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    Digestive System: - Primitive Gut (PG) Develops I From Endoderm

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    Raju Gangadharan
    The document summarizes the development of the digestive system from the primitive gut to the formation of the pharynx, foregut, midgut and hindgut. It describes how the endoderm gives rise to the epithelium of the digestive tract and associated glands like the liver and pancreas. Some common congenital malformations of the digestive system are also outlined such as esophageal atresia, intestinal stenosis, omphalocoele and Meckel's diverticulum.

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    Digestive System: - Primitive Gut (PG) Develops I From Endoderm

    Uploaded by

    Raju Gangadharan
    14 views24 pages
    The document summarizes the development of the digestive system from the primitive gut to the formation of the pharynx, foregut, midgut and hindgut. It describes how the endoderm gives rise to the epithelium of the digestive tract and associated glands like the liver and pancreas. Some common congenital malformations of the digestive system are also outlined such as esophageal atresia, intestinal stenosis, omphalocoele and Meckel's diverticulum.

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    Digest (2)

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    The document summarizes the development of the digestive system from the primitive gut to the formation of the pharynx, foregut, midgut and hindgut. It describes how the endoderm gives rise to the epithelium of the digestive tract and associated glands like the liver and pancreas. Some common congenital malformations of the digestive system are also outlined such as esophageal atresia, intestinal stenosis, omphalocoele and Meckel's diverticulum.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    14 views24 pages

    Digestive System: - Primitive Gut (PG) Develops I From Endoderm

    Uploaded by

    Raju Gangadharan
    The document summarizes the development of the digestive system from the primitive gut to the formation of the pharynx, foregut, midgut and hindgut. It describes how the endoderm gives rise to the epithelium of the digestive tract and associated glands like the liver and pancreas. Some common congenital malformations of the digestive system are also outlined such as esophageal atresia, intestinal stenosis, omphalocoele and Meckel's diverticulum.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 24

    Digestive System

    Primitive gut (PG) develops I0 from endoderm


    PG digestive system
    Dorsal part of the yolk sac is incorporated into embryo as the PG due to formation of head, tail & lateral folds during 4th week

    Endoderm gives rise to most of epithelium of the digestive tract & parenchyma of its associated glands
    Liver & pancreas

    Ectoderm of stomodeum (primitive mouth) epithelium at the superior end of digestive tract Ectoderm of proctodeum (anal pit) epithelium at the inferior end of the digestive tract

    Digestive tract
    Connective tissue & muscles in the wall of the digestive tract are derived from splanchnic mesenchyme that surrounds the endodermal primitive gut (PG) PG is divided into four parts
    Pharynx Foregut Midgut hindgut

    Pharynx
    Supported by pharyngeal/branchial arches
    Series of paired sacculations in lateral walls Pharyngeal pouches
    By the end of the 4th week five pairs have formed

    Pharyngeal Pouches
    First pharyngeal pouch
    Enlarges & develops into a tubotympanic recess
    This will become the auditory tube & tympanic cavity (middle ear)

    Second pharyngeal pouch


    Remains small & is largely obliterated as palatine tonsil develops
    Endodermal cells form surface epithelium of tonsil & lining of its crypts Mesenchyme around this pouch differentiates into lymphoid tissue

    Pharyngeal Pouches (cont.)


    Third pharyngeal pouch
    Dorsal endoderm inferior parathyroid glands Ventral endoderm unite to form thymus Both glands lose connection with pharynx & migrate in a caudal & medial direction

    Fourth pharyngeal pouch


    Dorsal endoderm superior parathyroid glands

    Fifth pharyngeal pouch (part of fouth)


    Ultimobranchial body which incorporates into thyroid gland
    These cells give rise to parafollicular/C cells & secrete calcitonin

    Foregut
    Lies caudal to pharyx & extends as far back as the liver outgrowth At about 4 weeks a small diverticulum appears in ventral wall at caudal border
    Tracheobonchiole/respiratory diverticulum
    Gradually separates from foregut dividing foregut
    Dorsal esophagus Ventral respiratory primordium

    Foregut
    Esophagus
    Tube extending from pharynx to stomach
    Initially short but elongates rapidly keeping pace with differentiating neck & descending heart & lungs

    Foregut
    Stomach
    Fusiform dilatation in 4th week of development During the following weeks appearance & position changes (descends)
    Increases in length Dorsal border grows faster than ventral wall + 90o CW rotation along its long axis
    Posterior faces left, Anterior faces right Convex greater curvature (GC) lies on left Concave lesser curvature (LC) lies on right

    Epithelium differentiates into gastric glands & surrounding mesenchyme


    Three incomplete layers of the muscular coat

    Foregut
    Duodenum
    Develops early in 4th week from caudal part of foregut & cephalic part of midgut
    Junction of two parts directly distal to origin of liver bud

    Takes form of C shape loop & rotates to right as stomach rotates


    Duodenal rotation along with rapid growth of head of the pancreas causes swing to left side of abdomen

    During 2nd month the lumen is obliterated by cell proliferation but recanalized shortly after

    Foregut
    Liver & gallbladder
    Liver primordium appears in middle of 3rd week as hepatic diverticulum (HD) or liver bud at distal end of foregut
    Hepatic diverticulum rapidly enlarges due to cell proliferation dividing into a large & small part
    Large cranial part liver primordium Small caudal part gallbladder primordium

