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    Development of The Cardiovascular System: - Begins To Function by End of The 3 Week

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    Raju Gangadharan
    The cardiovascular system begins developing by the third week of gestation with the formation of angioblasts from mesoderm and mesenchyme tissues. These angioblasts give rise to blood vessels and blood cells. By the fourth week, the heart begins as two endocardial tubes that fuse to form a single tube. Blood islands in the yolk sac produce the first blood cells. Over the next several weeks, the heart develops chambers and septa through tissue growth and overgrowth, separating the atria and ventricles. Several congenital heart defects can occur if septa formation is disrupted, such as atrial and ventricular septal defects.

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    Development of The Cardiovascular System: - Begins To Function by End of The 3 Week

    Uploaded by

    Raju Gangadharan
    14 views19 pages
    The cardiovascular system begins developing by the third week of gestation with the formation of angioblasts from mesoderm and mesenchyme tissues. These angioblasts give rise to blood vessels and blood cells. By the fourth week, the heart begins as two endocardial tubes that fuse to form a single tube. Blood islands in the yolk sac produce the first blood cells. Over the next several weeks, the heart develops chambers and septa through tissue growth and overgrowth, separating the atria and ventricles. Several congenital heart defects can occur if septa formation is disrupted, such as atrial and ventricular septal defects.

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    The cardiovascular system begins developing by the third week of gestation with the formation of angioblasts from mesoderm and mesenchyme tissues. These angioblasts give rise to blood vessels and blood cells. By the fourth week, the heart begins as two endocardial tubes that fuse to form a single tube. Blood islands in the yolk sac produce the first blood cells. Over the next several weeks, the heart develops chambers and septa through tissue growth and overgrowth, separating the atria and ventricles. Several congenital heart defects can occur if septa formation is disrupted, such as atrial and ventricular septal defects.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    14 views19 pages

    Development of The Cardiovascular System: - Begins To Function by End of The 3 Week

    Uploaded by

    Raju Gangadharan
    The cardiovascular system begins developing by the third week of gestation with the formation of angioblasts from mesoderm and mesenchyme tissues. These angioblasts give rise to blood vessels and blood cells. By the fourth week, the heart begins as two endocardial tubes that fuse to form a single tube. Blood islands in the yolk sac produce the first blood cells. Over the next several weeks, the heart develops chambers and septa through tissue growth and overgrowth, separating the atria and ventricles. Several congenital heart defects can occur if septa formation is disrupted, such as atrial and ventricular septal defects.

    Copyright:

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    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 19

    Development of the cardiovascular system

    Begins to function by end of the 3rd week


    Necessary in order to meet nutrient needs of rapidly growing embryo

    Angioblasts arise from:


    mesoderm
    Splanchnic & chorionic

    mesenchyme
    yolk sac & umbilical cord

    Give rise to blood & blood vessels

    Angioblasts
    AKA hemopoietic mesenchyme differentiates into the blood islands
    Central cells of blood islands differentiate into blood and blood cells

    Lined with endothelium

    Formation of blood cells


    Yolk sac-4th week Body mesenchyme & blood vessels-5th week Liver-6th week Spleen, thymus, lymph glands-2-3 months Bone marrow- 4th month There is overlap in production sites

    Development of Main Blood Vessels


    First indication of paired blood vessels
    3 week old embryo
    Embryonic period (4-8 weeks)
    By end of embryonic period the main organ systems have been established

    Appear as solid cell clusters which acquire a lumen & form a pair of longitudinal vessels
    Dorsal aorta Aortic arches
    Continue anteriorly and run ventrally

    Heart primordia
    Continue posteriorly

    Venous system at 4 weeks


    3 systems of paired veins drain into heart
    Vitelline veins
    Returning blood from yolk sac

    Umbilical veins
    Bring blood from the chorion and placenta

    Cardinal veins
    Returning blood from various parts of the body

    vascular system

    Arterial system at end of 4 weeks


    Four pairs of aortic arches have appeared Dorsal aorta have fused throughout much of their length descending aorta

    Development of the heart


    Starts as two thin walled endocardial tubes
    Caudal continuation of the first aortic arches
    Endocardial heart tubes
    Begin to fuse to form a single tube

    As heart tube fuses


    Surrounding mesenchyme thickens to form
    Myocardium Epicardium

    Tubular heart elongates and develops dilations or sacculations


    heart development (adam) development of the heart actual mouse embryo

    Primordia of Truncus, Bulbus, Ventricle, Atrium, Sinus (SI)

