THE

ESPERANTO TEACHER,
A SIMPLE COURSE FOR NON-GRAMMARIANS.
BY

HELEN FRYER. TENTH EDITION.

(B.E.A. PUBLICATIONS FUNDNO. 3). All profits from the sale of this book are devoted to the propaganda of Esperanto.

LONDON: BRITISH ESPERANTO ASSOCIATION (INCORPORATED), 17, HART STREET, W.C.I.

PRESENTATION.

PERHAPS to no one is Esperanto of more service than to the non-grammarian. It gives him for a minimum expenditure of time and money a valuable insight into the principles of grammar and the meaning of words, while enabling him, after only a few months of study, to get into communication with his fellow men in all parts of the world. To place these advantages within easy reach of all is the aim of this little book. Written by an experienced teacher, revised by Mr. E. A. Millidge, and based on the exercises of Dr. Zamenhof himself, it merits the fullest confidence of the student, and may be heartily commended to all into whose hands it may come. W. W. PADFIELD.
PREFACE.

This little book has been prepared in the hope of helping those who, having forgotten the lessons in grammar which they received at school, find some difficulty in learning Esperanto from the existing textbooks. It is hoped it will be found useful not only for solitary students, but also for class work. The exercises are taken chiefly from the "Ekzercaro" of Dr. Zamenhof. The compiler also acknowledges her indebtedness especially to the "Standard Course of Esperanto," by Mr. G. W. Bullen, and to the "Esperanto Grammar

and Commentary," by Major-General Geo. Cox, and while accepting the whole responsibility for all inaccuracies and crudenesses, she desires to thank all who have helped in the preparation, and foremost among them Mr. W. W. Padfield, of Ipswich, for advice and encouragement throughout the work, and to Mr. E. A. Millidge, for his unfailing kindness and invaluable counsel and help in its preparation and revision.
MANNER OF USING THE BOOK.

The student is strongly advised to cultivate the habit of thinking in Esperanto from the very beginning of the study. To do this he should try to realise the idea mentally without putting it into English words, e.g., when learning the word "rozo" or "kolombo," let him bring the object itself before his mind's eye, instead of repeating "rozo, rose; kolombo, pigeon"; or with the sentence "la suno brilas, the sun shines," let him picture the sun shining. Having studied the lesson and learned the vocabulary, he should read the exercise, repeating each sentence aloud until he has become familiar with it and can pronounce it freely. Then turning to the English translation at the end of the book, he should write the exercise into Esperanto, compare it with the original, and re-learn and rewrite if necessary. Although this method may require a little more time and trouble at first, the greater facility gained in speaking the language will well repay the outlay. After mastering this book the student should take some reader, such as "Unua Legolibro," by Dr. Kabe, and then proceed to the "Fundamenta Krestomatio," the standard work on Esperanto, by Dr. Zamenhof. A very good Esperanto-English vocabulary is to be found in the "Esperanto Key," d., or in "The Whole of Esperanto for a Penny."
THE ORIGIN AND AIM OF ESPERANTO.

A few words as to the origin of Esperanto will perhaps not be out of place here. The author of the language, Dr. Ludovic Zamenhof, a Polish Jew, was born on December 3rd, 1859, at Bielovstok, in Poland, a town whose inhabitants are of four distinct races, Poles, Russians, Germans, and Jews, each with their own language and customs, and often at open enmity with each other. Taught at home that all men are brethren, Zamenhof found everywhere around him outside the denial of this teaching, and even as a child came to the conclusion that the races hated, because they could not understand, each other. Feeling keenly, too, the disabilities under which his people specially laboured, being cut off by their language from the people among whom they lived, while too

proud to learn the language of their persecutors, he set himself to invent a language which should be neutral and therefore not require any sacrifice of pride on the part of any race. Interesting as is the story of Zamenhof's attempts and difficulties, it must suffice here to say that at the end of 1878 the new language was sufficiently advanced for him to impart it to schoolfellows like-minded with himself, and on December 17th of that year they fted its birth, and sang a hymn in the new language, celebrating the reign of unity and peace which should be brought about by its means, "All mankind must be united in one family." But the enthusiasm of its first followers died down under the derision they encountered, and for nine years more Zamenhof worked in secret at his language, translating, composing, writing original articles, improving, polishing, till in 1887 he published his first book under the title of "An International Language by Dr. Esperanto." (Esperanto means one who hopes). That the idea which impelled the young Zamenhof to undertake such a work is still the mainspring of his devotion to the cause is shown by the following extract from his opening speech at the second International Esperanto Congress in 1906:"We are all conscious that it is not the thought of its practical utility which inspires us to work for Esperanto, but only the thought of the important and holy idea which underlies an international language. This idea, you all know, is that of brotherhood and justice among all peoples." And, again, in his presidential address at the third Esperanto Congress, held this year (1907) at Cambridge, he said, "We are constantly repeating that we do not wish to interfere in the internal life of the nations, but only to build a bridge between the peoples. The ideal aim of Esperantists, never until now exactly formulated, but always clearly felt, is: To establish a neutral foundation, on which the various races of mankind may hold peaceful, brotherly intercourse, without intruding on each other their racial differences." Sur netrala lingva fundamento, Komprenante unu la alian, La popoloj faros en konsento Unu grandan rondon familian. (On the foundation of a neutral language, Understanding one another, The peoples will form in agreement One great family circle). HELEN FRYER.

December, 1907.
THE ALPHABET. SOUNDS OF THE LETTERS.

In Esperanto each letter has only one sound, and each sound is represented in only one way. The words are pronounced exactly as spelt, every letter being sounded. Those consonants which in English have one simple sound only are exactly the same in Esperanto; they areb, d, f, k, l, m, n, p, r, t, v, z (r must be well rolled). q, w, x, y are not used. c, g, h, s, which in English represent more than one sound, and j are also used with the mark
c , g , h , j , s .

c (whose two English sounds are represented by k and s) has the sound of ts, as in its, tsar. like ch, tch, in church, match. g hard, as in go, gig, gun. soft, as in gentle, gem, or like j in just, Jew. h well breathed, as in horse, home, how. strongly breathed, and in the throat, as in the Scotch word loch. (Ask any Scotsman to pronounce it). occurs but seldom. It is the Irish gh in lough, and the Welsh ch. j like y in yes, you, or j in hallelujah, fjord. like s in pleasure, or the French j, as in dejeuner, Jean d'Arc. s like ss in ass, less, never like s in rose. like sh in she, shall, ship, or s in sugar, sure.

In newspapers, etc., which have not the proper type, , , , , are often replaced by ch, gh, hh, jh, sh, or by c', g', h', j', s', and by u. is also a consonant, and has the sound of w in we, as Eropo, or u in persuade. The vowels a, e, i, o, u have not the English, but the Continental sounds. a always like a in ah! or in tart. e like e in bend, but broader, like e in there. i is a sound between ee in meet and i in is. o like o in for, or in the Scottish no, or au in aught. u like oo in boot, poor. a, e, i, o, u are all simple sounds, that is, the mouth is kept in one position while they are being sounded. In learning them lengthen them out, and be careful not to alter the position of the mouth, however long they are drawn out. In the compound sounds given below the shape of the mouth changes; to get the correct pronunciation sound each letter fully and distinctly, gradually bringing them closer until they run together, when they become almost as follows: aj nearly like ai in aisle, or i in nice, fine. ej nearly like ei in vein. oj nearly like oy in boy, or oi in void. uj nearly like uj in hallelujah. a like ahw, or nearly ou in house, pronounced broadly, haouse. e like ehw, or ey w in they were, ayw in wayward. Practise saying aja, eja, oja, uja, aa, ea several times quickly. Then gradually drop the final a.
Accent.

The accent or stress is always placed on the syllable before the last, as es-pe-ro,

es-pe-ran-to, es-pe-ran-tis-to, es-pe-ran-tis-ti-no; ju-na, ju-nu-lo, ju-nu-la-ro. All the syllables must be clearly pronounced, not slurred over.
Exercise in Pronounciation.

a (as in bath), pat-ra, la-na, a-gra-bla, mal-var-ma, kla-ra, pa-fa-do. e (as in bend), be-la, mem, fe-nes-tro, ven-dre-do, tre-e-ge, le-te-ro. i (as in see), mi, i-li, i-mi-ti, vi-zi-ti, trin-ki, in-sis-ti. o (as in for), ho-mo, ro-zo, ko-lom-bo, dor-mo (the r rolled), mor-to, po-po-lo. u (as in boot), u-nu, dum, bru-lu, sur-tu-to, vul-tu-ro, mur-mur-i. aj (as in nice), ajn, kaj, raj-to, taj-lo-ro, faj-ro, be-laj. ej (as in play), vej-no, hej-mo, plej, hej-to. oj (as in boy), pat-roj, foj-no, ho-mojn, koj-no, soj-lo, kon-koj. uj (as in hallelujah), tuj, i-uj, ti-uj. a (as in cow), an-ta, la-bo, fra-li-no, ka-zi, as- kul-tu, a-di. e (like ehw), E-ro-po, ne-ral-gi-o, E-kar-is-to, re-ma-tis-mo. c (= ts, bits), ce-lo, fa-ci-la (=fa-tsee-la), be-le-co (be-le-tso), ofi-ci-ro, pa-co, ci-ko-ni-o, co-lo. (= tch, match), u, e, e, am-bro, er-pi, tran-i, ri-a. g (as in good), lon-ga, le-gi, ge-nu-o, gen-to, gli-ti, gro-so. (as in gem), e-mi, is, ar-de-no, sa-a, man-i, re-o. h (breathed), ha-ro, hi-run-do, ha-rin-go, his-to-ri-o, he-de-ro, him-no. (in throat), e-mi-o, o-le-ro, me-a-ni-ko, e-o, a-o-so. j (like y), ju-na, ma-jes-ta, sin-jo-ro, ka-je-ro, jes, ja. (= zh), bon-a-o, e-ti, ur-na-lo, us, a-do, a-lu-zo.

s (ss), su-per, ses, sta-ri, trans, ves-pe-ro, svin-gi. (sh), fre-a, e-lo, ku-i, tu-po, vi-ti, ve-li. kz, ek-zer-co, ek-zem-plo, ek-za-me-no, ek-ze-ku-ti, ek-zi-li, ek-zis-ti. kv, kvar, kvin, kvi-e-ta, kvan-kam, kver-ko, kva-za. gv, gvi-di, lin-gvo. kn, kna-bo, kne-di. sc (sts), sci-o (sts-ee-o), sce-no (stse-no), scep-tro, eks-ci-ti (eks-tsee-tee), ekscel-en-co (eks-tsel-en-tso), sci-en-co (stsee-en-tso). cen-to, sen-to; ce-lo, se-lo, e-lo; co-lo, ko-lo; ci, i; ec, e; kru-co, kru-o; pago, pa-o; re-gi, re-i; se-gi, se-o; ho-ro, o-ro; pe-si, pe-zi; ste-lo, te-lo; sango, an-go; ver-so, ver-i; dis-i-ri, dis-i-ri; gus-ta, us-ta; stu-po, tu-po; sta-lo, ta-lo; pos-to, po-to; re-ser-vi, re-zer-vi; ru-i-gi, ru-i-i; ri-i-gi, ri-i-i, rie-co; fti-zo. a-e-ro, oce-a-no, fe-i-no, u-i, pe-re-i, pe-re-u; fo-i-ro, i-u-ja-ra, vo-joj, tro-uzi, for-ram-pi, ku-i-ri; skva-mo, zo-o-lo-gi-o, en-u-i, de-tru-u, pru-ci, ru-i-ni; Jan-u-a-ro, Feb-ru-a-ro, li-e-no, ho-di-a, hi-e-ra, Hun-gr-u-jo, Ne-a-po-lo, sci-u-ro.

NOTE.A useful mnemonic for the Esperanto vowels is par, pear, pier, pore, poor, but the sounds should not be dragged. It is helpful to note that the English words mate, reign, pane, bend; meet, beat, feel, lady; grow, loan, soft; mute, yes, mule (as pronounced in London and South of England), would be written in Esperanto thus:mejt, rejn, pejn, bend; mijt, bijt, fijl, lejdi; gro, lon, soft; mjut, jes, mjul.
LESSON 1. Words.

In Esperanto a word generally consists of an unchanging part or root, which expresses the idea, and an ending which shows the use of the word, that is, whether it is a name, a describing word, etc. By changing the ending the use of the word is changed.

