and research
conference (University of Birmingham, 1999 December 18-19). Leeds: Institute for
Large Businesses. Retrieved from http://www.bigbusinesses.co.uk/jonesd
Author
Year of production
Title of paper (single quotation marks)
In title of conference (in italics)
Location and date of conference
Publication details
Retrieved from…
Television programmes viewed on the internet
In-text citation:
Napoleon was defeated (BBC Two, 2015)…
Reference list:
BBC Two. (2015, June 17). Napoleon [BBC iPlayer]. Retrieved from
http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b05zq7xf/napoleon-episode-2
Author/Television channel
Year, date viewed
Title of programme (in italics)
Media type
Retrieved from…
Videos or films on YouTube
In-text citation:
The video produced by the University of Birmingham (2010) shows…
Reference list:
30
University of Birmingham. (2010, December 15). The University of Birmingham
experience [YouTube]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=YLxV5L6IaFA
Creator (surname followed by initials) and/or [Screen name]

Year, month day (in round brackets)
Title of video (in italics)
[Video file]
Retrieved from URL
Digital repositories
Books in digital repositories
In-text citation:
Several PhD candidates gave useful advice (Davids & Wright, 1999).
Reference list:
Davids, E. & Wright, I. (1999) Doing referencing. Birmingham: Reference-

works.
Author(s)
Year of publication
Titlle of book (in italics)
Publication details
Digital repository name
Conference papers in digital repositories
In-text citation:
Jones (2003) revoked the theory…
Reference list:
31
Jones, S. (2003) ‘Is there a correct way to reference?’ Workshop on referencing in
universities, Main Library, University of Birmingham, UK, 30 March - 2 April 2003.
Author
Year of publication
Title of paper (in single quotation marks)
Title of conference (in tialics)
Organisation or company
CD-ROM
In-text citation:
The music industry has expanded greatly, and the ‘Now That’s What I Call Music’
series has proved this (Now that’s what I call music 91, 2015).
Reference list:
Various artists. (2015). Now that’s what I call music 91 [CD-ROM]. London: EMI
Group Limited.
Artist
Year of production
Title of CD (in italics)
Media type
Production details
DVD-ROM
In-text citation:
It was clear (Spielberg, 1998)…
Reference list:
32
Spielberg, S. (1998). Saving Private Ryan [DVD]. Hollywood: Paramount
Pictures.
Director
Year of production
Title of DVD
Media type
Production details
Computer Games
In-text citation:
Games such as Rome: Total War (The Creative Assembly, 2004)…
Reference list:
The Creative Assembly. (2004). Rome: Total war [Computer video game]. London:
The Game Company.
Author
Year of production
Title of game
Media type
Production details
Computer Programmes
In-text citation:
It has been found that (Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, 1994)…
Reference list:
Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. (1994). Epi Info (Version 6) [Computer
program]. Retrieved from http://www.cdcp.com/download.html
Author
Year of production
Title of programme
Media type
Retrieved from…
Personal and virtual learning environments

Learning support materials
Journal articles (accessed via VLE)
In-text citation:
In their review of the literature (Knapik et al., 2015, p. 87)…
33
Reference list:
Knapik, J J., Cosio-Lima, L.M., and Reynolds, K.L. (2015) ‘Efficacy of functional
movement screening for predicting injuries in coast guard cadets’, The Journal of
Strength and Conditioning Research, 29 (5), pp. 1157-1162. EDUC 1028: E-learning.
Available at: http://intranet.bir.ac.uk
Author
Title of article
Available at…
PowerPoint presentations
In-text citation:
The great presentation (Whittingham, 2014)…
Reference list:
Whittingham, D. (2014). History of warfare (PowerPoint presentation). Retrieved from

https://intranet.bham.ac.uk
Author/presenter
Year presentation was given
Title of presentation (in italics)
Media type
Module code and module title (if relevant)
Retrieved from…
Tutors’ lecture notes in VLEs/intranet
In-text citation:
The tutor’s work (Whittingham, 2015)…
Reference list:
Whittingham, D. (2015). Zulu warriors (lecture notes). Retrieved from

http://intranet.bham.ac.uk
34
Tutor
Year of publication
Title of notes
Media type
Retrieved from…
MEDIA AND ART

Newspaper articles
In-text citation:
Businesses and organisations around York are showing their support (Lewis,
2015).
Reference list:
Lewis, S. (2015, June 18). Rainbow support for York pride. The Press, York.

Year and date of publication (in round brackets)
Title of article
Volume number (in italics) - if available
Issue (in round brackets) - if available
Page numbers
Live performances
Concerts
In-text citation:
Rush (2015) truly wowed the audience…
Reference list:
35
Rush. (2015, March 19). Greatest Hits Tour. York, UK: Bishopthorpe Social
Club.
Artist
Date of concert
Title of concert (in italics)
Location of concert
Plays
In-text citation:
It was a spectacular piece of engineering (Smith, 2013).
Reference list:
Smith, D. (Director). (2013, January 18). Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare,
Theatre Royal, York.
Director
Date of play
Title of play
Location of play
Visual sources
Book illustrations, figures, diagrams, logos and tables
In-text citation:
Jones’ painting illustrated his immense skill (Bevin, 1997).
Reference list:
Bevin, A. (1997). Lost Welsh Treasures. London, UK: Davies Publishers. (Original
work published 1785).
Author
Year of publication
Title of book (in italics)
Cartoons
In-text citation:
Joe Bloggs (2013) highlighted the issue…
Reference list:
36
Bloggs, J. (2013, January 20) ‘The key issue’ [Cartoon]. The Times. Retrieved from
http://www.times.co.uk/world/cartoon/2013/jan/20/bloggs
Artist
Date published
Title of cartoon (in single quotation marks)
Media type
Newspaper/Comic title (in italics)
Publication details (if necessary)
Retrieved from…
Comics
In-text citation:
Dennis the Menace is still going strong (The Beano, 2015).
Reference list:
The Beano. (2015, July 25). The wrath of Gnasher (pp. 40-42). London:
Beano Publishing.
Artist/Comic
Date published
Title of comic (in single quotation marks)
Page reference (if relevant)
Publication details
Display boards
In-text citation:
It is obvious (Paintings of John Doe, 2012)…
Reference list:
37
Paintings of John Doe (exhibition). (2012). Pontefract, UK: Display board at Alex
Davids Art Gallery.
Title of exhibition (in italics)

