Hydro Calculations

Flow and Power calculations for filled pipes
available flow = turbine diameter = 25 l / sec 40 cm Accel g = 9.81

1 ft = 1 gpm =
m/sec2
0.305 m 0.063 l / sec
Table 1 of adjustable parameters

situation: TBT -

situation: TBT - low head H= L= D= d= f= 9 200 100 33 0.020 m m mm mm m m mm mm Head pipe length pipe diameter nozzle diameter friction factor
Head pipe length pipe diameter nozzle diameter friction factor
H= L= D= d= f=
9 150 100 36 0.020
optimum 36
optimum 33
flow and power comparison for the parameters from the two tables
pipe characteristics calculated parameters flow & power
A
pD
2
F
f * (L/D) friction 30 40
R
(D/d)
2
K
2
J
2 g h)
V
J/R
Q
V*A req'd flow
(l/sec)
P
Q J2 power
(watts)
N
J/C turbine speed
(rpm)
F / (F+R ) H *(1-K) head effective loss head

ratio (m)
area
(cm 2 )
area
ratio
jet pipe velocity velocity

(m/sec) (m/sec)
1 2
79 79
7.7 9.2
0.34 0.32
6.0 6.1
10.8 10.9
1.4 1.2
11.0 9.4
647 560
517 TBT 522 TBT - low head
Effect of pipe diameter on flow and power. H, L and d from parameter table 1. pipe characteristics calculated parameters
flow & power
D
pipe diameter (in) 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 8
(mm)
A
pD2 area
(cm 2 )
F
f * (L/D) friction 118 94 79 59 39 30 24 20 15
N
J/C turbine speed
(rpm)
(D/d)2 F / (F+R2) H *(1-K) nozzle head effective area loss head

ratio ratio (m)
2 g h) J/R jet pipe velocity velocity

(m/sec) (m/sec)
Q J2 V*A req'd flow power

(l/sec) (watts)
25.4 32 38 51 76 100 127 152 203
5.1 8.0 11.3 20.4 45.4 78.5 126.7 181.5 323.7
0.5 0.8 1.1 2.0 4.5 7.7 12.4 17.8 31.8
1.00 0.99 0.98 0.94 0.67 0.34 0.13 0.06 0.01
0.0 0.1 0.1 0.6 3.0 6.0 7.8 8.5 8.9
0.6 1.1 1.7 3.4 7.7 10.8 12.4 12.9 13.2
1.22 1.37 1.48 1.68 1.72 1.40 0.99 0.72 0.41
0.6 1.1 1.7 3.4 7.8 11.0 12.6 13.1 13.4
0 1 2 19 231 647 965 1090 1168
29 52 79 161 367 517 591 616 630
Effect of nozzle diameter on flow and power. H, L and D from parameter table 1. pipe characteristics calculated parameters flow & power
d
nozzle diameter (in) 1 1 1 2 3 4
(mm)
A
pD2 area
(cm 2 )
F
f * (L/D) friction 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
N
J/C turbine speed
(rpm)
(D/d)2 F / (F+R2) H *(1-K) nozzle head effective area loss head

ratio ratio (m)
2 g h) J/R jet pipe velocity velocity

(m/sec) (m/sec)
Q J2 V*A req'd flow power

(l/sec) (watts)
12.7 19 25.4 32 38 51 76 100
78.5 78.5 78.5 78.5 78.5 78.5 78.5 78.5
62.0 27.7 15.5 9.8 6.9 3.8 1.7 1.0
0.01 0.04 0.11 0.24 0.38 0.67 0.91 0.97
8.9 8.7 8.0 6.8 5.5 3.0 0.8 0.3
13.2 13.0 12.5 11.6 10.4 7.6 4.0 2.4
0.21 0.47 0.81 1.19 1.50 1.99 2.31 2.39
1.7 3.7 6.3 9.3 11.8 15.6 18.2 18.7
147 314 498 626 642 454 146 53
632 622 598 553 498 364 191 114
2/16/2014
ACP
2