Notice carefully the words given below which end in o. It will be seen that they are all names. In Esperanto every name ends in o. (In Grammar names are called NOUNS). Notice further the words which end in -as. They all express doing or being (action or state), which is going on at the present time, or which is a custom at the present time. The words "a," "an," are not expressed; "the" is translated by la.
Vocabulary. patro, father. frato, brother. filo, son. Teodoro,Theodore. tajloro, tailor. leono, lion. besto, animal. kolombo, pigeon. birdo, bird. rozo, rose. floro, flower. pomo, apple. suno, sun. tero, earth, ground. tono, stone. la, the. kaj, and. jes, yes. ne, no, not. al, to, towards. sur, on. en, in. apud, by, near, beside. ambro, room. fenestro, window. libro, book. krajono, pencil. plumo, pen. apelo, hat. domo, house. arbo, tree. estas, is, are, am. apartenas, belongs. brilas, shines. kuas, lies. staras, stands. de, of, from. kie, where. kio, what thing. jen estas, here is. u, whether (asks a question). anta, before, in front of.

(The black type shows the accented syllable).

Patro kaj frato. Leono estas besto. Rozo estas floro kaj kolombo estas birdo. La rozo apartenas al Teodoro. La suno brilas. La patro estas tajloro. Kie estas la libro kaj la krajono? Jen estas pomo. Sur la tero kuas tono. Sur la fenestro kuas krajono kaj plumo. La filo staras apud la patro. Jen kuas la apelo de la patro. La patro estas en la ambro. Anta la domo staras arbo.

Kio estas leono? Kio estas rozo? Kio brilas? Kio estas la patro? Kie estas la patro? Kio estas sur la fenestro? Kie estas la plumo? u leono estas besto? Jes, leono estas besto. u rozo estas birdo? Ne, rozo ne estas birdo, rozo estas floro.
LESSON 2.

Every "describing" word, that is, every word which tells the kind or quality of a person or thing, ends in "a," as granda, large; rua, red. (A describing word is called an ADJECTIVE).
Vocabulary. bela, beautiful. blanka, white. blua, blue. bona, good. fidela, faithful. forta, strong. frea, fresh. ielo, sky, heaven. festo, holiday. fralino, maiden lady, Miss homo, man (human being). hundo, dog. infano, child. Johano, John. kajero, exercise book. lakto, milk. mano, hand. juna, young. matura, mature, ripe. nova, new. nutra, nutritious. pura, pure, clean. ria, rich. sana, well (healthy). neo, snow. pano, bread. papero, paper. tablo, table. vino, wine. onklo, uncle. pli, more. ol, than. sed, but. tre, very.

La patro estas sana. Infano ne estas matura homo. La ielo estas blua. Leono estas forta. La patro estas bona. La mano de Johano estas pura. Papero estas blanka. Blanka papero kuas sur la tablo. Jen estas la kajero de la juna fralino. Sur la ielo staras la bela suno. La papero estas tre blanka, sed la neo estas pli blanka. Lakto estas pli nutra, ol vino. La pano estas frea. La onklo estas pli ria, ol la frato. Jen kuas rua rozo. La hundo estas tre fidela. La libro estas nova.
LESSON 3.

When the name (noun) is required to denote more than one of the persons or

things for which it stands, j is added to it, as rozoj, roses; kolomboj, pigeons; and then every "describing" word (adjective) which belongs to it must also have j, as ruaj rozoj, red roses; la kolomboj estas belaj, the pigeons are beautiful. (When the noun stands for "more than one," it is said to be PLURAL. j is the sign of the plural).
Vocabulary. jaro, year. kanto, song. knabo, boy. lilio, lily. tranilo, knife. dento, tooth. agrabla, agreeable, pleasant. akra, sharp. delikata, delicate. flugas, fly, flies. diligenta, diligent.

lundo, Monday. vendredo, Friday. mardo, Tuesday. sabato, Saturday. merkredo, Wednesday. dimano, Sunday. ado, Thursday.

La birdoj flugas. La kanto de la birdoj estas agrabla. Kie estas la knaboj? La patroj estas sanaj. Infanoj ne estas maturaj homoj. Leonoj estas fortaj. La manoj de Johano estas puraj. Jen estas la kajeroj de la junaj fralinoj. La onkloj estas pli riaj, ol la fratoj. La hundoj estas tre fidelaj. Blankaj paperoj kuas sur la tablo. En la ambro estas novaj apeloj. Kie estas la akraj traniloj? Bonaj infanoj estas diligentaj. Jen kuas puraj, blankaj, delikataj lilioj. La dentoj de leonoj estas akraj.
LESSON 4. mi, I. ci, thou. li, he. i, she. i, it ni, we. vi, you. ili, they. si, (see Lesson 7). oni, one, they, people.

(The above words are called PRONOUNS because they are used instead of repeating the noun).

By adding a the pronouns are made to denote a quality, in this case possession, as mia libro, my book; via pomo, your apple; ilia infano, their child.
mia, my, mine. nia, our, ours.

cia, thy, thine. via, your, yours, lia, his. ilia, their, theirs. ia, her, hers. sia (see Lesson 7), ia, its.

When the name to which these "pronoun-adjectives" belong is plural they must of course take j, as miaj libroj, my books; viaj pomoj, your apples; iliaj infanoj, their children. In speaking of relations and parts of the body la is often used instead of mia, lia, etc., as La filo staras apud la patro, The son stands by the (his) father. For "mine," "ours," etc., mia, nia, etc., may be used either with or without la, as La libro estas mia, or La libro estas la mia, The book is mine. Oni is used for one, they, people, when these words are indefinite in meaning, as in the sentences:Here one can speak fearlessly, Tie i oni povas maltime paroli, They say that he is rich, Oni diras, ke li estas ria, People often eat too quickly, Oni ofte manas tro rapide.
Vocabulary. avo, grandfather. amiko, friend. ardeno, garden knabino, girl. ruso, Russian. sinjoro, gentleman, Mr., Sir. vero, truth. venas, comes. iras, goes. legas, reads. skribas, writes. ploras, cry, cries. volas, wills, wishes. diras, says. sidas, sits. venkas, conquers. mani, to eat. entila, polite. silente, silently. kiu, who, which (that). iu, each one, every. iuj, all, all the. la plej, the most. tiel, as, so. kiel, as. nun, now. anka, also. iam, always. el, out of. ar, because, for.

Mi legas. Vi skribas. Li estas knabo, kaj i estas knabino. Ni estas homoj. Vi estas infanoj. Ili estas rusoj. Kie estas la knaboj? Ili estas en la ardeno, Kie estas la knabinoj? Ili anka estas en la ardeno. Kie estas la traniloj? Ili kuas sur la tablo. La infano ploras, ar i volas mani. Sinjoro, vi estas neentila. Sinjoroj, vi estas neentilaj. Oni diras; ke la vero iam venkas. La domo

apartenas al li. Mi venas de la avo, kaj mi iras nun al la onklo. Mi estas tiel forta, kiel vi. Nun mi legas, vi legas, kaj li legas, ni iuj legas. Vi skribas, kaj la infanoj skribas, ili (vi) iuj sidas silente kaj skribas. Mia hundo, vi estas tre fidela. Li estas mia onklo, ar mia patro estas lia frato. El iuj miaj infanoj, Ernesto estas la plej juna. Lia patro kaj liaj fratoj estas en la ardeno. ia onklo estas en la domo. Kie estas viaj libroj? Niaj libroj kuas sur la tablo; iliaj krajonoj kaj ilia papero anka kuas sur la tablo. Kiu estas en la ambro? Kiuj estas en la ambro? La sinjoro, kiu legas, estas mia amiko. La sinjoro, al kiu vi skribas, estas tajloro. Kio kuas sur la tablo?
LESSON 5. The use of final n.

In order to understand the meaning of a sentence it is necessary to be able to recognise clearly and unmistakably what it is that is spoken about, that is, what the subject of the sentence is. In English this is often to be recognised only by its position in the sentence. For instance, the three wordsvisited, John, George, can be arranged to mean two entirely, different things, either "John visited George," or "George visited John." [Footnote: In teaching Esperanto to children it is well to make sure before going further that they thoroughly understand, what the subject is. The subject is that which we think or speak about. The word which stands for it is the subject of the sentence. The children may be required to underline the subject of each sentence in a suitable piece of prose or verse.] In Esperanto the sense does not depend on the arrangement" Johano vizitis Georgon" and "Georgon vizitis Johano" mean exactly the same thing, that John visited George, the n at the end of "Georgon" showing that "Georgon" is not the subject. There is no want of clearness about the following (Esperanto) sentences, absurd as they are in English:
La patron The father mordis bit la the la the Johano. John. la knabo. hundo. dog. kato. cat.

La infanon gratis The child scratched La birdojn The birds La musojn pafis shot kaptis

The mice

caught

the la the la the la the

boy. onklo. uncle. pentristo. painter. fiisto. fisherman.

La kokidon manis The chicken ate La bildon pentris The picture painted La fiojn The fish vendis sold

In these sentences the subjects are at once seen to be hundo, kato, Johano, knabo, onklo, pentristo, fiisto, for the final n in patron, infanon, birdojn, musojn, kokidon, bildon, fiojn, distinguishes these words from the subject. This use of n renders clear sentences that are not clear in English. "John loves Mary more than George" may mean "more than John loves George" or "more than George loves Mary." In Esperanto it is quite clear. "Johano amas Marion, pli ol Georgo" means "more than George loves Mary," because "Georgo" is the subject of the second (elliptical) sentence, but "Johano amas Marion, pli ol Georgon" means "more than John loves George," because the final n in Georgon shows this to be not the subject. There are cases, however, in which it is not necessary to add n, the noun or pronoun being distinguished from the subject in another way. Examples are found in the first exercise:Sur la tero kuas tono, On the ground lies a stone. Anta la pordo staras arbo, Before the door stands a tree. Notwithstanding their position, "ground" and "door" are seen to be not the subject, because before them are the words "on," "before," which connect them with the rest of the sentenceit is "on the ground," "before the door." So with other sentences. The words on, before, and others given [in Lesson 26] are called PREPOSITIONS (pre = before). The noun or pronoun which follows them can never be the subject of the sentence. Remember, then, that N is added to every noun and pronoun, other than the subject, unless it has a preposition before it. [Footnote: (i.). The explanation usually given for the use of final n is, that n is added to nouns and pronouns (a) in the Accusative Case (the direct object), (b) when the preposition is omitted. The explanation given

above seems to me, however, to be much simpler. (ii.). Another use of final n is given later [Lesson 12, Lesson 26] ] When the noun takes n, any adjective which belongs to it must also take n, as, Li donas al mi belan ruan floron, He gives me a beautiful red flower. Li donas al mi belajn ruajn florojn, He gives me beautiful red flowers.
Vocabulary. letero, letter. litero, letter of alphabet. festo, festival, holiday. tago, day. nokto, night. amas, loves. vidas, sees. konas, knows. havas, has, possesses. luno, moon. stelo, star. vintro, winter. forno, stove. edzino, wife. mateno, morning. multaj, many. obstina, obstinate. oja, joyful, joyous. hela, bright, clear. pala, pale. deziras, desires, wishes. eraras, errs, is wrong. vokas, calls. hejtas, heats. hodia, to-day. malpli, less. kiam, when. kia, what (kind).

Mi vidas leonon (leonojn). Mi legas libron (librojn). Mi amas la patron. Mi konas Johanon. La patro ne legas libron, sed li skribas leteron. Mi ne amas obstinajn homojn. Mi deziras al vi bonan tagon, sinjoro. Bonan matenon! ojan feston (mi deziras al vi). Kia oja festo (estas hodia)! En la tago ni vidas la helan sunon, kaj en la nokto ni vidas la palan lunon kaj la belajn stelojn. Ni havas pli frean panon, ol vi. Ne, vi eraras, sinjoro, via pano estas malpli frea, ol mia. Ni vokas la knabon, kaj li venos. En la vintro oni hejtas la fornojn. Kiam oni estas ria, oni havas multajn amikojn. Li amas min, sed mi lin ne amas. Sinjoro P. kaj lia edzino tre amas miajn infanojn; mi anka tre amas iliajn (infanojn). Mi ne konas la sinjoron, kiu legas.
LESSON 6.

We have seen already (Lesson 1) that the words which end in -as express the idea of doing (action) or of being (state), and that they assert that this action or state is going on, or is a custom, at the present time, as Mi vidas, I see; i estas, She is; Ili suferas, They suffer, they are suffering. To say that the action or state took place at some past time, -is is used, as Mi

vidis, I saw; i estis, She was; Ili suferis, They suffered, they were suffering. To say that the action or state will take place at some time to come, in the future, -os is used, as, Mi vidos, I shall see; i estos, She will be; Ili suferos, They will suffer, they will be suffering. (Words which assert something, or which express the idea of doing or of being, are called VERBS). (The root only of the verbs will now be given in the Vocabulary without the termination).
Vocabulary. historio, history. kuzo, cousin. plezuro, pleasure. horloo, clock. laboro, work. popolo, a people. virino, woman. ao, age. jaro, year. permeso, permission. respond-, answer. far-, do, make. forpel-, drive away. ricev-, receive, get. don-, give. trov-, find. renkont-, meet. salut-, greet, salute. rakont-, relate, tell. vizit-, visit. dorm-, sleep. vek-, wake. ser-, seek. fin-, end. tim-, fear. ating-, reach to. surda, deaf. muta, dumb. dola, sweet. tri, three. dek-kvin, fifteen. kial, why. hiera, yesterday. morga, to-morrow. anta, before. post, after. jam, already. jam ne, no more. ankora, still, yet.