Year of exhibition
Location
Display board at…
Exhibitions
In-text citation:
The acclaimed exhibition is one to behold (Tate Modern, 2012)…
Reference list:
Tate Modern. (2012 September 12-2013 January 13). Pre-Raphaelites: Victorian

Avant-Garde. London.
Art Gallery title (or similar)

Date of exhibition
Location
Installations
In-text citation:
It was clear (Thompson, 2009) that…
Reference list:
Thompson, J. (2009, January 4). My house. London: Tate Modern.
Artist
Date of installation
Title (in italics)
Location
Graffiti
In-text citation:
The graffiti, ‘Jimmy no!’ (2015) demonstrated…
Reference list:
Jimmy no! (2015, June 23) (graffiti). York, UK: 15 West Street.
38
Title (or brief description)
Date of graffiti
Media type
Location
Inscriptions
On monuments
In-text citation:
The gravestone of the man (‘Smith’, 2014)…
Reference list:
‘Smith, James’. (2014). Monument inscription, St Andrew’s Churchyard,

Bishopthorpe, York, UK.
Name of deceased (in single quotation marks)

Year of production
Media type
Location
On Buildings
In-text citation:
The exterior inscription by Stevens (2005)…
Reference list:
Stevens, G. (2005). Inscription on English Development Centre. Building inscription,

Jubbergate, York, UK.
Author
Year of inscription
Inscription on… (in italics)
Media type
Location
Maps
Ordnance survey maps
In-text citation:
Archaeological sites are clearly shown (Ordnance Survey, 2002)…
Reference list:
39
Ordnance Survey. (2002). York (sheet 56, 1:50 000). Southampton: Ordnance
Survey (Landranger series).
Ordnance Survey
Year of publication
Title (in italics)
Sheet number and scale (in italics)
Series
Geological survey maps
In-text citation:
The landscape has changed quite considerably (Ordnance Survey, 1988)…
Reference list:
Ordnance Survey. (1988). Castleford (solid (sheet 16, 1:50 000)). Southampton:
Ordnance Survey (Geological Survey of Great Britain [England and Wales]).
Corporate author and publisher

Year of publication
Title (in italics)
Sheet number and scale (in italics)
Publication details
Series
Online maps
In-text citation:
The social club is close the playing fields (Ordnance Survey, 2010).
Reference list:
Ordnance Survey. (2010). Ferry lane (tile sp15nw, 1:10 000). Retrieved from
http://edina.ac.iuk/digimap/
40
Map publisher
Year of publication
Title of map section (in italics)
Tile, scale (in italics)
Retrieved from…
Medical images
In-text citation:
The X-ray (The femur, 2014)…
Reference list:
The femur. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.anatomy.tv/femur
Image title (in italics)

Year of publication
Retrieved from…
Mood boards
In-text citation:
The mood board (Smith, 2012)…
Reference list:
Smith, D. (2012). Hello. Retrieved from

http://www.flickr.com/photos/hello/57647
Author
Year of publication
Title (in italics)
Retrieved…
Packaging
In-text citation:
The packaging (Mars Incorporated, 2013)…
Reference list:
Mars Incorporated. (2013). Mars Bar (wrapper).
41
Manufacturer
Year of production
Title (in italics)
Media type
Paintings/drawings
In-text citation:
Works by Dali (1958)…
Reference list:
Dali, S. (1958). Madonna (oil on canvas). London: Tate Gallery.
Artist
Year of publication
Title (in italics)
Media type
Publication details/location
Photographs/Images
Prints or slides
In-text citation:
It is ever so clear (Tebow, 2009)…
Reference list:
Tebow, T. (2009). York at night (photograph). York: Here and There

Publishing.
Photographer
Year of publication
Title of photograph (in italics)
Media type
Publication details
Photographs from the internet
In-text citation:
The great photograph (Jarvis, 2015)…
Reference list:
Jarvis, C. (2015). Blue [Photograph]. Retrieved from

http://www.chasejarvis.com/#s=10&mi=2&pt=1&pi=10000&p=8&a=0&at=0
42
Photographer (surname followed by initials)
Year of production (in round brackets)
Title of work (in italics)
[Medium]
Retrieved from URL
Clip art
In-text citation:
The image of the dinosaur (Dinosaur, no date)…
Reference list:
Dinosaur (clip art). (no date). Retrieved from

http://www.clipart.co.uk/cgibin/dinosaur
Title of clip art (in italics)

Media type
Year of publication (if relevant)
Retrieved from…
Postcards
In-text citation:
The shore was beautiful (Terrence, no date)…
Reference list:
Terrence, T. (no date). Tintagel (postcard). Tintagel, UK: Cornwall Gallery.
Artist
Title (in italics)
Media type
Publication details
Posters
In-text citation:
The image (Severn, no date)…
Reference list:
Severn, J. (no date). Le Joue (poster). London: Early Morning Publishers.
43
Artist
Title (in italics)
Media type
Publication details
PowerPoint presentations
In-text citation:
The great presentation (Whittingham, 2014)…
Reference list:
Whittingham, D. (2014). History of warfare (PowerPoint presentation). Retrieved from

https://intranet.bham.ac.uk
Author/presenter
Year presentation was given
Title of presentation (in italics)
Media type
Retrieved from…
War Memorial
In-text citation:
The memorial (Boorman, 1995)…
Reference list:
Boorman, D. (1995). For your tomorrow. War memorial, York Minster,

Deangate, York, UK.
Name of architect
Year of production
Title (in italics)
Media type
Location
Audio-visual information
CD-ROM
In-text citation:
The music industry has expanded greatly, and the ‘Now That’s What I Call Music’
series has proved this (Now that’s what I call music 91, 2015).
Reference list:
44
Various artists. (2015). Now that’s what I call music 91 [CD-ROM]. London: EMI
Group Limited.
Artist
Year of production
Title of CD (in italics)
Media type
Production details
DVD-ROM
In-text citation:
It was clear (Spielberg, 1998)…
Reference list:
Spielberg, S. (1998). Saving Private Ryan [DVD]. Hollywood: Paramount

