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    Mesogenetic (Beyond The Influence of Surficial Processes) Karst Systems That Enhance Vertical Conductivity of Fluids

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    Tara Edwards
    This document discusses carbonate rock diagenesis and the formation of secondary porosity. It states that while depositional environment determines primary porosity, post-depositional evolution through dissolution during burial is often key to forming carbonate reservoirs. Dissolution increases porosity initially in a fabric-selective manner, but later becomes non-selective. Dolomitization can increase or decrease porosity depending on whether it involves net import or local sourcing of carbonate. Secondary porosity in breccias can form through processes like evaporite or limestone dissolution, faulting, and soil formation. Certain stratigraphic contexts like sea-level lowstands and rises can be linked to productive carbonate reservoirs due to changes in meteoric

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    Mesogenetic (Beyond The Influence of Surficial Processes) Karst Systems That Enhance Vertical Conductivity of Fluids

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    Tara Edwards
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    This document discusses carbonate rock diagenesis and the formation of secondary porosity. It states that while depositional environment determines primary porosity, post-depositional evolution through dissolution during burial is often key to forming carbonate reservoirs. Dissolution increases porosity initially in a fabric-selective manner, but later becomes non-selective. Dolomitization can increase or decrease porosity depending on whether it involves net import or local sourcing of carbonate. Secondary porosity in breccias can form through processes like evaporite or limestone dissolution, faulting, and soil formation. Certain stratigraphic contexts like sea-level lowstands and rises can be linked to productive carbonate reservoirs due to changes in meteoric

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    This document discusses carbonate rock diagenesis and the formation of secondary porosity. It states that while depositional environment determines primary porosity, post-depositional evolution through dissolution during burial is often key to forming carbonate reservoirs. Dissolution increases porosity initially in a fabric-selective manner, but later becomes non-selective. Dolomitization can increase or decrease porosity depending on whether it involves net import or local sourcing of carbonate. Secondary porosity in breccias can form through processes like evaporite or limestone dissolution, faulting, and soil formation. Certain stratigraphic contexts like sea-level lowstands and rises can be linked to productive carbonate reservoirs due to changes in meteoric

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    Download as pdf or txt
    7 views0 pages

    Mesogenetic (Beyond The Influence of Surficial Processes) Karst Systems That Enhance Vertical Conductivity of Fluids

    Uploaded by

    Tara Edwards
    This document discusses carbonate rock diagenesis and the formation of secondary porosity. It states that while depositional environment determines primary porosity, post-depositional evolution through dissolution during burial is often key to forming carbonate reservoirs. Dissolution increases porosity initially in a fabric-selective manner, but later becomes non-selective. Dolomitization can increase or decrease porosity depending on whether it involves net import or local sourcing of carbonate. Secondary porosity in breccias can form through processes like evaporite or limestone dissolution, faulting, and soil formation. Certain stratigraphic contexts like sea-level lowstands and rises can be linked to productive carbonate reservoirs due to changes in meteoric

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    of 0

    interparticle pore network, and touching vugs that form

    part of an interconnected pore system (Fig. 10.35b).


    These three types have different porositypermeability
    characteristics and are therefore distinct petrophysically.
    DIAGENESIS OF CARBONATES
    Although depositional environment and grain types are
    important in determining the primary porosity of a
    carbonate sediment, the postdepositional evolution of
    porosity is often the key element in the formation of car-
    bonate reservoirs. Dissolution during burial of a car-
    bonate sediment dominates the formation of secondary
    porosity. Initially, secondary porosity is fabric-selective in
    the so-called eogenetic zone. Later during burial, in the
    mesogenetic (beyond the inuence of surcial processes)
    and telogenetic (exhumation back to the region of surcial
    processes) zones, porosity generation is generally not
    fabric-selective. One of the most important processes
    during diagenesis of carbonate rocks is dolomitization.
    Dolomitization may result in cementation because of a
    net import of CO
    3
    (Lucia and Major 1994), or if CO
    3
    is
    locally sourced, may result in net production of porosity
    (Moore 1989; Purser et al. 1994). Dissolution by ingress
    of fresh meteoric water during periods of exposure is
    perhaps the most important process enhancing porosity
    during dolomitization.
    Secondary porosity associated with breccias can result
    from evaporite solution collapse, limestone solution col-
    lapse, faulting, and soil formation (Blount and Moore
    1969). For example, solution collapse breccias produced
    during periods of inux of fresh meteoric waters at times
    of subaerial emergence contribute signicantly to the
    porosity of the Ordovician Ellenburger carbonate reser-
    voir in Puckett eld, west Texas (Loucks and Anderson
    1985). Major karstic dissolution associated with major
    unconformities is responsible for a number of important
    carbonate reservoirs, such as the Mississippian Northwest
    Lisbon eld, Utah (Miller 1985) and the Permian Yates
    eld, west Texas (Craig 1988). Intense fracturing com-
    monly enhances porosity in carbonate rocks. A good
    example is the Oligocene Asmari Limestone of Iran.
    Despite a matrix porosity of just 9%, the reservoir pro-
    duces up to 80,000 barrels of oil per day from a fractured
    reservoir (McQuillan 1985).
    EOGENESIS AND RELATIVE SEA-LEVEL CHANGE
    The methodology of process stratigraphy (8.18.2)
    facilitates an explanatory approach to the occurrence of
    carbonate reservoirs. A number of common stratigraphic
    contexts (Fig. 10.36) can be linked to the occurrence of
    productive carbonate reservoirs (Saller et al. 1994; Harris
    et al. 1999; Moore 2001):
    Sea-level lowstand (lowstand systems
    tract, LST)
    On carbonate ramps and rimmed carbonate shelves,
    lowstands of sea level are important because in humid
    climates chemically unstable marine sediments are
    potentially subjected to ushing by large volumes of
    undersaturated meteoric waters. This modies the poros-
    ity and permeability of the host sediment. Marine car-
    bonate sediments commonly are exposed and develop
    karst systems that enhance vertical conductivity of uids.
    Gravity-driven meteoric water may move towards the
    coastline, mixing with marine water, and causing disso-
    lution, secondary porosity, and some dolomitization. On
    isolated carbonate platforms (such as atolls), there is no
    active gravity-driven ow beneath the platform, leaving
    a platform-wide meteoric lens oating on marine water
    at a sea-level lowstand. Cementation may take place
    along the water table, negatively impacting porosity, but
    cavernous, karstic porosity may develop along the
    periphery of the platform. The core of the platform is
    pervasively dolomitized in a mixing zone between the
    meteoric lens and marine water drawn into the platform.
    Sea-level rise (transgressive systems
    tract, TST)
    Diagenesis during sea-level rise is dominated by marine
    water. During sea-level rise on a ramp, deposition of
    transgressive deposits seals a conned, gravity-driven
    ow in the highstand deposits of the underlying deposi-
    tional sequence, often associated with porosity gain in the
    up-dip recharge area, and porosity loss by cementation
    in the down-ow area. On rimmed carbonate shelves,
    reef growth typies the shelf margin during relative sea-
    level rise, giving good framework porosity, but marine
    cementation may reduce porosity along the shelf margin.
    The interiors of isolated carbonate platforms are gener-
    ally open to marine waters during a sea-level rise and
    there is little meteoric water inuence. Reefs may track
    sea-level rise, particularly on the windward side. Minor
    dolomitization of platform margins by marine waters
    driven by thermal convection, or reux from the interior
    of the platform during arid periods, results in porosity
    loss by cementation.
    THE PETROLEUM PLAY 455
    ABA10 11/22/04 4:33 PM Page 455

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