Kial vi ne respondas al mi? u vi estas surda a muta? Kion vi faras? La knabo forpelis la birdojn. De la patro mi ricevis libron, kaj de la frato mi ricevis plumon. La patro donis al mi dolan pomon. Jen estas la pomo, kiun mi trovis. Hiera mi renkontis vian filon, kaj li entile salutis min. Anta tri tagoj mi vizitis vian kuzon, kaj mia vizito faris al li plezuron. Kiam mi venis al li, li dormis, sed mi lin vekis. Mi rakontos al vi historion. u vi diros al mi la veron? Hodia estas sabato, kaj morga estos dimano. Hiera estis vendredo, kaj postmorga estos lundo. u

vi jam trovis vian horloon? Mi in ankora ne seris; kiam mi finos mian laboron, mi seros mian horloon, sed mi timas, ke mi in jam ne trovos. Se vi nin venkos, la popolo diros, ke nur virinojn vi venkis. Kiam vi atingos la aon de dek-kvin jaroj, vi ricevos la permeson.
LESSON 7.

Confusion is apt to occur in English in the use of the words him, her, it, them; his, hers, its, their, e.g., "John loves his brother and his children." Whose children, John's or his brother's? "The boys brought to their fathers their hats." Whose hats, the boys' or their fathers'? "She gave her sister her book." Whose book? Her own or her sister's? This confusion is avoided in Esperanto by the use of, the pronoun si (sin), meaning himself, herself, itself, themselves, and sia, meaning his own, her own, its own, their own. Si (sin, sia) refers to the subject of the sentence in which it occurs; therefore in the sentence "John loves his brother and his son," it must be "Johano amas sian fraton kaj sian filon" if it is his own (John's) son, because John is the subject, but we must say "lian filon" if the brother's son is meant. "La knaboj alportis al siaj patroj siajn apelojn" means "The boys brought to their fathers their own (the boys') hats," because "boys" is the subject, but if we mean "the fathers' hats" it must be "iliajn apelojn." "She gave to her sister her book" must be "i donis al sia fratino sian libron" if it were her own book, but "i donis al sia fratino ian libron" if it were her sister's book. "Li diris al si..." means "He said to himself," but "Li diris al li" means that he said it to another person. "Si," "sia," can only refer to the subject, it cannot be the subject itself or any part of it; therefore we must say "Sinjoro P. kaj lia edzino tre amas miajn infanojn," because the subject is "Sinjoro P. kaj lia edzino." "Mem," self, is only used for emphasis, e.g., "Mi mem," my (own) self.
Vocabulary. gasto, guest. vespero, evening. mano, meal. pupo, doll. aventuro, adventure. montr-, show. fleg-, tend, take care of re-ven-, come back. pri, concerning, about. is, until, as far as.

palaco, palace. zorg-, take care of. gard-, guard. am-, love. akompan-, accompany. lav-, wash.

tute, quite, wholly. tute ne, not at all. kun, with. el, out of. el-ir-, go out of.

Mi amas min mem, vi amas vin mem, li amas sin mem kaj iu homo amas sin mem. Mi zorgas pri i tiel, kiel mi zorgas pri mi mem, sed i mem tute ne zorgas pri si, kaj tute sin ne gardas. Miaj fratoj havis hodia gastojn; post la vespermano niaj fratoj eliris kun la gastoj el sia domo kaj akompanis ilin is ilia domo. Mi lavis min en mia ambro, kaj i lavis sin en sia ambro. La infano seris sian pupon; mi montris al la infano, kie kuas ia pupo. [Footnote: Notice the use of the present "kuas," lies, after the past "montris," showed, because at the time the action of "showing" took place the action of "lying" was then actually going on.] i rakontis al li sian aventuron. i revenis al la palaco de sia patro. Siajn florojn i ne flegis. Mia frato diris al Stefano, ke li amas lin pli, ol sin mem.
LESSON 8. The Cardinal Numbers are: unu, 1 du, 2 tri, 3 kvar, 4 kvin, 5 ses, 6 sep, 7 ok, 8 na, 9 dek, 10 cent, 100 mil, 1,000

The numbers above 10 are written and read exactly as they are set down in figures:11, dek unu; 12, dek du; 13, dek tri; 19, dek na. The "tens" are written as one word, 20, dudek; 30, tridek; 90, nadek; 23, dudek tri; 47, kvardek sep; 85, okdek kvin; 136, cent tridek ses; 208, ducent (as one word) ok; 359, tricent kvindek na; 1,001, mil unu; 2,877, dumil okcent sepdek sep; 1907, mil nacent sep. Notice that there is a separate word for each figure except 0, nulo.
Vocabulary. buo, mouth. orelo, ear. fingro, finger. horo, hour. kre-, create. estu, should be. facile, easily. sankta, holy.

minuto, minute. sekundo, second. monato, month. semajno, week. dato, date (of month, etc.). pov-, can, be able. promen-, take a walk. konsist-, consist. elekt-, choose, elect. forges-, forget. Januaro, January. Februaro, February. Marto, March. Aprilo, April. Majo, May. Junio, June.

unuj, some. alia, other. io, everything, all. multe, much, many. per, by means of, through, with. nur, only. malbona, bad. Kristnaska Tago, Christmas Day.

Julio, July. Agusto, August. Septembro, September. Oktobro, October. Novembro, November. Decembro, December.

Du homoj povas pli multe fari, ol unu. Mi havas nur unu buon, sed mi havas du orelojn. Li promenas kun tri hundoj. Li faris ion per la dek fingroj de siaj manoj. El iaj multaj infanoj unuj estas bonaj kaj aliaj malbonaj. Kvin kaj sep faras dek du. Dek kaj dek faras dudek. Kvar kaj dek ok faras dudek du. Tridek kaj kvardek kvin faras sepdek kvin. Mil okcent nadek tri. Li havas dek unu infanojn. Sesdek minutoj faras unu horon, kaj unu minuto konsistas el sesdek sekundoj.
8a.

The Ordinal Numbers, first, second, etc., are formed by adding a to the Cardinal Numbers, as unua, first; dua, second; tria, third; kvara, fourth; deka, tenth; centa, hundredth; mila, thousandth. The compound numbers are joined together by hyphens, and a is added to the last, as dek-unua, eleventh; la trideknaa pao, the thirty-ninth page; la cent-kvardek-kvina psalmo, the 145th psalm. Being adjectives, the Ordinal Numbers take the plural j and accusative n when necessary. The Ordinals are used to tell the hour, as Estas la trio, horo, It is 3 o'clock. The Cardinal Numbers are used for the minutes, as "A quarter past three" is "La tria horo kaj dek-kvin"; "Ten minutes to five," "La kvara horo kaj kvindek." Januaro estas la unua monato de la jaro, Aprilo estas la kvara, Novembro estas la dek-unua, kaj Decembro estas la dek-dua. La dudeka (tago) de Februaro estas la kvindek-unua tago de la jaro. La sepan tagon de la semajno Dio elektis, ke i estu pli sankta, ol la ses unuaj tagoj. Kion Dio kreis en la sesa tago? Kiun

daton ni havas hodia? Hodia estas la dudek-sepa (tago) de Marto. Kristnaska Tago estas la dudek-kvina (tago) de Decembro, Novjara Tago estas la unua de Januaro. Oni ne forgesas facile sian unuan amon.
LESSON 9.

The names of certain quantities are formed from the cardinal numbers by adding "o," as dekduo, a dozen; dudeko, a score; cento, a hundred; milo, a thousand. These names, as well as names of quantities generally, require to be followed by "da," of, as dekduo da birdoj, a dozen (of) birds, but dekdu birdoj, twelve birds; dudeko da pomoj, a score of apples; cento da afoj, or cent afoj, a hundred sheep; milo da homoj, a thousand people; miloj da homoj, thousands of people. When these expressions form the object of the verb, it is the name of the number which takes -n, not the noun which follows da, as Li aetis dudekon da afoj, He bought a score of sheep. For firstly, secondly, etc., -e is added to the number, as unue, firstly; kvine, fifthly; deke, tenthly. (See Lesson 12).
Vocabulary. urbo, town. loanto, inhabitant. kulero, spoon. forko, fork. mono, money. prunto, loan. metro, metre. tofo, stuff. franko, franc (about 10d.). atakanto, assailant. pago, payment. miliono, a million. prunt-, lend. aet-, buy. dank-, thank. pet-, beg, request. bezon-, want, need. kost-, cost. poste, afterwards. tiu i, this. por, for. re-, prefix, meaning again or back. tial, therefore. a, or. da, of (after a quantity).

Mi havas cent pomojn. Mi havas centon da pomoj. Tiu i urbo havas milionon da loantoj. Mi aetis dekduon da kuleroj, kaj du dekduojn da forkoj. Mil jaroj (a, milo da jaroj) faras miljaron. Unue mi redonas al vi la monon, kiun vi pruntis al mi; due mi dankas vin por la prunto; trie mi petas vin anka poste prunti al mi, kiam mi bezonos monon.

9a.

To express a certain part or fraction, "-on-" is added to the number specifying what part, as 1/2, unu duono; 1/3, unu triono; 1/4, unu kvarono; 1/10, unu dekono; 1/1000 unu milono; 1/1000000, unu milionono. These words, being nouns, take "j" and "n" when required3/10, tri dekonoj; 27/200, dudek-sep ducentonoj; 19/1000, dekna milonoj. Mi manis tri kvaronojn de la kuko, I ate three-quarters of the cake (see Lesson 35). To express so many times a number -obl- is added to the number, as duobla, double; dekoble, ten times; trioble kvar estas (or faras) dekdu, three times four are twelve; sepoble ok faras kvindek ses, seven times eight make fifty-six. To express by twos, by tens, etc., -op- is added to the number, as duope, by twos, or two together; dekope, by tens; kvindekope, by fifties, fifty together, or fifty at a time. Tri estas duono de ses, ok estas kvar kvinonoj de dek. Kvar metroj da tiu i tofo kostas na frankojn, tial du metroj kostas kvar kaj duonon frankojn (a da frankoj). Unu tago estas tricent-sesdek-kvinono, a tricent-sesdek-sesono de jaro. Kvinoble sep estas tridek kvin. Por iu tago mi ricevas kvin frankojn, sed por la hodiaa tago mi ricevis duoblan pagon, t.e. (= tio estas) dek frankojn. Tiuj i du amikoj promenas iam duope. Kvinope ili sin etis sur min, sed mi venkis iujn kvin atakantojn.
LESSON 10. Verbs (continued), -i, -u.

In the examples already given the verbs ending in -as, -is, -os express action or being (state) going on in present, past, or future time, as Mi skribas, I am writing; Li legis, He read; Ni iros, We shall go. If we wish merely to express the idea of action or state indefinitely, without reference to any time or any subject, the verb must end in -i, as Vivi, To live; Mi deziras lerni, I wish to learn; Ni devas labori, We must work. (This is called the INDEFINITE or INFINITIVE Mood (manner of expression), because not limited by reference to time or subject). To give an order or command, or to express will, desire, purpose, etc., the verb

must end in u, as Donu al mi panon, Give (to) me bread; Iru for, Go away; Estu felia, May you be happy! Vivu la reo! (Long) live the king! In such cases as Tell him to come, I want you to sing, Allow her to speak, we have to use a second sentence with the verb ending in "u," and beginning with "ke," that, as Diru al li, ke li venu, Tell (say to) him, that he come; Mi deziras, ke vi kantu, I wish, that you sing; Permesu al i, ke i parolu, Allow her, that she speak. Sentences like the last are often contracted, only the last subject and verb being used, as i parolu, Let her speak; i kuu, Let it lie; Ni iru, Let us go; Ili dormu, Let them sleep. u vi volas ke mi tion faru? Do you wish me to do that? u mi tion faru? Shall I do that?
Vocabulary. nomo, name. vesto, coat, clothing. kandelo, candle. dometo, cottage. akvo, water. spegulo, looking-glass. est-, be. tu-, touch. askult-, listen. pardon-, pardon. uz-, use. ordon-, order. babil-, chatter. send-, send. trink-, drink. vol-, will, wish. bat-, beat. kura-, have courage rajd-, ride. las-, let, leave. kur-, run. parol-, speak. viv-, live, have life. rest-, rest, remain. honesta, honest. inda, worthy. atenta, attentive. kara, dear. gaja, gay, cheerful. tia, such. longa, long. sincera, sincere. for, away, forth. forte, strongly. sole, alone.