Pictures.
Director
Year of production
Title of DVD
Media type
Production details
Television - Programmes
In-text citation:
The Doctor is back with a vengeance (Doctor Who, 2014)…
Reference list:
Doctor Who. (2014, January 28). BBC One Television.
Title of programme
Year produced
Channel/Publisher
Television – Episodes
In-text citation:
Some Daleks went crazy (The Doctor Returns, 2013)…
Reference list:
The Doctor Returns. (2013, November 5). Doctor Who (series 35, episode 8).
London: BBC One Television.
45
Title of episode (in italics)
Date of showing
Name of series and episode
Publication details
Musical scores (sheet music)
In-text citation:
‘Something for Nothing’ is a song for the ages (Peart, 1976)…
Reference list:
Peart, N. (1976). Something for nothing. Toronto: Toronto Sound Studios.
Author
Year of production
Title of song (in italics)
Production details
Lyrics from songs
In-text citation:
Peart (1976)…
Reference list:
Peart, N. (1976). A passage to Bangkok [Recorded by Rush]. On 2112 [vinyl].

Toronto: Toronto Sound Studios.
Author
Year of production
Title of song and recording artist
On album (in italics)
Media type
Production details
Liner Notes
In-text citation:
“I lie awake, staring out at the bleakness of Megadon” (Peart, 1976)…
Reference list:
Peart, N. (1976). [Liner notes]. In 2112 [CD]. Toronto: Toronto Sound Studio.
Author
Year of production
46
Media type
In album (in italics)
Media type
Production details
Microform
In-text citation:
Data from Jones (1997)…
Reference list:
Jones, P. (1997). The Jones collection (microform). York, UK: Jones

Physiological Association.
Author
Year of production
Title (in italics)
Media type
Production details
Phonecasts
In-text citation:
Zuckerberg created his website in 2004 (A conversation with Mark

Zuckerberg, 2007)…
Reference list:
A conversation with Mark Zuckerberg (phonecast). (2007). Retrieved from

http://www.phonecasting.com/Channel/View/Channel.aspx
Title of phonecast (in italics)

Media type
Year of production
Retrieved from…
Podcasts
In-text citation:
It was clear that George Osborne was well out of his depth (Smith, 2015).
Reference list:
Smith, J. (Producer). (2015, June 4). Yesterday in Parliament [Audio podcast].

Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes
Author/Producer
Year and date of publication
47
Title (in italics)
Media type
Retrieved from…
Screencasts
In-text citation:
An online video showed this (Learning rails the zombie way, no date)…
Reference list:
Learning rails the zombie way (screencast). (no date). Retrieved from
http://www.rubyonrails.org
Title of screencast (in italics)

Media type
Retrieved from…
Video Podcasts
In-text citation:
Bob Saget is clearly a great guy (Butler & O’Rourke, 2014).
Reference list:
Butler, B. & O’Rourke, A. (Producers). (2014, June 20). Bob Saget: Norm Macdonald
Live: Video Podcast Network [Video file]. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=peDLWyHegfI
Author(s)/Producer(s)
Date of production
Title (in italics)
Media type
Retrieved from…
Film director interviews
In-text citation:
The directors were incredibly pleased with the outcome (Wachowski, 2003)…
Reference list:
Wachowski, L. (2003). Interview with L. Wachowski (interviewed by Laurence Smith

on ‘The Matrix Reloaded’ (DVD)). Los Angeles: Warner Brothers Inc.
Name of person interviewed

Year of interview
Title (in italics)
48
Interviewed by…
Media type
Production details
Reviews
Book Review
In-text citation:
Stevens (2010) thought that the book…
Reference list:
Stevens, H. (2010). ‘Biology of birds’ (review of ‘the birds and the bees’ by David
Bills). In Journal of the History of Biology, 167, 190-192.
Name of the reviewer

Year of review
Title of review (in single quotation marks)
Review of… by…
In journal... journal details…
Drama Review
In-text citation:
One reviewer (Smith, 2007)…
Reference list:
Smith, U. (2007, July 8). The big finale (review of ‘heaven help me’ by Tony Jones).
In the ‘review section’ of The Times.

Date of review
Title of review (in italics)
49
Review of… by…
In… (insert newspaper title or similar)
Film review
In-text citation:
Barnes (1989) believed it was a classic film…
Reference list:
Barnes, J. (1989, October 9). Citizen Kane (review of ‘Citizen Kane’, directed by
Orson Welles). In ‘Empire’ magazine, pp. 25-29.
Author of review
Date of review
Title of review (in italics)
Directed by…
In…
Review of musical performances
In-text citation:
Jubb (2015) thought that the performance was incredible.
Reference list:
Jubb, A. (2015, March 29). Absolute magic (review of ‘Clockwork Angels tour’ by
Rush, York, UK). In The Press (review section), p. 91.

Date of review
Title of review
50
Review of… by…
Location
Magazine/Newspaper title
Page reference (if relevant).
Interview
Newspaper Interview
In-text citation:
Jones (2009) believed…
Reference list:
Jones, K. (2009, July 7). Interview with Kevin Jones (interview by Steven Poulter for
The Times), p. 88.

Date of interview
Title of interview (in italics)
Interview by… for…
TV interview
In-text citation:
Jones was clearly out of his depth (2009)…
Reference list:
Jones, K. (2009, February 5). Interview with Kevin Jones (interview by Steven
Poulter for Newsnight). London: BBC Two Television.