    Hepatic cells continue to divide, the connection between the HD & duodenum narrows bile duct

    Liver (cont.)
    Epithelial hepatic cell cords intermingle with vitelline & umbilical veins Hepatic sinusoids Liver grows rapidly & fills most of abdominal cavity
    Initially right & left lobe are = size
    Right lobe becomes larger & subdivides into caudate & quadrant lobes
    At 9th week 10% of fetal body weight At full term 5% of fetal body weight

    Gallbladder & Pancreas


    Gallbladder primordium
    Distal end expands gallbladder Proximal part stays narrow cystic duct

    Pancreas formed by two buds originating from endodermal lining of duodenum


    Buds arise on opposite sides at end of 4th week
    Dorsal pancreas forms most of the gland
    Pushes out from dorsal wall slightly above hepatic diverticulum

    Ventral pancreas head & uncinate process


    Develops near entry of bile duct

    Main pancreatic duct


    Formed by distal part of dorsal duct + entire ventral duct

    Midgut
    In a 4-5 week old embryo midgut is suspended from dorsal abdominal wall by a short mesentery & communicates with the yolk sac via vitelline duct Will give rise to:
    Part of duodenum & rest of the small intestine
    Distal to where the bile duct enters

    Ceacum Appendix Ascending colon Proximal 2/3 of transverse colon

    Midgut (cont.)
    All structures of midgut supplied by superior mesenteric artery Development is characterized by a rapid growth in the length of the gut formation of primary intestinal loop
    Cranial limb
    Part of duodenum, jejunum, part of ileum

    Caudal limb
    Balance of ileum to proximal 2/3 of transverse colon

    Vitelline duct
    At junction of cranial & caudal limb If it persists in adult Meckels diverticulum

    Midgut (cont.)
    As the intestinal loop elongates rapidly & liver enlarges, the abdominal cavity is temporally too small causing intestinal loop to project into the umbilical cord physiological umbilical hernia (starting around the 6th week)
    By about the end of the 3rd month the herniated loops begin to return to the abdominal cavity

    Hindgut
    Gives rise to:
    distal 1/3 of transverse colon the descending colon the sigmoid colon the rectum upper part of anal canal

    All hindgut derivatives are supplied by the inferior mesenteric artery The terminal portion = cloaca
    Cloacal membrane
    lined with endodermal cells internally Lined with ectodermal cells externally

    Congenital Malformations
    Branchial Anomalies Esophageal Atresia Esophageal stenosis Short esophagus Intestinal stenosis & atresia Omphalocoele Umbilical hernia Meckels Diverticulum

    Branchial Anomalies
    Most of the abnormalities of the branchial region are represented by remnants of the branchial structures that normally disappear
    Branchial fistula
    An abnormal opening on the side of the neck
    Usually the result of persistance of parts of 2nd branchial groove & 2nd branchial pouch

    Agenesis of thyroid & parathyroid


    DiGeorge Syndrome Failure of 3rd & 4th pharyngeal pouches to differentiate May be due to teratogen action No known genetic cause

    Esophageal Atresia
    Usually occurs with tracheo-esophageal fistula (TEF) Several types
    Lower esophagus communicates with back of trachea & upper esophagus ends in a blind pouch ( most common) Discontinuous esophagus with no tracheoesophageal fistula (rare)

    Possibly genetic Possible maternal vitamin A deficiency

    Congenital Esophageal Stenosis


    Rarer than esophageal atresia with TEF Little known etiology Symptoms
    Regurgitation of food Failure to gain weight Dilation of esophagus above level of obstruction may press against the trachea & bronchi produce wheezing sounds

    Congenital Malformations (cont.)


    Short esophagus
    Causes partial thoracic stomach
    Small portion of stomach above diaphragm Gastroesophageal incompetence is a common cause of vomiting (often projectile) during infancy

    Intestinal stenosis & atresia


    Occurs commonly in duodenum & ileum May be due to interruption of blood supply to a loop of fetal intestine
    Results in necrosis, which later becomes fibrous cord connecting proximal & distal ends

    Congenital Malformations (cont.)


    Omphalocoele
    Results from failure of intestine to return to abdomen during 10th week Hernia may contain a single loop of intestine or most of the intestine
    Herniated mass is covered by a thin transparent membrane composed of peritoneum & amnion

    Associated with chromosome abnormalities & other severe defects

    Umbilical hernia
    Differs from omphalocoele
    herniated mass is covered by skin & subcutaneous tissue

    Congenital Malformations (cont.)


    Gastroschisis
    Herniation of abdominal contents through the body wall directly into the amniotic cavity
    Defect occurs lateral to umbilicus, usually on the right, through a region weakened by regression of the right umbilical vein which normally disappears

    Viscera are not covered by peritoneum or amnion


    Bowel may be damaged by exposure to amniotic fluid

    1 in 10,000 births (frequency is )


    May be related to cocaine use

    Congenital Malformations (cont.)


    Meckels Diverticulum
    Ileal diverticulum is common Higher frequency among males Represents remnant of the vitelline duct Appears as finger-like pouch arising from ileum 3-6 cm long & may remain connected to umbilicus by a fibrous cord or fistula Wall of diverticulum contains all tissue layers of the ileum
    May include gastric & pancreatic tissue Gastric secretion often produces ulceration

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