situation: ACP - short penstock

situation: ACP - long penstock H= L= D= d= f= 45 600 150 45 0.015 m m mm mm Head pipe length pipe diameter nozzle diameter friction factor
Accel
g = 9.81
m/sec
Head pipe length pipe diameter nozzle diameter friction factor
H= L= D= d= f=
45 300 125 43 0.015
m m mm mm
optimum 43
optimum 45
Table 3: flow and power comparison for the parameters from tables 1 & 2
pipe characteristics calculated parameters flow & power
A
pD2 area
(cm 2 )
F
f * (L/D) friction 36 60
R
(D/d)2 area
ratio
K
head loss
ratio
h
effective head
(m)
J
2 g h) jet velocity
(m/sec)
V
J/R pipe velocity
(m/sec)
Q
V*A req'd flow
(l/sec)
P
Q J2 jet power
(watts)
N
J/C turbine speed
(rpm)
F / (F+R2) H *(1-K)
turbine runner diameter =
40 cm
1 2
123 177
8.5 11.1
0.34 0.33
29.9 30.3
24.2 24.4
2.87 2.19
35.2 38.8
10321 11511
1157 ACP - short penstock 1164 ACP - long penstock
Table 4: flow and power for any pipe and nozzle size. Head: H, friction: f, and pipe run: L from table 1
nozzle diameter - d D: pipe . diameter
(in) 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 8
(mm) (mm)
(in)
(mm)
(in)
(mm)
(in) 1
(mm)
(in) 1
(mm)
(in) 1
(mm)
(in) 2
(mm)
(in) 3
(mm)
(in) 4
12.7 Power
40 175 426 1072 1552 1637 1652 1657 1660
Flow
1.1 1.8 2.4 3.3 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.8
19 Power
9 47 153 838 2721 3464 3620 3677 3708
Flow
1.1 2.0 2.9 5.1 7.6 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.4
25.4 Power
3 16 54 408 2898 5359 6116 6420 6589
Flow
1.1 2.0 3.0 5.9 11.4 14.0 14.6 14.9 15.0
32 Power
1 6 22 188 2179 6449 8631 9687 10331
Flow
1.1 2.0 3.1 6.2 14.1 20.3 22.4 23.2 23.7
38 Power
1 3 11 99 1459 6308 10219 12618 14282
Flow
1.1 2.0 3.1 6.3 15.5 25.3 29.7 31.9 33.2
51 Power
0 1 4 32 571 4086 10055 16607 23589
Flow
1.1 2.0 3.1 6.4 16.8 32.4 43.8 51.8 58.2
76 Power
0 0 1 7 127 1221 4556 12359 34580
Flow
1.1 2.0 3.1 6.5 17.4 36.9 57.2 79.8 112.5
100 Power
0 0 0 2 43 440 1842 6148 29417
Flow
1.1 2.0 3.1 6.5 17.5 37.9 61.0 91.2 153.7
25.4 32 38 51 76 104 127 152 203
hidden tables below this point
2/16/2014
Equations of pressure flow

Basic equations
The general Bernoulli equation for energy conservation is: 1 p1/rg + z1 + V12/2g - hL = p2/rg + z2+ V22/2g where 1 and 2 are at different points along a pipe. g = 9.81 m/sec2 and for water, r is 1000 kg / m3 usually we take point 1 to be the intake, so that the pressure p1 is 0, and z1 is the head, H also we take point 2 at the outflow, so that the pressure p2 is 0, and z2 is zero V is the velocity of water in the flow 2a the head loss hL = f (L/D) V2/2g where the friction factor f = 0.02, closely (maybe 0.025) L/D is the pipe length in units of its diameter the flow at any point is Q = A * V = pD2 V thus, eliminating V in favor of Q: hL = f (8/p2g) LQ2/D5 The power transmitted in the flow is: P = rgHQ = pQ = rV2Q The force is F = rQ DV And the pressure is: p = F/A = rgH Eqn 1 then shows that anywhere along the pipe the Energy and Power are: energy = p + rgz + rV2 = rghL power = pQ + rgQ(z - hL) + rV2Q A is the area of the pipe
3 2b
4 5 6 7 8
For no losses and no nozzle

eqns 1 and 3 then give: 9 10 11 V = 2gH = 4.4 H m / sec
hL = 0
for H in meters for D in cm , H in m
Q = A V = p D 2gH = 0.35 D H liters / sec
P = QV = AV = p/8 (2g)3/2 D2H3/2 = 0.034 D2 H3/2 watts for D in cm , H in m
2/16/2014
Add a nozzle
defns: Vo, Qo, Po = velocity, flow and power in pipe with no nozzle V, Q = velocity and flow in pipe with a nozzle 12 R = area of pipe / area of nozzle = (D / d) 13 J = velocity in jet = R V from constancy of incompressible flow 14 F = pipe losses = f (L/D) 15 16 17 then eqn 1 becomes H = (1 + pipe losses) Vo / 2g H = (1 + nozzle losses) J /2g + (pipe losses) V / 2g or H = [(1 + nozzle losses) R + pipe losses] V / 2g neglecting nozzle losses, eqns 13, 15 and 17 give (1 + F) Vo / 2g = (R + F) V / 2g Now define x = (1 + F) / (R + F) we have V = x Vo and (from 3 ) Q = x Qo thus the power in the jet is: P = Q J = R x3/2 Po to find the maximum jet power, we set the derivative dP/dR = 0 this gives R = 2F
18
Introducing the effective head and the head loss ratio K