Date of interview
51
Production details
Internet interview
In-text citation:
Jones was clearly out of his depth (2009).
Reference list:
Jones, K. (2009). Interview with Kevin Jones (interviewed by Steven Poulter for
Newsnight). Retrieved from http://iplayer.co.uk/Newsnight/march7

Date of interview
Production details (if relevant)
Retrieved from…
RESEARCH
Unpublished or confidential information
Confidential information
In-text citation:
The records they produced Placement hospital, 2014)…
Reference list:
[Placement hospital]. (2014). [Placement hospital] examination criteria for patients

with dementia. London: [placement hospital].
52
Anonymised institution/agency (in square brackets)
Year of report
Anonymised title (in italics)
Location
Publisher is simply the anonymised institution/agency (again, with square brackets)
Internal reports
In-text citation:
Recommendations in the report (Hegenbarth, 2014)…
Reference list:
Hegenbarth, L. (2014). Focus group recommendations. Internal LGU report:

unpublished.
Author/organisation
Year of report
Title of report (in italics)
Internal report (include name of institution)
Unpublished
Unpublished academic work
Students’ own work
In-text citation:
The topic of the essay (Jubb, 2014)…
Reference list:
Jubb, A. (2014). Did the Allies win the battle of the Atlantic because of superior air
power? University of Birmingham: unpublished essay.
Student name
Year of essay/assignment
53
Title of essay/assignment (in italics)
Module code/title (if relevant)
Institution
Unpublished essay/assignment
Theses/Dissertations
In-text citation:
It was evident that Gregory (1970) believed that…
Reference list:
Gregory, S. (1970). English military intervention in the Dutch revolt (B.A. thesis).
Retrieved from http://findit.bham.ac.uk/
Author
Year of publication
Title of thesis (in italics)
Degree statement
Retrieved from…
Tutors’ handouts
In-text citation:
The tutor’s handout (Whittingham, 2015)…
Reference list:
Whittingham, D. (2015). Zulu warriors (handout). University of Birmingham:

unpublished.
Tutor
Year of publication/creation
Title (in italics)
Media type
54
Institution
Unpublished
Tutors’ lecture notes in VLEs/intranet
In-text citation:
The tutor’s work (Whittingham, 2015)…
Reference list:
Whittingham, D. (2015). Zulu warriors (lecture notes). Retrieved from

http://intranet.bham.ac.uk
Tutor
Year of publication
Title of notes
Media type
Retrieved from…
Reports
Financial
Company annual reports
In-text citation:
The company expanded massively during the first half of the year (BSkyB Ltd,
2012).
Reference list:
BSkyB Ltd. (2012). Annual Report 2012. Retrieved from

http://annualreview2012.sky.com
55
Author or organisation
Year of publication
Retrieved from…
Financial reports from online databases
In-text citation:
BSkyB’s profit margin rose by over 7 per cent in the financial year 2011-2012
(Bureau van Dijk, 2013).
Reference list:
Bureau van Dijk. (2013). BSkyB plc company report. Retrieved from
http://fame.bvdep.com/bskyb
Publishing organisation
Year of publication
Title of extract (in italics)
Retrieved from…
Research
Internal reports
In-text citation:
Recommendations in the report (Hegenbarth, 2014)…
Reference list:
Hegenbarth, L. (2014). Focus group recommendations. Internal LGU report:

unpublished.
Author/organisation
Year of report
56
Internal report (include name of institution)
Unpublished
Market research reports from online databases
In-text citation:
Mintel Oxygen (2014) noticed problems in the market…
Reference list:
Mintel Oxygen. (2014). Van insurance Wales (market research report). Retrieved
from http://academic.minteloxygen.com
Author or organisation
Year of report
Media type
Retrieved from…
Research reports
In-text citation:
The minimum cost of living in Yorkshire is £15 000 (Friedland, 2009).
Reference list:
Friedland, B. (2009). A minimum standard for Yorkshire: what people think. Retrieved
from http://www.jrf.org.uk/yorkshireresearch

Retrieved from URL or doi:
Genealogical sources
Birth, marriage and death certificates
In-text citation:
Jayne was born in Pontefract (‘Jayne Seaman’, 1966)…
Reference list:
‘Jayne Seaman’. (1966). Certified copy of birth certificate for Jayne Seaman, 20
December 1966 (application number 5001977/D). Pontefract Register Office, UK.
Name of person (in single quotation marks)

Year of event Certified copy of… certificate for… (in italics)
Full name of person (in italics)
Date of event (in italics)
57
Application number from certificate
Location of Register Office
IF ONLINE:
Retrieved from… URL
Censuses
In-text citation:
Mark Jones moved to York in the 1950s (‘Mark Jones’, 1956)…
Reference list:
‘Mark Jones’. Census return for Leeds Road, Bishopthorpe, York subdistrict, North
Yorkshire. Public Record Office: PRO YO9/3765, folio 89, p. 8. Retrieved from
http://www.ancestry.co.uk

Year of census
Census return for ... (in italics)
Street, place, county (in italics)
Registration subdistrict (in italics)
Public Record Office:
Piece number, folio number, page number
OR if you retrieved the certificate online, add:
Retrieved from… URL
Military records
In-text citation:
Private Hunsley fought valiantly (‘Richard Hunsley VC’, 2014)…
Reference list:
‘Richard Hunsley VC’. (1956). Commonwealth War Graves Commission casualty

details. Retrieved from http://www.cwgc.org/search/casualty/hunsleyvc

Year published
Title of publication (in italics)
Retrieved from…
Parish registers
58
In-text citation:
Alex and Alice’s wedding (‘Alex Jones and Alice Roberts’, 1934)…
Reference list:
‘Alex Jones and Alice Roberts’. (1934). ‘Marriage of Alex Jones and Alice Roberts,
1934 May 5’. In St Andrew’s Church, Bishopthorpe, York marriage register 1900-
1950. Retrieved from http://www.genuki.org.uk/bishopthorpe
Name of person/people (in single quotation marks)

Year of publication
Baptism, marriage or burial of ... (in single quotation marks)
Day/month/year of event
Location of parish (in italics)
Title of register/ details (in italics)
Retrieved from…
Wills
In-text citation:
They inherited a great wealth (Will of Jamie Blackburn, 1800).
Reference list:
Will of Jamie Blackburn of York Abbey, North Yorkshire. (1800). The National
Archives: Public Record Office (catalogue reference: PROB/15/1980).
Title of document
Year of will
Name of archive or repository
Reference number
Manuscripts
In-text citation:
The evidence (Simpson, 1865) points to…
Reference list:
Simpson, J. (1865). 6/57/896 [Manuscript]. Birmingham University Library,

Birmingham, UK.
Author
Year of publication
Location of manuscript in archive or repository
Media type
Name of collection containing manuscript
Scientific and technical information
59
Data
Graphs
In-text citation:
The effects of the atoms (Gray, 2009, p. 87).
Reference list:
Gray, A. (2009). How to reference scientific papers (graph). Oxford: Oxford