Donu al la birdoj akvon, ar ili volas trinki. Aleksandro ne volas lerni, kaj tial mi batas Aleksandron. Kiu kuraas rajdi sur leono? Mi volis lin bati, sed li forkuris de mi. Al leono ne donu la manon. Rakontu al mia juna amiko belan historion. Diru al la patro, ke mi estas diligenta. Diru al mi vian nomon. Ne skribu al mi tiajn longajn leterojn. Montru al mi vian novan veston. Infano, ne tuu la spegulon. Karaj infanoj, estu iam honestaj. Ne askultu lin. Li diras, ke mi estas atenta. Li petas, ke mi estu atenta. Ordonu al li, ke li ne babilu. Petu lin, ke li sendu al mi kandelon. La dometo estas inda, ke vi in

aetu. i forte deziris, ke li restu viva. Li venu, kaj mi pardonos al li. Ni estu gajaj, ni uzu bone la vivon, ar la vivo ne estas longa. Li ne venu sole, sed alvenu kun sia plej bona amiko. Mi jam havas mian apelon; nun seru vi vian.
LESSON 11. Verbs (continued), -us.

Sometimes we want to express a supposition, to say that something would take place, supposing that something else, which is not likely to occur, were to do so, or that something would have taken place if something else which did not occur had done so. In this case the verb must end with -us, as, If I were well (which I am not) I should be happy (which also I am not), Se mi estus sana, mi estus felia. If he knew (supposition) that I am here (a fact) he would immediately come to me (supposition), Se li scius, ke mi estas tie i, li tuj venus al mi. Compare the two following sentences: (i.). Kvankam vi estas ria, mi dubas, u vi estas felia, Though you are (in fact) rich, I doubt whether you are (in fact) happy, (ii.). Kvankam vi estus ria, mi dubas, u, vi estus felia, Though (supposing that) you were rich, I doubt whether you would be happy.
Vocabulary. lernanto, pupil. leciono, lesson. instruanto, teacher, sci-, know. pun-, punish. estim-, esteem. lev-, lift, raise. ten-, hold, keep. pen-, endeavour. imit-, imitate, kvaza, as if. io, something. efektive, really. supren, upwards. kvankam, though. se, if.

Se la lernanto scius bone sian lecionon, la instruanto lin ne punus. Se vi scius, kiu li estas, vi lin pli estimus. Ili levis unu manon supren, kvaza ili ion tenus. Se mi efektive estus bela, aliaj penus min imiti. Ho! se mi jam havus la aon de dekkvin jaroj!
LESSON 12.

When we tell of someone doing a certain action we often want to allude to some circumstance concerning that action, such as the time, or place, or manner in which it was done, that is, when, or where, or how it was done.

In the sentencesYesterday I met your son, Hiera mi renkontis vian filon; He will go in the evening, Li iros vespere; They sat there, Ili sidis tie; She will remain at home, i restos hejme; Good children learn diligently, Bonaj infanoj lernas diligente; I will do it with pleasure, Mi faros in plezure, the words hiera, vespere, show the time, tie, hejme, show the place, and diligente, plezure, show the manner of the action. (Because these words relate to the verb they are called ADVERBS). Adverbs may be formed from any word whose sense admits of it, and especially from adjectives, by means of the termination e, as bona, good, bone, well; anta before, antae, previously or formerly; mateno, morning, matene, in the morning; sekvi, to follow, sekve, consequently. When we want the adverb to show "direction towards" any place, time, etc., either actually or figuratively, n is added, as Li alkuris hejmen, He ran home. Ili levis unu manon supren, They raised one hand upwards. Antaen! Forward! (n is also added to nouns to show direction towards. Li eniris en la domon, He entered into the house). Some adverbs are used with adjectives and other adverbs to show the degree of the quality, quantity, etc., as The paper is very white, La papero estas tre blanka. Too much speaking tires him, La tro multa parolado lacigas lin. I am as strong as you, Mi estas tiel forta, kiel vi (estas forta). He came very early, Li venis tre frue. The following words are in themselves adverbs, and need no special ending:
Vocabulary. hodia, to-day. hiera, yesterday. morga, to-morrow. balda, soon. ankora, yet. jam, already. us, just (time). nun, now. tuj, immediately. denove, again, anew. i, denotes proximity. jen, here, there, lo, behold. for, away, forth. pli, more. tro, too. tute, quite. nur, only. nepre, surely, without fail. preska, nearly. apena, scarcely. almena, at least. amba, both. anka, also. ne, not. jes, yes. ja, indeed. e, even. u, whether, asks a question.

plej, most. plu, further. tre, very.

ju ... des, the more...the more.

Comparisons are made with pli...ol, more than: Lakto estas pli nutra ol vino, Milk is more nutritious than wine. malpli...ol, less than: Vino estas malpli nutra ol lakto, Wine is less nutritious than milk. la plej, the most, la malplej, the least: El iuj liaj amikoj Johano estas la plej saa, kaj Georgo la malplej saa, Of all his friends John is the wisest, and George the least wise. Ju pli...des pli, the more...the more: Ju pli li lernas, des pli li deziras lerni, The more he learns, the more he wishes to learn. Ju malpli...des malpli, the less...the less: Ju malpli li laboras, des malpli li ricevas, The less he works, the less he gets. Ju pli...des malpli, the more...the less: Ju pli li farias granda, des malpli li estas forta, The taller he becomes, the less strong he is. Ju malpli...des pli, the less...the more: Ju malpli li pensas, des pli li parolas, The less he thinks, the more he talks. For comparisons of equality, as...as, so...as, see Lesson 20.
Vocabulary. pordo, door. kontrakto, contract. pastro, pastor, priest. fero, iron. bastono, stick (rod). stacio, station. stacidomo, station. hejmo, home. furio, fury. ipano, sailor. kolero, anger. sav-, save. dar-, last, continue. tran-, cut. ekrigard-, glance. flu-, flow. ag-, act (do). lo-, live, lodge. brul-, burn (as a fire). vetur-, ride (in a vehicle). aper-, appear. postul-, require, demand.

honesto, honesty. danero, danger. koro, heart. oficisto, an official. reo, king. balo, ball, dance. humoro, humour. tempo, time. sinjorino, lady, Mrs. ferm-, shut.

pendig-, hang (something) mort-, die. malsana, ill. varma, warm. varmega, hot. frua, early. plue, further. returne, back. ar, because, whereas.

Resti kun leono estas danere. La tranilo tranas bone, ar i estas akra. Iru pli rapide. Li fermis kolere la pordon. Lia parolo fluas dole kaj agrable. Ni faris la kontrakton ne skribe, sed parole. Honesta homo agas honeste. La pastro, kiu mortis anta nelonge (anta ne longa tempo), lois longe en nia urbo. u vi in ne ricevis returne? Li estas morte malsana. La fera bastono, kiu kuis en la forno, estas brule varmega. Parizo estas tre gaja. Matene frue i alveturis [Footnote: See Lesson 27.] al la stacidomo. Pardonu al mi, ke mi restis tiel longe. Lia kolero longe daris. Li estas hodia en kolera humoro. La reo balda denove sendis alian bonkoran oficiston. Hodia vespere ni havos balon. Kie vi estas? For de tie-i! Kien li forveturis? i kuris hejmen. Ni iris antaen, kiel furioj. io estis bona, kaj ni veturis pluen. La sinjorino ekrigardis returnen. La ipanoj postulis, ke oni iru returnen. Mi in pendigis tien i, ar i savis mian vivon. Mi neniam sendis tien i.
LESSON 13. Mal-, -in-.

In Esperanto certain syllables which have a definite meaning are placed at the beginning (prefixes) or end (suffixes) of words to alter in some way the meaning of those words. The prefix mal- gives an exactly opposite meaning to the word to which it is prefixed, as dekstra, right (hand); maldekstra, left (hand); nova, new; malnova, old; helpi, to help, malhelpi, to hinder; fermi, to shut, malfermi, to open. The suffix -in- denotes the female sex. From viro, [Footnote: The word homo previously given (Lesson 2) signifies a human being, a person, without reference to sex; viro means a man as distinguished from a woman.] a man, we get virino, a woman; filo, son, filino, daughter; evalo, a horse, evalino, a

mare; koko, a cock, kokino, a hen.

Vocabulary. kresko, growth. haro, hair (substance). haroj, hair (of head). nazo, nose. vojo, road. viro, man. edzo, husband, nepo, grandson. nevo, nephew. bovo, ox. vidvo, widower, fiano, fianc. nenio, nothing. turment-, torment. sent-, feel. ben-, bless. estim-, have esteem for. ferm-, shut. help-, help. fari-, become. dekstra, right (hand). meza, middle, medium. dika, thick, stout. mola, soft. luma, light (luminous). nobla, noble (character). rekta, straight. kurba, curved. felia, happy. naskita, born. fermita, shut. e, even. longe, for a long time. denove, anew, again.

Mia frato ne estas granda, sed li ne estas malgranda, li estas de meza kresko. Haro estas tre maldika. La nokto estas tiel malluma, ke ni nenion povas vidi e anta nia nazo. Tiu i malfrea pano estas malmola, kiel tono. Malbonaj infanoj amas turmenti bestojn. Li sentis sin tiel malfelia, ke li malbenis la tagon, en kiu li estis naskita. Ni forte malestimas tiun i malnoblan homon. La fenestro longe estis nefermita; mi in fermis, sed mia frato tuj in denove malfermis. Rekta vojo estas pli mallonga, ol kurba. Ne estu maldanka. La edzino de mia patro estas mia patrino, kaj la avino de miaj infanoj. Mia fratino estas tre bela knabino. Mia onklino estas tre bona virino. Mi vidis vian avinon kun iaj kvar nepinoj, kaj kun mia nevino. Mi havas bovon kaj bovinon. La juna vidvino fariis denove fianino.
LESSON 14. Re-, -ad-, ek-.

The prefixes re- and ek- and the suffix -ad- are attached to verbs. Re- has nearly the same meaning as in English, back or again, as re-pagi, to pay back; re-porti, to carry back; re-eti, to throw back; re-salti, to rebound; rekanti to sing again; re-legi, to read over again.

-ad- denotes the continuance or continued repetition of an action; it means goes on doing, or keeps on doing, or is in the habit of, or in the past used to, as spiri, to breathe, spirado, respiration; movi, to move, movado, continued movement; fumi, to smoke, fumado, the habit of smoking; adi, to hear, adado, the sense of hearing. Ek- has the opposite meaning to -ad-; it signifies the beginning of an action, or a short or sudden action, as kanti, to sing, ekkanti, to begin to sing; ridi, to laugh, ekridi, to burst out laughing; krii, to cry or call, ekkrii, to cry out; iri, to go, ekiri, to set out; dormi, to sleep, ekdormi, to fall asleep.
Vocabulary. rivero, river. lando, land. seo, seat. daro, duration. okupo, occupation. pluvo, rain. vagonaro, train. surprizo, surprise. diamanto, diamond. fulmo, lightning. lumo, a light. paf-, shoot. et-, throw. ad-, hear. fal-, fall. atend-, wait for, expect. lacig-, make tired. frot-, rub. rigard-, look. elrigard-, look out of. salt-, jump. rapida, quick. klara, clear. lerte, cleverly. energie, energetically. kelke, some. iuminute, every minute. [See page 84.] tra, through.

Li donis al mi monon, sed mi in tuj redonis al li. Mi foriras, sed atendu min, ar mi balda revenos. La suno rebrilas en la klara akvo de la rivero. Li reiris al sia lando. i reetis sin sur la seon. En la daro de kelke da minutoj mi adis du pafojn. La pafado daris tre longe. Lia hieraa parolo estis tre bela, sed la tro multa parolado lacigas lin. Li kantas tre belan kanton. La kantado estas agrabla okupo. Per mia mano mi energie lin frotadis. La pluvo faladis per riveroj. iuminute i elrigardadis tra la fenestro, kaj malbenadis la malrapidan iradon de la vagonaro. Mi saltas tre lerte. Mi eksaltis de surprizo. Mi saltadis la tutan tagon [Footnote: See Lesson 26 (iii.)] de loko al loko. Kiam vi ekparolis, mi atendis adi ion novan. La diamanto havas belan brilon. i lasis la diamanton ekbrili. Du ekbriloj do fulmo trakuris tra la malluma ielo.
LESSON 15.

Verbs (continued).

In all the examples already given the Subject of the Sentence is the doer of the action, but often it is the one to whom the action is done who occupies our thoughts, and of whom we wish to speak. This one then becomes the subject, and the form of the Verb is changed. Instead of saying "The police are searching for the thief," "Someone has broken the window," "Someone is going to finish the work to-morrow," we say "The thief is being sought for by the police," "The window has been broken," "The work is going to be finished tomorrow." (Note the convenience of this form when we do not know or do not wish to mention the doer). In Esperanto the terminations -ata, being, denoting incompleteness or present time, -ita, having been, denoting completeness or past time, and -ota, about to be (going to be), denoting action not yet begun, or future time, are added to the root of the verb, as ami, to love, amata, being loved, amita, having been loved, amota, going to be loved. La telisto estas serata de la policanoj [Footnote: De is used after these participles to denote the doer of the action.], The thief is being searched for by the police. La fenestro estas rompita, The window has been broken. La laboro estas finota morga, The work is going to be finished to-morrow. It will be seen that these words ending in -ata, -ita, -ota describe the subject or show the condition or state in which the subject is, therefore they are adjectival; the thief is a searched-for thief, the window was a broken window, the work is a going-to-be-finished work (compare The work will be ready to-morrow). They are called PARTICIPLES, and being adjectival, take j when the noun to which they belong is plural.
Mi estas tenata Li estis tenata Ni estos tenataj Vi estus tenataj Ke ili estu tenataj Estu tenata I am (being) held. He was (being) held. We shall be (being) held. You would be (being) held. That they may be (being) held. Be (being) held.