    Primitive heart
    Primordia (SI) (Cranially Caudally) (A V)
    Truncus
    Continuous cranially with first pair of aortic arches

    Bulbus Ventricle
    Both bulbus and ventricle grow faster than other parts which causes S shape bend animation

    Atrium Sinus
    Receives venous return from
    Umbilical, Vitelline & Common cardinal veins

    Primitive heart
    As primitive heart bends the atrium and sinus come to lie dorsal to the bulbus & ventricle
    Reversal of original cranio-caudal relationship

    Atrial portion being paired becomes one Atrioventricular junction remains narrow
    Form an atrioventricular canal
    Connecting atrium with the ventricle

    Primitive heart (cont)


    At the end of loop formation, the smooth inner heart surface begins to form the primitive trabecullae in the ventricle Atrium & bulbus remain temporarily smooth Sinus maintains its paired condition longer than any other portion of heart tube Contraction begins by day 22
    Initially ebb & flow unidirectional flow
    By end of 4th week, rhythmic contraction

    Formation of cardiac septa


    Begins around middle of 4th week & completed by end of 6th week
    Two methods
    Tissue growth
    Two of more actively growing masses of tissue which approach each other in the same plane, fuse to divide a single chamber into two

    Overgrowth
    Involves growth of a chamber at all points except for a narrow strip which fails to grow Leaves a small canal connecting the two chambers

    Cardiac Septum
    Atrioventricular septum (during 4th week)
    Bulges form on dorsal & ventral walls of AV canal AKA endocardial cushion septum

    Atrial septa (end of 4th week)


    Sickle-shaped crest grows from roof of common atrium in the direction of the endocardial cushion
    Septum primum

    As right atrium grows & incorporates part of the sinus


    Septum secundum associated with foramin ovale (oval foramin)

    Ostium primum
    Opening between septum and endocardial cushion which closes by growth of endocardial cushion

    Ostium secundum superior in septum primum

    Foramin ovale (FO)


    Shunts blood from Right to left atria via ostium secudum
    Mostly blood returning via inferior vena cava Bypasses lungs in fetus

    Associtated with septum secundum At birth FO pressed against septum primum which seals the opening

    Septal formation
    Ventricular septum (starts by end of 4th week)
    Expansive growth of ventricle laterally & ultimate fusion of the medial walls starts the formation of the Muscular Interventricular Septum near apex Communication btw ventricles below cushion
    Closed by membranous IV septum at end of 7th week

    Septum of the truncus & bulbus


    Continous paired ridges fuse
    Form a spiral septum (aorticopulmonary septum)
    Cavum aorticum LV Cavum pulmonare RV

    Two cava eventually separate forming acending aorta & pulmonary trunk image

    Congential malformations
    Acardia
    Absence of heart
    Only occurs in conjoined monozygotic twins 1:35,000

    Ectopic Cordis
    Heart is located through a sternal fissure into:
    Into the neck Down through a diaphragmatic hernia into a exomphalocoele Protruding outside chest
    Dextra thoracic ectopia Limited life expectancy

    Congenital Malformations
    Dextracardia
    Heart is located in right hemithorax Most cases associated with situs inversus
    Heart, great vessels, other thoracic & abdominal organs may present a mirror image of the norm. 1:10,000

    Known to occur with other anomolies


    Duodenal atresia Agenesis of spleen Spina bifida

    Isolated cases rare (1:900,000)

    Septal Defects
    Atrial Septal Defect
    Well tolerated into adult life Problem in old age May be combined with rarity of other cardiac anomalies

    Prenatal Closure of the interatrial shunt


    Enlargement of right atrium & ventricle Causes hypoplastic left side Death soon after birth

    Ventricular Septal Defect


    About of all cases of congestive heart failure show a VSD Uncomplicated form considered harmless
    Harsh systolic murmur with no cyanosis

    6:10,000

    Tetralogy of Fallot
    Pulmonary stenosis VSD Overriding Aorta Right Ventricular hypertrophy
    Life expectancy 12 years Major symptom is cyanosis Paroxysmal dyspnea on exertion is common Above symptoms may lead to unconsciousness & paralysis

    Trilogy of Fallot
    Pulmonary Stenosis ASD Right ventricular hypertrophy

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