University Press.
Author
Year of publication Title of book (in italics)
Scientific datasets
In-text citation:
The data (Shevchenko, 2014)…
Reference list:
Shevchenko, A. (2014). Na levels holdings. Retrieved from

http://physics.nist.gov/ajh5
Author
Year of publication
Title (in italics)
Retrieved from…
British standards
In-text citation:
Attic conversions are subject to strict controls (British Standards Institution,

1998)…
Reference list:
British Standards Institution. (1998). BS5678-9.8: structural use of timber: ceiling

binders. Retrieved from http://www.standardsuk.com/
Name of authorising organisation

Year of publication
Number and title of standard (in italics)
Retrieved from…
Mathematical equations
60
In-text citation:
James (2006, p. 1889) noted that…
Reference list:
James, J. (2006). ‘Some functional equations’. Advances in Algebra, 315(8): 1880-

1899. Retrieved from http://www.mathematicjournals.co.uk/James
Author
Year of publication
Title of article (in single quotation marks)
Journal (italics)
Volume, issue and page numbers (if relevant)
Retrieved from…
Patents
In-text citation:
Fredericks (2012) proposed a solution…
Reference list:
Fredericks, F. (2012). Vinyl cleaning tool. In UK Intellectual Property Office Patent

no. GB2468906. Retrieved from http://www.ipo.gov.uk/p/find-publication
Inventor(s)
Year of publication/invention
Title (in italics)
Authorising organisation
Patent number
Retrieved from…
Requests for Comments
In-text citation:
A number of comments were made relating to the document (Hoff, 1995).
Reference list:
Hoff, D. (1995). The Baywatch years (nos: FYA 19 and RFC 5879). Retrieved from
http://tools.ietf.org/hoff
Author/editor
Year of publication
Title (in italics)
Document number
Media type
Retrieved from…
61
Scientific or Technical Reports
In-text citation:
Jones has found (1997)…
Reference list:
Jones, B. (1997). Methods in tumour research. Vol 7. Close analysis of case studies
(IARC Scientific Publication no. 46). Manchester, UK: National Agency for Tumour
Research.
Author(s)
Year of publication
Publishing organisation
Report series and number
LEGAL MATERIAL
House of Commons and House of Lords Papers
In-text citation:
Parliamentary reports for the year included renewable energy (House of

Lords, 2004).
Reference list:
House of Lords. (2004). Electricity from renewables: the first report. (HL 2003-2004
(19)). London: The Stationary Office.
House of…
Year of publication
Title (in italics)
Paper number
62
Publication details
Hansard
In-text citation:
Dr Sugar expressed his views quite clearly (HC Deb, 2009)…
Reference list:
House of Commons. (2009). January 20 Debate (vol 500, col 1990). Retrieved from
http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/hcdeb1990
House of…
Year of debate
House of … Debate
Date of debate (in italics)
Volume number
Column number
Retrieved from…
Legislation from UK devolved assemblies
In-text citation:
In the legislation (Budget (Wales) Act, 2008)…
Reference list:
Budget (Wales) Act (asp 2). (2008). (legislation from Welsh devolved assembly)
Retrieved from http://www.legislation.gov.uk/asp/2008/2/contents
Title of Act
asp number
Year of publication
Media type
Retrieved from…
More legal material
Bills from House of Commons/Lords
63
In-text citation:
It is clear that the Green Belt Bill (House of Commons, 1999)…
Reference list:
House of Commons. (1999). Green Belt Bill (Bills 1999-2000 9). London: The
Stationary Office.
House of…
Year of publication
Title (in italics)
Bill number
Publication details
Command Papers – Green and White Papers
In-text citation:
Useful advice (Lord Chancellor’s Department, 2000)…
Reference list:
Lord Chancellor’s Department. (2000). Government policy on referencing (Cm 4517).

London: The Stationery Office.
Name of committee or Royal Commission

Year of publication
Title (in italics)
Page number
Publication details
Law commission reports and consultation papers
In-text citation:
64
The report (Crime Commission, 2012)…
Reference list:
Crime Commission. (2012). Prosecution Appeals (Law Com No 567, Cm 8906).

Law commission
Year of publication
Title of report or consultation paper (in italics)
Number of report or consultation paper, Command Paper number (if given)
Publication details
Statutory instruments
In-text citation:
It was made clear (Terrorism Order, 2004)…
Reference list:
Terrorism Order (SI 2004/3354). (2004). Retrieved from

http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2004/3354/contents/made
Name/title (in italics)

SI year and number
Year of publication
Retrieved from…
GOVERNMENT & EU
European Union publications
In-text citation:
The predicted migration of labour (European Commission, 2007)…
Reference list:
European Commission. (2007). Making globalisation profitable. Luxembourg: Office

for Official Publications of the European Communities.
Name of EU institution
Year of publication
Title (in italics)
Government publications
Command Papers – Green and White Papers
65
In-text citation:
Useful advice (Lord Chancellor’s Department, 2000)…
Reference list:
Lord Chancellor’s Department. (2000). Government policy on referencing (Cm 4517).

Name of committee or Royal Commission

Year of publication
Title (in italics)
Page number
Publication details
Departmental publications
Publications of international organisations
In-text citation:
Reports (International Chamber of Commerce, 2010)…
Reference list:
International Chamber of Commerce, Commission for Air Transport. (2010). The

need for greater liberalization. Retrieved from http://www.iccwbo.org/liberalization
Name of organization or institution

Year of publication
Title (in italics)
Publication details (if relevant)
Retrieved from…
COMMUNICATIONS
Conferences
Full conference proceedings
66
In-text citation:
The conference (Institute for Large Businesses, 1999)…
Reference list:
Institute for Large Businesses. (1999). Large firms policy and research conference
(University of Birmingham, 1999 December 18-19). Leeds: Institute for Large
Businesses.
Author/editor
Year of publication
Title of conference (in italics)
Individual conference papers
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Large Businesses.
Author of paper
Year of publication
Title of paper (in single quotation marks)
Title of conference (in italics)
Papers from conference proceedings published on the internet
In-text citation:
67
Reference list:
Large Businesses. Retrieved from http://www.bigbusinesses.co.uk/jonesd
Author
Year of production
Title of paper (single quotation marks)
In title of conference (in italics)
Publication details
Retrieved from…
Public communications
Electronic
Electronic Discussion groups and bulletin boards
In-text citation:
This was discussed by Jameson (2014)…
Reference list:
Jameson, A. (2014). ‘International queries. British Business Schools Librarians