Esti tenata

To be (being) held.

Mi estas vidita Li estis vidita Ni estos viditaj

I am (in the state of) having been seen, or, I have been seen. He was (in the state of) having been seen, or, he had been seen. We shall be (in the state of) having been seen, or, we shall have been seen. You would be (in the state of) having been seen, or, you would have been seen. (That) they may be (in the state of) having been seen, or, that they may have been seen. To be (in the state of) having been seen, or, to have been seen.

Vi estus viditaj

(Ke) ili estu viditaj Esti vidita

Mi estas ladota i estis ladota Ni estos ladotaj Vi estus ladotaj (Ke) ili estu ladotaj Esti ladota

I am about (going) to be praised. She was about (going) to be praised. We shall be about (going) to be praised. You would be about (going) to be praised. (That) they should be about (going) to be praised. To be about (going) to be praised. Vocabulary. komercao, commodity. surtuto, overcoat. uldo, debt. ringo, ring. projekto, project. ineniero, civil engineer. fervojo, railroad. preo, prayer. pasero, sparrow. aglo, eagle. sciig-, inform. ka-, hide. pens-, think. kapt-, capture. trankvila, quiet. tuta, all, whole. grava, important. ora, golden. volonte, willingly. sekve, consequently.

invit-, invite. konstru-, construct.

la, according to.

Mi estas amata. Mi estis amata. Mi estos amata. Mi estus amata. Estu amata. Esti amata. Vi estas lavita. Vi estis lavita. Vi estos lavita. Vi estus lavita. Estu lavita. Esti lavita. Li estas invitota. Li estis invitota. Li estos invitota. Li estus invitota. Estu invitota. Esti invitota. Tiu i komercao estas iam volonte aetata de mi. La surtuto estas aetita de mi; sekve i apartenas al mi. Kiam via domo estis konstruata, mia domo estis jam longe konstruita. Mi sciigas, ke de nun la uldoj de mia filo ne estos pagataj de mi. Estu trankvila, mia tuta uldo estos pagita al vi balda. Mia ora ringo ne estus tiel longe serata, se i ne estus tiel lerte kaita de vi. La la projekto de la inenieroj tiu i fervojo estas konstruota en la daro de du jaroj; sed mi pensas, ke i estos konstruata pli ol tri jarojn. Kiam la preo estis finita, li sin levis. Agusto estas mia plej amata filo. Mono havata estas pli grava ol havita. Pasero kaptita estas pli bona, ol aglo kaptota.
LESSON 16.

Another set of participles is used to describe or show the condition or state of the doer of the action, namely -anta, denoting incompleteness or present time, inta, denoting completeness or past time, and -onta, denoting action not yet begun, or future time, as Sur la arbo staras kantanta birdo (a birdo kantanta), On the tree is a singing bird (or a bird singing); En la venonta somero mi vizitos vin, In the coming summer I shall visit you; La pasinta nokto estis tre pluva, The past night was very wet (rainy).
Mi estas mananta Li estis mananta Ni estos manantaj Vi estus manantaj (Ke) ili estu manantaj Esti mananta Estu mananta I am (in the act of) eating. He was eating. We shall be eating. You would be eating. (That) they may be eating. To be eating. Be (in the act of) eating.

Mi estas teninta Li estis teninta Ni estos tenintaj

I am (in the state of) having held, or, I have held. He was (in the state of) having held, or, he had held. We shall be (in the state of) having held, or, we shall have held. You would be (in the state of) having held, or, you would have held. (That) they may be (in the state of) having held, or, (that) they may have held. To be (in the state of) having held, or, to have held.

Vi estus tenintaj

(Ke) ili estu tenintaj Esti teninta

Mi estas dironta Li estis dironta Ni estos dirontaj Vi estus dirontaj (Ke) ili estu dirontaj Esti dironta

I am about (going) to say. He was about (going) to say. We shall be about (going) to say. You would be about (going) to say. (That) they may be about (going) to say. To be about (going) to say.

The participles are made into nouns by ending them with o instead of a, as Kiam Nikodemo batas Jozefon, tiam Nikodemo estas la batanto, kaj Jozefo estas la batato, When Nicodemus beats Joseph, then Nicodemus is the beater, and Joseph is the one being beaten.
La batanto La batinto La batonto La batato The one who is beating. The one who was beating. The one who is about (going) to beat. The one who is being beaten.

La batito La batoto

The one who has been beaten. The one who is about to be beaten.

Note that the participles which have n in the termination refer to the doer; they are called active participles. Those without n refer to the one to whom the action is done; they are passive participles.
Vocabulary. tempo, time. mondo, world. lingvo, language. nombro, number. legendo, legend. loko, place. salono, drawing-room. eraro, mistake. soldato, soldier. strato, street. pek-, sin. fal-, fall. mensog-, tell a lie. pas-, pass (as time passes). atend-, wait, expect. sav-, save, rescue. danc-, dance. kred-, believe. ripet-, repeat. arest-, arrest. ju-, judge. konduk-, lead, conduct. voja-, travel, journey. tel-, steal. ripoz-, rest, repose. diradis, used to say (tell). estonta, future (about to be). vera, true. intence, intentionally. facile, easily. antae, formerly, previously. dum, while, whilst, during. neniam, never. neniu, nobody. sen, without. senmove, motionless.

Fluanta akvo estas pli pura, ol akvo staranta senmove. La falinta homo ne povas sin levi. La tempo pasinta jam neniam revenos; la tempon venontan neniu ankora konas. Venu, ni atendas vin, Savonto de la mondo. En la lingvo Esperanto ni vidas la estontan lingvon de la tuta mondo. La nombro de la dancantoj estis granda. i estas la legendo, kiun la veraj kredantoj iam ripetas. Li kondukis la vojaanton al la loko, kie la telintoj ripozis. Al homo, pekinta senintence, Dio facile pardonas. La soldatoj kondukis la arestitojn tra la stratoj. Homo, kiun oni devas jui, estas juoto.
16a.

Nun li diras al mi la veron. Hiera li diris al mi la veron. Li iam diradis al mi la veron. Kiam vi vidis nin en la salono, li jam antae diris al mi la veron (a, li estis dirinta al mi la veron). Li diros al mi la veron. Kiam vi venos al mi, li jam

antae diros al mi la veron (a, li estos dirinta al mi la veron; a, anta ol vi venos al mi, li diros al mi la veron). Se mi petus lin, li dirus al mi la veron. Mi ne farus la eraron, se li antae dirus al mi la veron (a, se li estus dirinta al mi la veron). Kiam mi venos, diru al mi la veron. Kiam mia patro venos, diru al mi antae la veron (a, estu dirinta al mi la veron). Mi volas diri al vi la veron. Mi volas, ke tio, kion mi diris, estu vera (a, mi volas esti dirinta la veron).
LESSON 17.

Participles can be used as adverbs when they refer to the subject, and tell some circumstance about the action, as "Walking along the street, John saw your friend." "Walking along the street" tells the circumstance under which the subject, John, saw your friend; therefore "walking" is adverbial"Promenante sur la strato, Johano vidis vian amikon." If it were the friend who was walking, it must be "Johano vidis vian amikon, promenantan sur la strato." (Examine in this way the sentences in the following exercise).
Vocabulary. braceleto, bracelet. telisto, thief. vorto, word. duko, duke. juvelo, jewel. juvelujo, jewel-case. dolaro, dollar. instruo, instruction. planko, floor. imperiestro, emperor. okazo, opportunity, occurrence, chance. serv-, serve. medit-, meditate. port-, carry. demand-, ask. par-, save. edzi-, marry. hont-, be ashamed. ir-, go. profunda, deep. kelka, some. ia, some (kind), any (kind). kredeble, probably. trans, across. tio i, this (thing).

Promenante sur la strato, mi falis. Trovinte pomon, mi in manis. Li venis al mi tute ne atendite. Li iris tre meditante kaj tre malrapide. Ni hontis, ricevinte instruon de la knabo. La imperiestra servanto eliris, portante kun si la braceleton. Profunde salutante, li rakontis, ke oni kaptis la teliston. Ne dirante vorton, la dukino malfermis sian juvelujon. Laborinte unu jaron, kaj parinte kelkajn dolarojn, mi edziis kun mia Mario. Transirinte la riveron, li trovis la teliston. Rigardinte okaze la plankon, i vidis ian libron, forgesitan kredeble de elirinta veturanto.
LESSON 18.

Suffix -ist-.

The suffix -ist- denotes one who occupies himself with or devotes himself to any special thing, as a business or a hobby, as jui, to judge, juisto, a judge; servi, to serve, servisto, a servant; kuraci, to treat (as a doctor), kuracisto, a doctor; lavi, to wash, lavisto, a laundryman.
Vocabulary. boto, boot. uo, shoe. maro, sea. meaniko, mechanics. emio, chemistry. diplomato, diplomatist. fiziko, physics. scienco, science. dron-, be drowned, sink. verk-, work mentally, write, compose. transskrib-, transcribe, copy. kuir-, cook. veturig-, drive (a carriage, etc.). tromp-, deceive. okup-, occupy, employ. teks-, weave. diversa(j), various. simple, simply. je, (indefinite meaning). [Lessons 26, 40.]

La botisto faras botojn kaj uojn. telistojn neniu lasas en sian domon. La kuraa maristo dronis en la maro. Verkisto verkas librojn, kaj skribisto simple transskribas paperojn. Ni havas diversajn servantojnkuiriston, ambristinon, infanistinon, kaj veturigiston. Kiu okupas sin je meaniko estas meankisto, kaj kiu okupas sin je emio estas emiisto. Diplomatiiston oni povas anka nomi diplomato, [Footnote: See Lesson 45.] sed fizikiston oni ne povas nomi fiziko, [Footnote: See Lesson 45.] ar fiziko estas la nomo de la scienco mem. Unu tagon [Footnote: See Lesson 26.] (en unu tago) venis du trompantoj, kiuj diris, ke ili estas teksistoj.
LESSON 19. Suffixes -ig-, -i-.

-ig- means to make or cause someone or something to be or to do that which the word denotes, while -i- means to become so or such oneself. Thus from rua, red, we get ruigi, to make (something or someone) red, ruii, to become red oneself, to blush; klara, clear, klarigi, to make clear, to explain, klarii, to become clear; sidi, to sit, to be sitting, sidigi, to cause someone to sit, sidii, to become seated, to sit down; kun, with, kunigi, to connect, kunii, to become connected with; devi, to have to (must), devigi, to compel; fari, to do or make, farii, to become; for, away, forigi, make (go) away.
Vocabulary.

printempo, spring. glacio, ice. vetero, weather. broso, brush. relo, rail. rado, wheel. apo, bonnet, cap. arbeto, little tree. vento, wind. brano, branch. vizao, face. kuvo, tub. kolego, companion, colleague Hebreo, Hebrew. Kristano, Christian.

kapo, head. botelo, bottle. dev-, have to, must. kurac-, treat as a doctor. pren-, take. pend-, hang. blov-, blow. ekbrul-, begin to burn. rid-, laugh. romp-, break. fluida, fluid. kota, dirty, muddy. natura, natural. seka, dry. tamen, however, nevertheless, yet.

Oni tiel malhelpis al mi, ke mi malbonigis mian tutan laboron. Forigu vian fraton, ar li malhelpas al ni. Venigu la kuraciston, ar mi estas malsana. Li venigis al si el Berlino multajn librojn (multe da libroj). Li paliis de timo, kaj poste li ruiis de honto. En la printempo la glacio kaj la neo fluidias. En la kota vetero mia vesto forte malpuriis; tial mi prenis broson kaj purigis la veston. Mia onklo ne mortis per natura morto, sed li tamen ne mortigis sin mem, kaj anka estis mortigita de neniu; unu tagon, [Footnote: See Lesson 26, Note iii.] promenante apud la reloj de fervojo, li falis sub la radojn de veturanta vagonaro, kaj mortiis. Mi ne pendigis mian apon sur tiu i arbeto; sed la vento forblovis de mia kapo la apon, kaj i, flugante, pendiis sur la branoj de la arbeto. Sidigu vin (a, sidiu), sinjoro! Lia malgaja vizao ridigis lian amikon. La tutan nokton ili pasigis maldorme, kaj ekbruligis pli ol dekses kandelojn. Mi senvestigis la infanon de liaj noktaj vestoj, kaj starigis lin en la kuvon; poste mi sekigis lin. Li amikiis kun malbonaj kolegoj. Malria hebreo volis kristanii. La botelo falis kaj rompiis. i fariis lia edzino. Iom post iom, i tute trankviliis.
NOTES.