The effective head h is the head after losses; thus: h = H - hL The jet velocity would be J = 2gh We will also use the head loss ratio, defined as K = hL / H thus J = 2g H (1 - K) 16 b Rewriting eqn 16 we have 2g H = J + F V but J = R V from continuity. Therefore 2g H R = J R + F V R = J (R + F) so that R / (R + F) = J / 2g H = 1 - K or K = F/(R + F) from eqn 18 we see that for maximum power in the jet, and h = 2/3 H K = 1/3 this also gives (from eqns 12 and 14 ): d = 2.24 D / (L/D)1/4 for f = .020 and L > 25 D d = 2.11 D / (L/D)1/4 for f = .025 and L > 25 D
19
Calculations
for a given head: H, pipe geometry: L and D, nozzle size d, and friction factor f 1. Calculate nozzle area ratio R from d and D -- eqn 12 2. calculate the friction F from f, L, and D -- eqn 14 3. calculate the effective head h from H, R and F 4. calculate the jet velocity J from h and g 5. calculate the pipe velocity V if desired from J and R -- eqn 13 6. calculate the required flow Q from V and D -- eqn 3 7. calculate the power P transmitted by the pipe from Q and J -- eqn 4 8. You can maximize the power by chosing a nozzle size that results in h = 2/3 H
2/16/2014

Hydro Calculations

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Flow and Power calculations for filled pipes

available flow = turbine diameter = 25 l / sec 40 cm Accel g = 9.81

0.305 m 0.063 l / sec

Table 1 of adjustable parameters

Table 2 of adjustable parameters

Head pipe length pipe diameter nozzle diameter friction factor

9 150 100 36 0.020

F / (F+R ) H *(1-K) head effective loss head

jet pipe velocity velocity

517 TBT 522 TBT - low head

flow & power

(D/d)2 F / (F+R2) H *(1-K) nozzle head effective area loss head

2 g h) J/R jet pipe velocity velocity

Q J2 V*A req'd flow power

25.4 32 38 51 76 100 127 152 203

5.1 8.0 11.3 20.4 45.4 78.5 126.7 181.5 323.7

0.5 0.8 1.1 2.0 4.5 7.7 12.4 17.8 31.8

1.00 0.99 0.98 0.94 0.67 0.34 0.13 0.06 0.01

0.0 0.1 0.1 0.6 3.0 6.0 7.8 8.5 8.9

0.6 1.1 1.7 3.4 7.7 10.8 12.4 12.9 13.2

1.22 1.37 1.48 1.68 1.72 1.40 0.99 0.72 0.41

0.6 1.1 1.7 3.4 7.8 11.0 12.6 13.1 13.4

0 1 2 19 231 647 965 1090 1168

29 52 79 161 367 517 591 616 630

(D/d)2 F / (F+R2) H *(1-K) nozzle head effective area loss head

2 g h) J/R jet pipe velocity velocity

Q J2 V*A req'd flow power

12.7 19 25.4 32 38 51 76 100

78.5 78.5 78.5 78.5 78.5 78.5 78.5 78.5

62.0 27.7 15.5 9.8 6.9 3.8 1.7 1.0

0.01 0.04 0.11 0.24 0.38 0.67 0.91 0.97

8.9 8.7 8.0 6.8 5.5 3.0 0.8 0.3

13.2 13.0 12.5 11.6 10.4 7.6 4.0 2.4

0.21 0.47 0.81 1.19 1.50 1.99 2.31 2.39

1.7 3.7 6.3 9.3 11.8 15.6 18.2 18.7

147 314 498 626 642 454 146 53

632 622 598 553 498 364 191 114

Table 1 of adjustable parameters

Table 2 of adjustable parameters

Head pipe length pipe diameter nozzle diameter friction factor

45 300 125 43 0.015

turbine runner diameter =

1157 ACP - short penstock 1164 ACP - long penstock

25.4 32 38 51 76 104 127 152 203

hidden tables below this point

Equations of pressure flow

For no losses and no nozzle

for H in meters for D in cm , H in m

Q = A V = p D 2gH = 0.35 D H liters / sec

P = QV = AV = p/8 (2g)3/2 D2H3/2 = 0.034 D2 H3/2 watts for D in cm , H in m

Introducing the effective head and the head loss ratio K

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