Group discussion list (2014, March 13). Email retrieved from
[email protected]
Author of message
Year of message
Subject of the message (in single quotation marks)
Discussion group or bulletin board (in italics)
Date posted
Email retrieved from…
RSS feeds
In-text citation:
68
The library extension will be completed in 2016 (University of Birmingham,
2015).
Reference list:
University of Birmingham. (2015, January 26). Library opening (RSS). Retrieved from
https://www.bham.ac.uk/feeds/news/178
Author/organisation
Date of Feed
Title of communication (in italics)
Media type
Retrieved from…
Advertisements & PR
Advertisements
In-text citation:
The advertisement by British Telecom (2012)…
Reference list:
British Telecom. (2012, November 19). Office relocation gremlins (advertisement on

ITV3 Television).
Author/Organisation
Date viewed (and year)
Title of advert/brief description of advert (in italics)
Media type
Press releases and announcements
In-text citation:
This development (Google Inc., 2015)…
Reference list:
69
Google Inc. (2015, December 29). Google Maps changes forever (press release).
Retrieved from http://www.google.com/intl/en/news
Author/Organisation
Date issued
Title of communication (in italics)
Media type
Retrieved from…
Display boards
In-text citation:
It is obvious (Paintings of John Doe, 2012)…
Reference list:
Paintings of John Doe (exhibition). (2012). Pontefract, UK: Display board at Alex
Davids Art Gallery.

Year of exhibition
Location
Display board at…
Leaflets
In-text citation:
Barclays Bank plc (no date) provides insurance for many families.
Reference list:
Barclays Bank plc. (no date). Mortgages (leaflet obtained in York branch,
2015).
Author
Date viewed
Title (in italics)
Leaflet obtained in…
Minutes of meetings
In-text citation:
The library staff committee (2014)…
Reference list:
Library staff committee. (2014). ‘Item 4.2: developing technology’. In Minutes of

library staff committee meeting 24 January 2014. University of Birmingham: Main
Library.
70
Author
Year of meeting
Item being referenced (in single quotation marks)
Title (in italics)
Date of meeting (in italics)
Organisation
Location of meeting
Personal communications
In-text citation:
This was disputed by Smith (2012).
Reference list:
Smith, D. (2012, August 13). Conversation with Steven Jones.

Smith, D. (2012, January 23). Letter to Steven Jones.
Smith, D. (2012, August 14). Email to Steven Jones.
Smith, D. (2012, December 25). Telephone conversation with Steven Jones.
Smith, D. (2012, June 21). Skype conversation with Steven Jones.
Smith, D. (2012, June 14). Text message to Steven Jones.
Smith, D. (2012, December 17). Fax to Steven Jones.
Sender/speaker/author
Date of communication
Medium of communication
Receiver of communication
71
A reference list is the detailed list of references that are cited in your work. Therefore, it
includes the full bibliographical information on sources, so that the reader can identify and
then locate the source. A bibliography is a detailed list of references but also includes
background readings or other material that you may have read but not actually cited.
Different courses may require just a reference list, just a bibliography, or even both. It is
better to check with your tutor first. Both the reference list and the bibliography are located at
the end of the work. When using the APA style of referencing, both the bibliography and the
reference list are arranged in alphabetical order by the author’s surname, or title (for when
there is no author). Usually, the reference list is included in your word count, whereas your
bibliography is not. However, it is best to check with your subject supervisor or lecturer
before beginning your work.
Sample Reference List
Banerjee, A., & Watson, T.F. (2011). Pickard’s manual of operative dentistry (9th ed). Oxford:
Oxford University Press.
Barclays Bank plc. (no date). Mortgages (leaflet obtained in York branch, 2015).
European Commission. (2007). Making globalisation profitable. Luxembourg: Office for

Official Publications of the European Communities.
Guy, J. (2001). The view across the river: Harriette Colenso and the Zulu struggle against
imperialism. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia.
Smith, D. (2012, December 17). Fax to Steven Jones.
72
Sample Bibliography
A conversation with Mark Zuckerberg (phonecast). (2007). Retrieved from

http://www.phonecasting.com/Channel/View/Channel.aspx
‘Jayne Seaman’. (1966). Certified copy of birth certificate for Jayne Seaman, 20 December
1966 (application number 5001977/D). Pontefract Register Office, UK.
Peart, N. (1976). A passage to Bangkok [Recorded by Rush]. On 2112 [vinyl]. Toronto:

Toronto Sound Studios.
Various artists. (2015). Now that’s what I call music 91 [CD-ROM]. London: EMI Group
Limited.
Hints and tips
Be aware: if you don't already know, check with your tutor which referencing style you are
expected to use
Be positive: used properly, references strengthen your writing, demonstrating that you have
spent time researching and digesting material and produced your own opinions and
arguments
Be decisive about the best way to cite your sources and how you balance your use of direct
quotations, paraphrasing and summarising (read about these in the
introductory Basics sections of Cite them right online)
Be willing to ask for help: library/learning resource staff offer support with referencing and
academic skills. Subject Advisors can help with finding and using resources and reference
software, http://libguides.bham.ac.uk/subjectsupport/index; the Academic Skills Centre staff
can help with essay writing and the use of citations and references;
http://intranet.birmingham.ac.uk/asc.
Be organised: prepare well and keep a record of all potentially useful sources as you find
them
Be prepared: read the Basics sections of Cite them right online before you begin your first
assignment
Be consistent: once you have established the referencing style required, use it consistently
throughout your piece of work
Be patient: make time and take your time to ensure that your referencing is accurate
73
Be clear: clarify the type of source you are referencing and check Cite them right online for
examples
Be thorough: check through your work and your references before you submit your
assignment, ensuring that your citations all match with a full reference and vice versa.
(What is referencing and why is it important? (2015) Available at:

http://www.citethemrightonline.com/Basics/top-ten-tips)
FAQs
What is the difference between a reference list and a bibliography?
 A reference list is the detailed list of references that are cited in your work.
Therefore, it includes the full bibliographical information on sources, so that the
reader can identify and then locate the source. A bibliography is a detailed list of
references but also includes background readings or other material that you may
have read but not actually cited. Different courses may require just a reference list,
just a bibliography, or even both. It is better to check with your tutor first. Both the
reference list and the bibliography are located at the end of the work. When using the
APA style of referencing, both the bibliography and the reference list are arranged in
alphabetical order by the author’s surname, or title (for when there is no author).
What do I do if the publication has no date?
 You simply write ‘n.d.’ in brackets. For example, (Jones, n.d.). Take a look at a
further example below;
o In-text citation:
 He was seen by many to be a great man (BBC History, n.d.).
o Reference list:
 BBC History. (n.d.). Duke of Wellington (1769-1852). Retrieved from
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/wellington_duke_of.shtml
Can I mix referencing styles?
 No, you should never mix referencing styles. Always be consistent.
When should I omit page numbers?
74
 If you are summarising what an author has argued in a book or article, you do not
need to give page numbers.
Can I cite lots of sources in the same sentence?
 Yes, but only cite more than one author in the same sentence if they make similar
points or use similar methods or evidence. If this cannot be avoided, put the sources
in alphabetical order and separate each one with a comma. See the example below;
o ....(Phillips, Ajrouch, & Hillcoat-Nalletamby, 2010; Rolfe, Jasper, &
Freshwater, 2010).
Are my footnotes included in my word count?
 Yes, they are counted in your word count. However, your bibliography is not counted
in your word count.
What are DOIs?
 DOIs are digital object identifiers – a character string used to uniquely identify a
digital object.
What sources can I legally use?
 At present copyright law allows only small extracts of items to be copied legally
provided that they are referenced. Only copy what is completely necessary, and only
when the use falls into one or more of the following categories:
personal private study;
non-commercial research;
criticism and review;
illustration for instruction;
parody pastiche or caricature;
or quotation.
Students’ use will fall under personal private study, criticism and review, illustration,
and/or quotation. For further information, go to;
https://intranet.birmingham.ac.uk/copyright
Further information and useful websites
A list of sources with examples of in-text citations and how to input them into your reference
list:
https://www.hud.ac.uk/library/finding-info/apa-referencing/
75
Similar to the first link, including a lesson on how to correctly format your citations:
http://library.williams.edu/citing/styles/apa.php
This link tells you how to create a citation when there is no example to follow for your source
type:
http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2010/12/i-cant-find-the-example-reference-i-
need.html
Probably the most in-depth website for APA (use this website over ‘Cite Them Right’ for the
APA style):
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/2/10
Any questions?
If you have a query that is not answered within this Guide, and the answer is still not found
on any of the other useful websites that are linked further up, please speak to your tutor or
subject advisor. Always check the Cite Them Right Online website for further information if
you are still unsure (www.citethemrightonline.com).
Glossary (from Cite them right online)
Bibliography: A list of all the sources you consulted for your work arranged in alphabetical
order by author's surname or, when there is no author, by title. For web pages where no
author or title is apparent, the URL of the web page would be used.
Citation: The in-text reference that gives brief details (for example author, date, page
number) of the source you are quoting from or referring to. This citation corresponds with the
full details of the work (title, publisher and so on) given in your reference list or bibliography,
so that the reader can identify and/or locate the work. End-text citations are more commonly
known as references.
Common knowledge: Facts that are generally known. For example, the fact that World War
Two ended in 1945 is common knowledge and does not need to be referenced.
Digital Object Identifier (doi): A numbered tag used to identify individual digital (online)
sources, such as journal articles and conference papers.
Direct quotation: The actual words used by an author, in exactly the same order as in their
original work, and with the original spelling.
Ellipsis: The omission of words from speech or writing. A set of three dots (...) shows where
the original words have been omitted.
76
End-text citation: An entry in the reference list at the end of your work, which contains the
full (bibliographical) details of information for the in-text citation.
et al.: (From the Latin et alia meaning 'and others'.) A term most commonly used (for
example Harvard author-date system) for works having more than three authors. The citation
gives the first surname listed in the publication, followed by et al. For example, (Jones et al.,
2014).
In-text citation: Often known as simply the citation, this gives brief details (for example
author, date, page number) of your source of information within your text.
Paraphrase: A restating of someone else's thoughts or ideas in your own words. You must
always cite your source when paraphrasing.
Peer-review: A process used in academic publishing to check the accuracy and quality of a
work intended for publication. The author's draft of a book or article is sent by an editor
(usually anonymously) to experts in the subject, who suggest amendments or corrections.
This process is seen as a guarantee of academic quality and is a major distinction between
traditional forms of publishing, such as books and journals, and information in web pages,
which can be written by anyone, even if they have no expertise in a subject.
Plagiarism: Taking and using another person's thoughts, writings or inventions as your own
without acknowledging or citing the source of the ideas and expressions. In the case of
copyrighted material, plagiarism is illegal.
Proper noun: The name of an individual person, place or organisation, having an initial
capital letter.
Quotation: The words or sentences from another information source used within your text.
Reference: The full publication details of the work cited.
Reference list: A list of references at the end of your assignment that includes the full
information for your citations so that the reader can easily identify and retrieve each work
(journal articles, books, web pages and so on).
Secondary referencing: Citing/referencing a work that has been mentioned or quoted in the
work you are reading. You may wish to refer to an author's idea, model or dataset but have
not been able to read the actual chapter containing the information, but only another author's
discussion or report of it. Similarly you may refer to a primary source, e.g. an author's letters
or diary, or a government report, that you have only 'read' as cited or reproduced within
another author's text. This is known as secondary referencing because you have not
actually read the source, but only someone else's account of it.
sic: (From the Latin meaning 'so, thus'.) A term used after a quoted or copied word to show
that the original word has been written exactly as it appears in the original text, and usually
highlights an error or misspelling of the word.
77
Summarise: Similar to paraphrasing, summarising provides a brief account of someone
else's ideas or work, covering only the main points and leaving out the details.
URL: The abbreviation for Uniform (or Universal) Resource Locator, the address of
documents and other information sources on the internet (for example http://...).
Virtual learning environment (VLE): An online teaching environment (also known as online
learning environment – OLE) that allows interaction between tutors and students, and the
storage of course documents and teaching materials.
Index
Advertisements 70 Confidential information 53