1.In pluvas, it rains; tondras, it thunders; estas bela tago, it is a fine day; estas bele, it is fine; estas vere, ke..., it is true that..., etc., "it" is left out, because it does not stand for any "thing." The adverbs bele, vere, are used because no "thing" is mentioned.

2.Ni havas freajn lakton kaj panon means Ni havas frean lakton kaj frean panon, We have new milk and new bread. Ni havas frean lakton kaj panon means We have bread and new milk. 3.La angla, franca kaj germana lingvoj estas malfacilaj, The English, French and German languages are difficult. Angla, franca, germana do not take "j" because each refers to only one language, while malfacilaj refers to all those mentioned.
LESSON 20.

The words ia, tia; kial, tial; kiam, iam, neniam; kie, kiel, tiel; io, kio, tio, io, nenio; kiu, iu, neniu, have already been met with. They belong to a series whose use will best be seen from the following examples: ia denotes kind or quality. Kia floro estas la plej bela? Ia kaj ia floro estas bela, nenia estas malbela. Mi admiras la rozon; tia floro la plej plaas al mi. What (kind of) flower is the most beautiful? Any kind and every kind of flower is beautiful, no kind is ugly. I admire the rose, that kind of flower pleases me the most. ial, motive, reason. Kial li iros en Parizon? Mi ne scias; ial li foriros, sed ial estus pli bone resti en Londono. Li deziras foriri, tial li foriros. Why is he going (will he go) to Paris? I know not; for some reason he is going, but for every reason (on every account) it would be better to remain in London. He wishes to go, therefore (for that reason) he will go. iam, time. Kiam vi venos min viziti? Iam mi venos, kiam mi havos libertempon; vi iam havas libertempon, mi neniam. Postmorga estos festo, tiam mi venos. When will you come to visit me? Sometime I will come, when (at what time) I shall have a holiday; you always (at all times) have a holiday, I never (at no time). (The day) after to-morrow will be a festival (a general holiday); I will come then (at that time). ie, place. Kie estas mia apelo? i devas esti ie, sed mi seris in ie, kaj neniemi povas trovi in. Ha, nun mi ekvidas in tie. Where is my hat? It must be somewhere, but I have looked for it everywhere, and nowhere can I find it. Ha, now I see it there. iel, manner. Kiel vi faros tion i? Mi ne scias; mi iel provis in fari, sed mi neniel sukcesis. Johano sukcesis iel; eble li faris in tiel. How will you do this? I do not know; I have tried in every way to do it, but I have in no way (not at

all) succeeded. John succeeded in some way (somehow); perhaps he did it so (in such a way). ies, possession. Kies devo estas tio i? Eble i estas ties; sendube i estas ies. ies devo estas nenies. Whose duty is this? Perhaps it is that one's (person's); doubtless it is somebody's. Everybody's duty is nobody's. io, thing. Kio malplaas al vi? Nun nenio malplaas al mi, io estas bona. Anta tri tagoj io tre malplais al mi, sed mi ne parolas pri tio nun. What displeases you? Now nothing displeases me, all is well. Three days ago something greatly displeased me, but I am not speaking about that now. iom, quantity. Kiom da mono vi bezonas? Mi havas tiom, mi povas prunti al vi iom, sed ne iom. Se mi pruntus al vi iom, mi mem havus neniom. How much money do you need ? I have so much (that quantity), I can lend you some, but not all. If I were to lend you all, I myself should have none. iu denotes individuality, person, or thing specified. Kiu estis e la balo? iu, kiu estis invitita, estis tie, neniu forestis. Iu, kiun mi mem ne konas, venis kun tiu kiu vizitis vin hierau. Who was at the ball? Everybody who had been invited was there, nobody was absent. Somebody, whom I myself do not know, came with that person who visited you yesterday. It will be seen from these examples that the words beginning with K either ask questions or refer to some person or thing before mentioned. Those beginning with T point to a definite time, place, etc. Those with signify each or every, and in the plural all. Those without a letter prefixed are indefinite, meaning some or any; and those with nen- are negative, meaning no, none. The words ending in "ia" and those in "iu" can take the plural j and accusative n. The words in io take n, but the sense does not permit of their taking j. The words in ie take the n denoting direction. The word i, signifying nearness, is used with the T series (words meaning that), to denote the one near i.e., this, as Tio i, this thing; Tiu i, this person; Tie i, or, i tie, here, etc. The word ajn, ever, is used with the K series to give a more inclusive and wider meaning, as Kio ajn, whatever; Kiu ajn, whoever; Kiam ajn, whenever; Kiom

ajn, however much. Comparisons of equality are made with the words tiel ... kiel, as Vi estas tiel forta, kiel mi, You are as strong as I. tia ... kia, as Tia domo, kia tiu, estas malofta, Such a house as that is rare. sama ... kia, as Mia bastono estas tia sama, kia la via, My stick is the same as yours. sama ... kiel, as ia uzado estas tia sama, kiel en la aliaj lingvoj, Its use is the same as in the other languages. Vi iam laboradas al tiu sama celo, kiel mi, You are always working towards that same end (aim) as I. Any of the above series of words whose sense admits of it can be used as adjectives, adverbs, etc., and in combination with prefixes, suffixes, or other words, as iama, continual, eternal; tiea, of that place. Kioma is used for asking the time, as Kioma horo estas? What time is it?
CORRELATIVE WORDS. * K T NenINDEFINITE QUESTIONING DEFINITE. INCLUSIVE. NEGATIVE. Some, any. RELATIVE. That. Each, every, No, none. What, which. all. Ia Kia Tia ia Nenia Some kind What kind That kind Each kind No kind Every kind Any kind Such Ial Kial Tial ial Nenial For some For what reason For that For each For no reason Why reason reason reason For any Therefore For every reason reason Iam Kiam Tiam iam Neniam Sometime At what time At that Each time At no time Any time When time Every time Never Then Always Ie Kie Tie ie Nenie In some place At what place At that At each place At no place Somewhere Where place At every Nowhere Anywhere There place Everywhere Iel Kiel Tiel iel Neniel

QUALITY Kind of MOTIVE Reason Purpose

TIME

PLACE

MANNER

POSSESSION

THING

QUANTITY

In some way In any way Somehow, anyhow Ies Someone's Anyone's Io Something Anything Iom Some (of the quantity)

In what way How As, like Kies What person's Whose Kio What thing What Kiom What quantity How much

In that way In each way So In every way

In no way Nohow

Ties That one's Tio That thing Tiom That quantity So much

ies Each one's Everyone's io Everything

Nenies No one's Nenio Nothing

INDIVIDUALITY

Iu Someone Anyone

Kiu What person Which thing Who, Which Vocabulary.

iom Neniom Every None of the quantity quantity All of the quantity Tiu iu Neniu That person Each person No one That Everyone Nobody (specified) iuj = all, all thing the...

ankro, anchor. maniero, manner, way. riproo, reproach. konscienco, conscience. propono, proposal, offer. rando, edge. ipo, ship. dubo, doubt. demando, question. admir-, admire. pla-, be pleasing. supoz-, suppose.

prov-, attempt, try. sukces-, succeed. perd-, lose. merit-, deserve. kompren-, understand. libera, free. certa, certain, sure. utila, useful. fremda, strange. necesa, necessary. ekster, beyond, outside.

Ia. La maro estas tie pli profunda, ol povas atingi ia ankro. En ia maniero. Sen ia riproo de konscienco. Mi scias, en kia loko mi certe lin trovos. Kia estas la vetero? Kian malbonon mi al vi faris? Tiamaniere li faris ion. Li invitis lin veni en tian kaj tian lokon. Ne ia birdo kantas. Ekster ia dubo. Nenia homo meritas tian punon. Tiaj libroj estas malutilaj. Iafoje li vizitas nin. Ial. Ial li ne povis dormi. Kial vi ne respondas al mi? Mi ne komprenis vian demandon, tial mi ne respondis. La homoj ne komprenas unu la alian, kaj tial ili tenas sin fremde. ial tio estas la plej bona.

Iam. Mi iam vin amis. Kio vivas, necese devas iam morti. Kiam vi foriros? En la luna nokto, kiam iuj dormis, tiam i sidis sur la rando de la ipo. Estu por iam benata! i antae neniam vidis hundon.
Vocabulary 20a. mono, money. monujo, purse. juneco, youth. reto, net. ideo, idea. gajno, gain. tag-, be fit, suitable. fart-, be, fare (as to health). monto, mountain. ganto, glove. opinio, opinion. voo, voice. prezid-, preside. alpren-, adopt. stranga, strange, curious. komprenebla, understandable. subita, sudden.

Ie. Kie estas la knaboj? Kien vi iris? Mi restas tie i. Li perdis sian monujon ie en la urbo, sed kie li perdis in, li ne scias. Mi volonte el tie venis tien i. Li petis in, ke i diru al li, de kie si venas. [Footnote: See note in Lesson 17.] Por la juneco ie staras retoj. ie estas floroj, kaj nenie oni povas trovi pli belajn. Iel. Kiel bela! u mi tagas kiel reo? Tiel finiis la felia tago. Ili brilis kiel diamantoj. Kiel vi fartas? Iel li malkomprenis min. Mia edzino pensis tiel same, kiel mi. Mi neniel povas kompreni, kion vi diras. Tre stranga kaj neniel komprenebla! Mi elektis lin kiel prezidanto. Mi elektis lin kiel prezidanton. Ies. Kies ganto tiu i estas? Mi neniam alprenas ties opinion. Subite i ekadis ies fortan malagrablan voon. ies ideo estas diversa. Bona amiko, sen kies helpo li neniam ekvidus tiun i landon. Ies perdo ne estas iam ies gajno. Ies perdo estas ofte nenies gajno.
Vocabulary 20b. ornamo, ornament. pupilo, pupil (of eye). centimo, centime. forto, strength, power. nesto, nest. Fortuno, fortune. funto, pound (weight or money). lango, tongue. gusto, taste. okulo, eye. ino, Chinese. decido, decision. ced-, give up, yield, cede. forlas-, forsake, leave. prudenta, reasonable, prudent. firma, firm, stable. sterlinga, sterling. kontra, against, opposite. pro, for, owing to.

Io. Mi sentas, ke io okazas. Neniam mi ion al vi donis. Mi volas fari al vi ion bonan. Kio tio i estas? Kia ornamo tiu i estas? Kion mi vidas? Tio i estas io, pri kio mi parolis. Mi nenion cedos al vi. Nenion faru kontra la patrino. Anta io estu fidela al vi mem. i eksentis ion tian, kion i mem komence ne povas kompreni. Iom. i parolis iom kolere. La pupiloj de la okuloj iom post iom malgrandiis. Kiu estas tiom senprudenta, ke li povas in kredi? Kiom da mono vi havas? Mi havas neniom. Donu al mi tiom da akvo, kiom da vino. Iu. Iu venas; kiu i estas? u iu kuraus tion fari? iu penis sin savi, kiel li povis. Lingvo, en kiu neniu nin komprenos. Neniu el ili povis savi la dronanton. Li al neniu helpis iam e per unu centimo. Ni iros iuj kune. Mi konas neniun en tiu urbo. Tio i estas super iuj homaj fortoj.
20c.

De kie mi veturas, kien kaj pro kio, mi nur povas respondi: mi ne scias. Oni petis lin atendi iom kun lia forveturo. Tiuj i nestoj ofte estas pli grandaj, ol la dometoj de la tieaj homoj. Li forveturis kun firma decido forlasi por iam tiun i sendankan landon. Se iu tion vidus, li malbenus la Fortunon. Mi donus cent funtojn sterlingajn, se bova lango povus havi por mi tian bonan guston kiel por vi. Kioma horo (estas)? Balda la dekdua (horo).
LESSON 21. Suffixes -eg-, -et-.

The suffixes -eg- and -et- are opposites; -eg- denotes a great size or degree, and -et- a small size or degree, of that which the word signifies, as domo, a house, domego, a mansion, dometo, a cottage; nuro, a cord, nurego, a rope, nureto, a string; monto, a mountain, montego, a huge mountain, monteto, a hill; ami, to love, amegi, to idolise, ameti, to have a liking for; ridi, to laugh, ridegi, to shout with laughter, to guffaw, rideti, to smile. -eg- and -et- denote a greater or smaller size or degree than is expressed by very large or very small. The adjective ega means enormous, huge, and eta means tiny.
Vocabulary. arbaro, a wood. bruo, noise. kaleo, carriage. somero, summer. kampo, field. piedego, paw.

korto, courtyard. piedo, foot. teruro, terror. militistaro, army. serio, series.

forir-, go away. murmur-, murmur. varma, warm. densa, dense.

