The OSI Reference Model

The OSI Model

OSI Open Systems Interconnection". OSI model was first introduced in 1984 by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

Outlines WHAT needs to be done to send data from one computer to another. Not HOW it should be done. Protocols stacks handle how data is prepared for transmittal (to be transmitted)

In the OSI model, The specification needed

are contained in 7 different layers that interact with each other.

What is THE MODEL?

Commonly referred to as the OSI reference model.

The OSI model

is a theoretical blueprint that helps us understand how data gets from one users computer to another. It is also a model that helps develop standards so that all of our hardware and software talks nicely to each other. It aids standardization of networking technologies by providing an organized structure for hardware and software developers to follow, to insure there products are compatible with current and future technologies.

What Each Layer Does

Gives end-user applications access to network resources Where is it on my computer? Workstation or Server Service in MS Windows

Presentation Layer

Session Layer

Allows applications to maintain an ongoing session Where is it on my computer? Workstation and Server Service (MS) Windows Client for NetWare (NetWare)
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Transport Layer

Provides reliable data delivery Its the TCP in TCP/IP Receives info from upper layers and segments it into packets Can provide error detection and correction

Figure 2.9

Transport layer

The transport layer is responsible for the delivery of a message from one process to another.

Network Layer

Provides network-wide addressing and a mechanism to move packets between networks (routing) Responsibilities: Network addressing Routing Example: IP from TCP/IP

Network layer

The network layer is responsible for the delivery of individual packets from the source host to the destination host.

Data Link Layer

Places data and retrieves it from the physical layer and provides error detection capabilities

Data link layer

The data link layer is responsible for moving frames from one hop (node) to the next.

Sub-layers of the Data Link Layer

MAC (Media Access Control)

Gives data to the NIC Controls access to the media through: CSMA/CD Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection Token passing Manages the data link interface (or Service Access Points (SAPs)) Can detect some transmission errors using a Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC). If the packet is bad the LLC will request the sender to resend that particular packet.

LLC (Logical Link Layer)

Physical Layer

Determines the specs for all physical components

Cabling Interconnect methods (topology / devices) Data encoding (bits to waves) Electrical properties Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) Token Ring (IEEE 802.5) Wireless (IEEE 802.11b)

Examples:

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Physical layer

The physical layer is responsible for the movement of individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.

Physical Layer (contd)

What are the Physical Layer components on my computer? NIC

Network Interface Card Has a unique 12 character Hexadecimal number permanently burned into it at the manufacturer. The number is the MAC Address/Physical address of a computer Twister Pair Fiber Optic Coax Cable

Cabling

How Does It All Work Together

Each layer contains a Protocol Data Unit (PDU)

PDUs are used for peer-to-peer contact between corresponding layers. Data is handled by the top three layers, then Segmented by the Transport layer. The Network layer places it into packets and the Data Link frames the packets for transmission.

Physical layer converts it to bits and sends it out over the media.
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The receiving computer reverses the process using the information contained in the PDU.

Figure 2.2

OSI layers

Data Encapsulation In TCP/IP

At each layer in the TCP/IP protocol stack

Outgoing data is packaged and identified for delivery to the layer underneath

PDU Packet Data Unit the envelop information attached to a packet at a particular TCP/IP protocol

e.g. header and trailer PDUs own particular opening component Identifies the protocol in use, the sender and intended recipient

Header

Trailer (or packet trailer) Provides data integrity checks for the payload

Encapsulation example: E-mail

Encapsulation

Figure 2.3

An exchange using the OSI model

Figure 2.14

Summary of layers

The Postal Analogy

Application Presentation

A- Write a 20 page letter to a foreign country. P- Translate the letter so the receiver can read it. S- Insure the intended recipient can receive letter. T- Separate and number pages. Like registered mail, tracks delivery and requests another package if one is lost or damaged in the mail. N- Postal Center sorting letters by zip code to route them closer to destination. D- Local Post Office determining which vehicles to deliver letters. P- Physical Trucks, Planes, Rail, autos, etc which carry letter between stations.

Session
Transport Network

Data-Link
Physical

Remembering the 7 Layers

7 - Application 6 - Presentation

All People

5 - Session
4 - Transport 3 - Network

Seem
To Need

2 - Data Link
1 - Physical

Data
Processing

4 layers of the TCP/IP model

Layer 4: Application Layer 3: Transport Layer 2: Internet Layer 1: Network access

It is important to note that some of the layers in the TCP/IP model have the same name as layers in the OSI model. Do not confuse the layers of the two models.

TCP/IP protocol stack

TCP/IP Reference Model

Layer

Protocols
HTTP TELNET TCP FTP SMTP UDP SNMP

Application Transport
Internet Network Access (Host-to-network)

IP

ICMP

ETHERNET

PACKET RADIO

Data Formats
application layer
transport layer network layer data link layer
Ethernet header TCP header

Application data

message

data

TCP header

data

TCP header

data

segment

IP TCP header header

data

packet

IP TCP header header

data

Ethernet trailer

frame

Packet Encapsulation (TCP/IP)

22Bytes 20Bytes 20Bytes

4Bytes

64 to 1500 Bytes

Comparing TCP/IP with OSI

Link Layer : includes device driver and network interface card Network Layer : handles the movement of packets, i.e. Routing Transport Layer : provides a reliable flow of data between two hosts Application Layer : handles the details of the particular application

How the OSI and TCP/IP Models Relate in a Networking Environment

OSI Model Layer Layer 7

OSI Model Equipment Pneumonic Equipment Name Purpose Application All

Data

Protocols

Words to Remember

TCP/IP Model

Layer 6

Presentation People

Computer

Layer 5 Layer 4

Session Transport

Seem To Computer

Regular Computer or A Special Data Gateway. Used to combine networks using different communication protocols

Redirector, Application FTP, Telnet, Browsers SMTP, SNMP, Common Data Application Netware Format Core
NFS, SQL, RPC, X-Win

Dialogues and Conversations Quality of Segment TCP and UDP Service, and Reliability
Routable Protocols. (IP, IPX, AppleTalk) Path Selection, Routing, and Addressing

Application Transport

Layer 3

Network

Need

Router

Segment Network into Smaller Broadcast Domains

Packet

Internet

Layer 2

Data Link -MAC -LLC

Data

Bridge (2 Ports) or Switch and NIC

Segment Network into Smaller Frame Collision Domains

NDIS, ODI, Frames and MAC Address, Media Access Ether Talk Control (MAC)

Network Access

Layer 1

Physical

Processing

Repeater, One Collision AND Hub (MultiOne Broadcast Bit port), Domain Cabling

Physical

Signals and Media

Network Access