Ancient Texts 16 Display boards 38
Anthologies 16 Drama Review 50
Atlas 17 DVD-ROM 33
Audiobooks 17 E-Book 14
Bible 15 Electronic Discussion groups and bulletin
Bibliographies 18 boards 69
Bills from House of Commons/Lords 64 Encyclopaedia (full) 13
Birth, marriage and death certificates 58 Encyclopaedia Entry 13
Blog 24 European Union publications 66
Book illustrations, figures, diagrams, logos Exhibitions 38
and tables 17 Facebook 25
Book Review 49 Film director interviews 49
Books in digital repositories 31 Film review 50
British standards 61 Financial reports from online databases 56
Cartoons 37 Full conference proceedings 67
CD-ROM 32 Geological survey maps 40
Censuses 58 Google+ 26
Clip art 43 Graffiti 39
Collected Works 15 Graphs 60
Comics 37 Hansard 63
Command Papers – Green and White Historical books in online collections 18
Papers 65 House of Commons and House of Lords
Company annual reports 56 Papers 63
Computer Games 33 Individual conference papers 68
Computer Programmes 33 Installations 38
Concerts 36 Internal reports 53
Conference papers in digital repositories Internet interview 52
32 Journal articles 22
78
Journal articles (accessed via VLE) 22 Press releases and announcements 70
Journal with more than three authors 24 Printed Book (book with an editor) 11
Law commission reports and consultation Printed Book (book with authors and
papers 65 editors) 12
Leaflets 71 Printed Book (book with no author) 12
Legislation from UK devolved assemblies Printed Book (more than three authors) 11
64 Printed Book (one author) 10
Liner Notes 47 Printed Book (two or three authors) 10
Lines in plays/scripts 19 Prints or slides 42
Lyrics from songs 46 Publications of international organisations
Magazine Articles 20 67
Manuscripts 19 Qur’an 16
Market research reports from online Radio and internet radio 29
databases 57 Reprints 21
Mathematical equations 61 Requests for Comments 62
Medical images 41 Research reports 57
Microform 47 Review of musical performances 51
Military records 59 RSS feeds 69
Minutes of meetings 71 Scientific datasets 60
Mood boards 41 Scientific or Technical Reports 62
Multi-Volume Works 14 Screencasts 48
Musical scores (sheet music) 46 Statutory instruments 65
Newspaper articles 35 Students’ own work 54
Newspaper Interview 51 Television – Episodes 46
Non-English Works 18 Television – Programmes 45
Online maps 41 Television programmes viewed on the
Online newspaper articles 27 internet 30
Ordnance survey maps 40 Theses/Dissertations 54
Packaging 42 Torah 15
Paintings/drawings 42 Translated Works 21
Pamphlet/Booklet/Programme 20 Tutors’ handouts 55
Papers from conference proceedings Tutors’ lecture notes in VLEs/intranet 45
published on the internet 30 TV interview 52
Parish registers 59 Twitter 25
Patents 61 Video Podcasts 48
Personal communications 72 Videos or films on YouTube 31
Phonecasts 47 War Memorial 44
Photographs from the internet 29 Web Page – individual author 27
Plays 36 Web page – no authors 29
Podcasts 47 Web page – no authors or titles 28
Postcards 43 Web page – no dates 28
Posters 44 Web page – organisation as the author 28
PowerPoint presentations 34 Wiki 26
Pre-publication journal articles 23 Wills 59
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Full APA Referencing Handbook

1.1. What is referencing? 3

3. Further referencing help

3.1. Sample reference list 73 3.6. Any questions? 77

Why should I reference?

(iii) To avoid accusations of plagiarism.

What should I reference?

As a general minimum, you should include a reference when:

(i) You quote or paraphrase from a primary source or secondary work;

(ii) You make use of a statistic;

How should I reference?

Your citations should always include the following elements;

(i) Author(s) or editor (s) surname/family name

Marks (2011) states that ...

If there are two authors of a work, both should be cited.

Bee and Boyd (2010) state that ...

...(Bee & Boyd, 2010)

(Rolfe, Jasper, & Freshwater, 2010) first cite

(Rolfe et al., 2010) subsequent cites

Note. There is a comma after the second-to-last author.

Six or more authors

More than one work cited

....(Phillips, Ajrouch, & Hillcoat-Nalletamby, 2010; Rolfe, Jasper, &

.... (Davies, 2008, 2010, 2012)

Author with two or more cited works in same year

Patient perspectives of managing fatigue in ankylosing spondylitis, and views

on potential interventions: a qualitative study. BMC Musculoskeletal

Disorders, 14 doi: 16310.1186/1471-2474-14-163

Davies, P. G., Revell, P. A., & Mayston, V. (1986). Demonstration of

activity in the synovial-membrane of patients with rheumatoid-arthritis and

ankylosing spondylitis after pepsin treatment - real or artifact. Annals of the

Rheumatic Diseases, 45(10), 821-826. doi: 10.1136/ard.45.10.821

For short quotations:

prematurely, if found guilty of cheating” (Swansea University College of Human &

Health Sciences, 2012, p. 24).

For quotations over 40 words:

Careful consideration of method is needed with data collection as it

Printed Book (one author)

According to the British consulate (Guy, 2001, p. 37)…

Printed Book (two or three authors)

Research by Banerjee and Watson (2011) suggests…

Printed Book (book with an editor)

This was clearly shown by Al-Sabbagh (2015)…

Al-Sabbagh, M. (ed.). (2015). Complications in implant dentistry. Series: Dental

Printed Book (book with authors and editors)

Lucas (2004) highlights that…

Printed Book (book with no author)

It was clear (Medicine in old age, 1985, p. 74)…

Title (in italics)

It is obvious that (Crystal, 2007)…

Crystal, D. (2007). The Penguin Concise Encyclopaedia (3rd ed). London:

Electronic books (ebooks)

Wear (2000) suggests…

Wear, A. (2000). Knowledge and practice in English medicine. Cambridge:

Jones (1999, p. 7) was clear in his definition…

Jones, D. (Ed.). (1999). Definitions of life (Vols. 1-6). London: Pirate

It was found in the Beatitudes (Matthew 5:3-12)…

King James Bible. Matthew 5:3-12.

Torah. Proverbs 24:16.