En varmega tago mi amas promeni en arbaro. Kun bruo oni malfermis la pordegon, kaj la kaleo enveturis en la korton. Tio i estas jam ne simpla pluvo, sed pluvego. Grandega hundo metis sur min sian antaan piedegon, kaj mi de teruro ne sciis, kion fari. Anta nia militistaro staris granda serio da pafilegoj. En tiu nokto blovis terura ventego. Kun plezurego. Li deziregis denove foriri. Tuj post la hejto la forno estis varmega, post unu horo i estis nur varma, post du horoj i estis nur iom varmeta, kaj post tri horoj i estis jam tute malvarma. Mi aetis por la infanoj tableton kaj kelke da seetoj. En nia lando sin ne trovas montoj, sed nur montetoj. En somero ni trovas malvarmeton en densaj arbaroj. Li sidas apud la tablo kaj dormetas. Mallara vojeto kondukas tra tiu i kampo al nia domo. Sur lia vizao mi vidis ojan rideton. Anta la virino aperis malgranda, beleta hundo. Pardonu, li murmuretis.
LESSON 22. Suffix -il-.

The suffix -il- denotes the instrument by means of which something is done, as razi, to shave, razilo, a razor; rigli, to bolt, riglilo, a bolt; butero, butter, buterilo, a churn; kuraci, to treat (as a doctor), kuracilo, a medicine.
Vocabulary. viando, meat, flesh. poo, pocket. korko, cork (substance). arento, silver. telero, plate. sano, health. butero, butter. hak-, chop, hew. seg-, saw. fos-, dig. kudr-, sew. tond-, clip, shear. komb-, comb. top-, stop up. los-, lock. glit-, glide, slide. direkt-, direct, steer. difekt-, damage. montr-, show. pes-, weigh something. tir-, draw, pull. vetur-, drive (in a vehicle). frosta, frosty. magneta, magnetic.

Per hakilo ni hakas, per segilo ni segas, per fosilo ni fosas, per kudrilo ni

kudras, per tondilo ni tondas. La tranilo estis tiel malakra, ke mi ne povis trani per i la viandon, kaj mi devis uzi mian poan tranilon. u vi havas korktirilon, por maltopi la botelon? Mi volis losi la pordon, sed mi perdis la losilon. i kombas al si la harojn per arenta kombilo. En somero ni veturas per diversaj veturiloj, kaj en vintro per glitveturilo. Hodia estas bela frosta vetero; tial mi prenos miajn glitilojn kaj iros gliti. La direktilisto de "Pinta" difektis la direktilon. La magneta montrilo. La unua montrilo en la plej multaj malsanoj estas la lango. Li metis in sur la teleron de pesilo.
LESSON 23. Suffixes -an-, -estr-.

The suffix -an- signifies a member, an inhabitant of a country, town, etc., or a member of a party, society, religion, etc. Eropano, a European; Londonano, a Londoner; urbo, a town or city, urbano, a citizen; klubo, a club, klubano, a member of a club. Ano, a member. -estr- denotes the head of a State, town, society, etc. Regno, a State, regnestro, a ruler of a State; urbestro, the head of a town, a mayor; lernejo, a school, lernejestro, the principal or head master of a school; imperio, an empire, imperiestro, an emperor.
Vocabulary. Parizo, Paris. regno, State. imperio, empire. polico, police. Kristo, Christ. Lutero, Luther. Kalvino, Calvin. germano, German. franco, Frenchman. Rusujo, Russia. provinco, province. religio, religion. regimento, regiment. lokomotivo, engine. loio, box (opera), lodge (freemason, etc.). vilao, village. obe-, obey. konfes-, confess, avow, acknowledge, profess (a religion, etc.). enir-, enter. ruza, sharp (cunning). sufia, sufficient. ordinara, ordinary. naiva, simple. saa, wise. severa, strict, severe. justa, just, righteous. egala, equal. fiera, proud. energia, energetic.

La ipanoj devas obei la ipestron. iuj loantoj de regno estas regnanoj. Urbanoj estas ordinare pli ruzaj, ol vilaanoj. La Parizanoj estas gajaj homoj. Nia urbo havas bonajn policanojn, sed ne sufie energian policestron. Luteranoj

kaj Kalvinanoj estas Kristanoj. Germanoj kaj francoj, kiuj loas en Rusujo, estas Rusujanoj, kvankam ili ne estas rusoj. Li estas nelerta kaj naiva provincano. La loantoj de unu regno estas samregnanoj, la loantoj de unu urbo estas samurbanoj, la konfesantoj de unu religio estas samreligianoj. Tiuj, kiuj havas la samajn ideojn, estas samideanoj. La regnestro de nia lando estas bona kaj saa reo. Nia provincestro estas severa, sed justa. Nia regimentestro estas por siaj soldatoj kiel bona patro. Ili estas egale fieraj, kiel domestrino pri sia domo. Sur la lokomotivo la lokomotivestro sidis sola. La imperiestro, akompanata de la imperiestrino, us eniris en sian loion.
LESSON 24. Suffixes -ar-, -er-.

The suffix -ar- signifies a collection of the persons or things named, as arbo, a tree, arbaro, a wood; homo, a human being, homaro, mankind; militisto, a soldier (from milito, war), militistaro, an army; vorto, a word, vortaro, a dictionary (vortareto, a vocabulary); aro, a flock, anaro, a company, troop. -er- signifies a particle, or one of things of which the name denotes a mass, as greno, corn, grenero, a grain of corn ; polvo, dust, polvero, a speck of dust; pulvo, gunpowder, pulvero, a grain of gunpowder; hajlo, hail, hajlero, a hailstone; neo, snow, neero, a snowflake; koto, mud, kotero, a speck of mud or dirt.
Vocabulary. pulvo, gunpowder. tupo, step, stair. tegmento, roof. herbo, grass. bruto, brute, beast, head of cattle. lano, wool. persono, person. floreno, florin. ilingo, shilling. penco, penny. glaso, a glass (tumbler). brando, brandy. tuko, a cloth. telertuketo, serviette. [Footnote: See Lesson 45.] nuro, cord. afo, a sheep. fajro, fire. met-, put, set. pat-, feed (cause to feed), pasture. sekv-, follow. bar-, bar (obstruct). batal-, battle, fight. eksplod-, explode. brava, brave. kruta, steep. hispana, Spanish. vasta, vast, spacious. precipe, chiefly, particularly. preska, almost. inter, between, among.

sablo, sand.

Nia lando venkos, ar nia militistaro estas granda kaj brava. Sur kruta tuparo li levis sin al la tegmento de la domo. Mi ne scias la lingvon hispanan, sed per helpo de vortaro hispana-germana mi tamen komprenis iom vian leteron. Sur tiuj i vastaj kaj herboriaj kampoj patas sin grandaj brutaroj, precipe aroj da bellanaj afoj. La vagonaro konsistis preska nur el personvagonoj. Oni metis anta mi manilaron, kiu konsistis el telero, kulero, tranilo, forko, glaseto por brando, glaso por vino kaj telertuketo. Sur la maro staris granda ipo, kaj inter la nuregaro sidis ie ipanoj. Lia sekvantaro staris en la posto de la loio. Mallumaj montegaroj baras la vojon. Floreno, ilingo kaj penco estas moneroj. Sablero enfalis en mian okulon. Unu fajrero estas sufia por eksplodigi pulvon.
LESSON 25. Suffix -ul-.

The suffix -ul- denotes a person characterised by the quality, etc., which the word expresses, as justa, just, righteous, justulo, one who is just; babili, to chatter, babilulo, one who chatters, a babbler; avara, avaricious, avarulo, a miser; kun, with, kunulo, a companion.
Vocabulary. legendo, legend. ombro, shadow. rajto, right, authority. profeto, prophet. mensogo, a lie. tagman-, dine. entrepren-, undertake. propra, own. avara, avaricious. potenca, powerful. infekta, infectious. e, at, with.

Malria saulo tagmanis e avara riulo. Malsaulon iu batas. Li estas mensogisto kaj malnoblulo. Timulo timas e sian propran ombron. Tiu i maljunulo tute malsaiis kaj infaniis. Unu instruitulo entreprenis gravan sciencan laboron. Nur sanktuloj havas la rajton enveni tien i. Li sola estas la grandulo, la potenculo. i ne estas la legendo pri la belulino Zobeido. Post infekta malsano oni ofte bruligas la vestojn de la malsanulo. La malbeno de la profeto staras super la kapo de maldankulo. Post kelkaj minutoj la kuraulo eliris. iuj sanktuloj, helpu!
LESSON 26.

The following words, which have already been used in the previous lessons, are always placed before nouns or pronouns, to show the relation (of position, etc.) between the thing for which the noun stands and another thing or an action.
al, to, towards. apud, beside, near, by. da, of (indefinite quantity). de, of from, by. el, out of. en, in, into, within. ekster, outside. is, until, till, as far as. inter, between, among. kontra, against, opposite. kun, (in company) with. la, according to. per, by means of, with. post, after, behind. pri, concerning, about. por, for, for the sake of. sen, without. super, above, over. sur, on, upon. tra, through. trans, across, on the other side. je, (has no definite meaning).

(These words are called PREPOSITIONS, which means placed before). The other simple prepositions are
anstata, instead of. anta, before. e, at, with. irka, about, around. krom, besides, except. malgra, notwithstanding, in spite of. po, at the rate of. pro, for (cause), owing to. preter, past, beyond, by. spite, in despite of. sub, under.

The prepositions anstata, anta (ol), and por are also used before Infinitive verbs, as anstata diri, instead of saying (to say); anta ol paroli, before speaking; por lerni, in order to learn. In Esperanto all the prepositions except "je" have a definite meaning, and care must be taken to use the one which conveys the exact sense. The same word cannot be used for "with" in the two sentences "He went with his father" and "He cut it with a knife," or for "about" in "He spoke about his child" and "They stood about the stove." In the first example "with" his father is "kun", in company with, Li iris kun sia patro, and "with" a knife is "per", by means of, Li tranis in per tranilo. "About," in "about his child," is "pri," concerning, Li parolis pri sia infano, but "about," in "about the stove," is "irka," around, Ili staris irka la forno. When we cannot decide which is the correct preposition to use in any case, we may use "je," the only preposition which has no special meaning of its own, or

the preposition may be left out altogether, and "n" added to the noun or pronoun, provided that no want of clearness ensue (see Lesson 27), as Mi ridas pro lia naiveco, or, Mi ridas je lia naiveco, or, Mi ridas lian naivecon, I laugh at his simplicity. When we wish to express "motion towards" something, and the preposition does not of itself express it, n is added to the noun or pronoun, as in the case of adverbs (see Lesson 12), Li estas en la domo, He is in the house; but, Li iras en la domon, He is going into the house. NOTE.There are three cases in which the noun or pronoun takes n. (i.). When it is the direct object of the verb, as Mi vidis lin, I saw him. (ii.). To show direction, as Li iris en la ardenon, He went into the garden. (iii.). When the preposition is left out. This is usually done in the case of dates and expressions signifying duration of time, as Georgo Vaington estis naskita la dudek-duan de Februaro de la jaro mil sepcent tridek du, George Washington was born the 22nd of February, 1732. Vi restos tie i la tutan vivon (dum la tuta vivo), You will remain here your (the) whole life. All the prepositions whose meaning allows of it can be used as adjectives, adverbs, etc., by adding the proper endings, as from anta, before, we get antaa, former, antae, formerly or previously, antaen, forward. Prepositions are also joined to other words, and to prefixes or suffixes, as antadiri, to foretell; apudmara urbo, a seaside town; senigi, to deprive of. Sometimes the preposition is both prefixed to the verb and used after it before the noun, as Li eliris el la domo, kaj eniris en la ardenon, He went out of the house, and entered into the garden.
LESSON 27. Al.

Al signifies to or towards a person or place. It is also used before the noun or pronoun which signifies person after such verbs as give, tell, etc., which take two objects in different relations to the verb, as Give (to) him the book, Donu al li la libron. Tell (to) him the truth, Diru al li la veron. Write (to) him a letter, Skribu al li leteron. In such cases we can say Pardonu lin, Pardon him, if the "thing" object is not mentioned, but we cannot say Pardonu lin la kulpon, Forgive him his fault; it must be Pardonu al li la kulpon. The pronoun with "al" is sometimes used instead of the possessive (pronoun) adjective mia, etc., as Mi tranis al mi la fingron, for Mi tranis mian fingron, I cut my finger. "i

kombis al si la harojn," instead of "i kombis siajn harojn," She combed her hair. Al is frequently used as a prefix as well as after the verb, as aldoni, to add; alpreni, to adopt; alii, to adhere; aljui, to award.
Vocabulary. soristo, sorcerer. promes-, promise. detran-, cut off. amba, both.

i revenis al la palaco de sia patro. Ili amba iris al la urbestro. u mi ne faris al vi bonon? i nenion al ili rakontis. i skribis al li leteron. iutage li instruas al la homoj ion, kion ili ne scias. Ili flugis al la suno. Unu fratino promesis al la alia rakonti al i, kion i vidis kaj kio la plej multe plais al i en la unua tago. Eble li al vi pardonos. i ne kredis al siaj propraj oreloj. Li ne sciis, ke al i li devas danki la vivon. Si savis al li la vivon. La soristino detranis al la virineto de maro la langon.
LESSON 28. e. Apud.

e indicates a certain place, time, or point of thought, discourse, etc., as, Li estis e mia patro, He was with my father, or at my father's house. e la momento, At the moment. Li estis e la pordo, He was at the door, eesti, To be present. Apud means close by, beside. It applies to place only, as La knabo staris apud la patro, The boy stood by, or beside, the father.
Vocabulary. fundo, bottom. brako, arm. toro, torch. serpento, serpent. statuo, statue. saliko, willow. halt-, stop, halt. ramp-, creep, crawl. plant-, (to) plant. multekosta, precious, valuable. a ... a, either ... or.

Mi lois e ia patro. i falis sur la fundon de la maro e la rompio de la ipo. e lumo de toroj. Brako e brako. Kaptis lin kelka timo e la penso. Nenio helpas; oni devas nur kurae resti e sia opinio. i ridis e lia rakontado. e iu vorto, kiun vi diros, el via buo eliros a floro a multekosta tono.

Li haltis apud la pordo. La serpento rampis apud iaj piedoj. Kiam li estis e mi, li staris tutan horon apud la fenestro. Mi lois en arbo apud via domo. i plantis apud la statuo roza-ruan salikon. La apudvojaj arboj.
LESSON 29. En.

En means in, inside; when n is added to the noun which it precedes, it means into, as Kie vi estas? Mi estas en la domo. Kien vi iras? Mi iras en la ardenon. Where are you? I am in the house. Where are you going? I am going into the garden. Malamiko venis en nian landon, An enemy came into our country.
Vocabulary. Hispanujo, Spain. humoro, humour, temper. paco, peace. pinglo, pin. nasko-tago, birthday. faruno, flour. parto, part. muel-, grind. turn-, turn. divid-, divide. do, then. uste, exactly, just. kvaza, as if.

La birdo flugas en la ambro ( = i estas en la ambro, kaj flugas en i). La birdo flugas en la ambron ( = i estas ekster la ambro, kaj flugas nun en in). Mi vojaas en Hispanujo. Mi vojaas en Hispanujon. Kion do fari en tia okazo? Mi estas en bona humoro. Li murmuretis al la reino en la orelon. En sekvo de tiu i okazo. Mi preferus resti en paco tie i. ia naskotago estis uste en la mezo de vintro. Li ekrigardis en la okulojn de la infano. Li estis bela granda viro en la ao de kvardek jaroj. En la daro de mia tuta vivo. En la fino de la jaro. Mano en mano. Enirinte en la vagonon, i sidis kvaza sur pingloj. La greno muelias en farunon. Aleksandro turniis en polvon. Li dividis la pomon en du partojn.
LESSON 30. Inter. Ekster. El.

Inter means between, among, or amongst. It is largely used as a prefix, as interparoli, to converse; internacia, international; interkonsento, agreement; sin intermeti, to interfere. Ekster means out of, outside, as ekster danero, out of danger. It is used as a prefix, as eksterordinara, extraordinary.

El means out of. It applies (i.) to place, signifying motion from, as, Mi eliris el la domo, I went out of the house. (ii.). Chosen from among, as, Unu el miaj infanoj, One of (from among) my children. (iii.). Made out of, as, Tiu i tofo estas farita el lano, This cloth is made (out) of wool. El is used as a prefix, and means out, outright, or thoroughly, as, Elfosi, to dig out; Ellerni, to learn thoroughly.
Vocabulary. kolono, column, pillar. marmoro, marble. figuro, figure. muro, wall. kanapo, sofa. arto, art. viveco, liveliness. krono, crown. uzo, use. okazo, occasion. alfabeto, alphabet. divid-, divide (something). produkt-, produce. interne, inside.

Inter Rusujo kaj Francujo estas Germanujo. Ili dividis inter si dekdu pomojn. Inter la deka kaj dekunua horo matene. Inter la kolonoj staris marmoraj figuroj. Apud la muro inter la fenestroj staris kanapo. Longe ili parolis inter si. e tiu i malsano unu horo povas decidi inter vivo kaj morto. En la intertempo inter la paroloj oni produktas artajn fajrojn. Mi staras ekster la domo, kaj li estas interne. Li estas ekster la pordo. Nun ni estas ekster danero. Li loas ekster la urbo. Starante ekstere, li povis vidi nur la eksteran flankon de nia domo. Li montris eksteren en la mallumon. Mi lasis lin ekstere. La ekstero de tiu i homo estas pli bona, ol lia interno. Li eliris el la urbo. Li estas us reveninta el la eksterlando. Kun eksterordinara viveco i elsaltis el la vagono. i metis al i kronon el blankaj lilioj sur la harojn. Li faris uzon el la okazo. Tiuj i nestoj estas farataj tute el tero. i estis la plej kuraa el iuj. Jen vi elkreskis! Li eliris el la dormoambro, kaj eniris en la manoambron. La esperanta alfabeto konsistas el dudek ok literoj.
LESSON 31. Sur. Super. Sub.

Sur means on, upon (touching). Li sidas sur la kanapo, He is sitting on the sofa. Followed by the accusative (with n) it means on to, as Sidiu sur la kanapon, Sit down on the sofa. Influi sur la karakteron, To have influence on the character. Super means over, above (not touching). Super la maro flugis la nuboj, Over

the sea floated the clouds. Followed by the accusative it shows motion over and above a thing, as Li etis tonon super la muron, He threw a stone over the wall. Sub means under, underneath. La hundo kuis sub la tablo, The dog lay under the table. With the accusative sub shows motion to and beneath, as La hundo kuris sub la tablon, The dog ran under the table.
Vocabulary. aero, air. sono, sound. benko, bench. kato, cat. lito, bed. frukto, fruit. genuo, knee. muso, mouse. muziko, music. ponto, bridge. sofo, sofa. suprao, surface. ultro, shoulder. ferdeko, deck. balanc-, swing (something). frap-, strike, slap. influ-, have influence on. prem-, press. na-, swim. forestanta, absent. nobla, noble (quality). alta, high.

Mi sidas sur seo kaj tenas la piedojn sur benketo. Li revenis kun kato sur la brako. Mi metis la manon sur la tablon. Li falis sur la genuojn. Ne iru sur la ponton. Li etis sin malespere sur seon. Li frapis lin sur la ultron, kaj premis lin malsupren sur la sofon. Mi sidigis min sur la lokon de la forestanta hejtisto. La fruktoplantado devas influi noblige sur tiujn, kiuj sia okupas je i. Super la tero sin trovas aero. Liaj pensoj alte leviis super la nubojn. i ricevis la permeson sin levi super la supraon de la maro. Ili povis sin levi sur la altajn montojn alte super la nubojn. Li staras supre sur la monto kaj rigardas malsupren sur la kampon. i sidis sur la akvo kaj balanciis supren kaj malsupren. El sub la kanapo la muso kuris sub la liton, kaj nun i kuras sub la lito. i ofte devis nai sub la akvon. Sub la sonoj de muziko ili dancis sur la ferdeko. Ekfloris sub ia rigardo la blankaj lilioj. i subiis sub la akvon. i suprennais e la subiro de la suno.
LESSON 32. Tra. Trans. Preter.

Tra means through, as Tra la truo, Through the hole. Tra la mondo, Through the world.

Trans means at the other side, across, as Li loas trans la rivero, He lives on the other side of the river. With the accusative it means to the other side, as Li nais trans la riveron, He swam to the other side of (across) the river. Preter means past, by, or beyond; it conveys the idea of coming up from behind and passing on in front, as Mi pasis preter via frato, or Mi preterpasis vian fraton, I passed your brother. The difference between tra, trans, and preter is clearly shown by the sentence Trapasinte la arbaron, li preterpasis la preejon kaj tiam transpasis la riveron per la ponto, Having passed through the wood, he passed by the church, and then passed over the river by the bridge.
Vocabulary. kameno, hearth, fireside. poto, pot. kaldrono, cauldron, kettle. vaporo, steam, vapour. hirundo, swallow. tunelo, tunnel. oceano, ocean. momento, moment. abato, abbot. penetr-, penetrate. bol-, boil (as water boils). turn-, turn (a thing or oneself). lara, wide, broad.

Li estas tiel dika, ke li ne povas trairi tra nia mallara pordo. i rigardis supren tra la mallume-blua akvo. Tra la palrua aero lumis la stelo de la vespero. La sonado de la sonoriloj trapenetras malsupren al i. Ili traglitas inter la branoj. Sur la kameno inter du potoj staras fera kaldrono; el la kaldrono, en kiu sin trovas (or trovias) bolanta akvo, eliras vaporo; tra la fenestro, kiu sin trovas (or trovias) apud la pordo, la vaporo iras sur la korton. La hirundo flugis trans la riveron, ar trans la rivero sin trovis (or troviis) aliaj hirundoj. Ili povas flugi sur ipoj trans la maron. "Kial Hanibalo iris trans la Alpojn? ar tiam la tunelo ne estis ankora preter." Estas neeble, ke ili estu transirintaj trans la oceanon. io transturniis la fundo supren. Ni pasis preter la stacio. En tiu i momento preteriras la abato. Preterirante, mi demandis lin, u jam estas la dekdua horo. La muelilo ne povas mueli per akvo preterfluinta.
LESSON 33. Anta. Post.

Anta means before (time), Ni revenos anta Mardo, We shall return before Tuesday, in front of (place), Anta la domo, Before the house. Before verbs "anta ol" is used, as Lavu vin, anta ol mani, Wash (yourself) before eating.

Post means after (time), behind (place). Care must be taken in using anta and post to arrange the sentence so that there can be no doubt as to whether time or place is referred to. "He came before his father," in place or position, i.e., in front of his father, is Li venis anta sia patro, but if before in time is meant, it must be Li venis anta ol lia patro (venis). Li venis post sia patro means He came behind his father; if we mean "after his father came" we may use kiam, and say Li venis post, kiam lia patro venis. To express "time past," "ago," anta is used, as Anta tri tagoj, Three days ago. Anta longe, A long time ago. Anta nelonge, Not long ago. To express "in" a time to come post is used, as I will come in three days, Mi venos post tri tagoj. Post nelonge, In a short time.
Vocabulary. preejo, church (place of prayer). ordo, order. rieco, wealth. pao, step. pao, page. vek-, waken (someone). bala-, sweep. raka, hoarse. avida, eager, greedy. ofte, often. publike, publicly.

Anta ili staris preejo. Anta tiuj homoj estas inde paroli. Ofte en la nokto i staris anta la fenestro. Mi estas peka anta vi. Anta unu horo. Anta mallonge li vekiis tre raka. Anta nelonge oni vendis la domon publike. Ne iru, anta ol vi scias, ke io estas en ordo. Mi devos lasi ilin elbalai la ambron, anta ol ni komencos danci. Mi estis tie en la antaa jaro. Antae mi neniam pensis pri rieco. Estis al i, kiel la soristino antadiris. Li restis post la pordo. Iom post iom. i komencis avide legi paon post pao. i rigardis post lin kun rideto. Post kelkaj minutoj leviis la suno. i etis siajn brakojn posten kaj antaen. Ni restos kelkajn semajnojn en Parizo; poste ni vojaos en Germanujon.
LESSON 34. Dum. is. irka.

Dum means during, as Dum mia tuta vivo, During my whole life. It is not much used as a preposition, that is, before a noun, en la daro de being better, as En la daro de mia tuta vivo, In (the duration of) my whole life; or the preposition

is omitted altogether, as La tutan tagon mi laboradis, I used to work all day long. Dum, meaning while, whilst, is often used at the beginning of a sentence. Dume means meanwhile, or, in the meantime. is means till, until, up to, as far as. Atendu is Sabato, Wait until Saturday. Iru is la rivero, Go as far as the river. irka means about or around, somewhere near (more or less). Ili ludis irka la arbo, They played around the tree. irka Majo ni foriros, About May we shall go away.
Vocabulary. koncerto, concert. flanko, side. sorto, fate. radio, ray. kupolo, cupola, dome. rublo, rouble. etao, story (of building). doloro, pain, ache. vitro, glass (material). globo, globe. kolekt-, collect. prepar-, prepare. pes-, weigh (something). ekzist-, exist. pere-, perish. proksime, near to.

Dum la tuta tago (a, la tutan tagon) li restis sola. Dum (a, en la daro de) kelkaj monatoj, i ne eliradis el sia ambro. Li dormis dum la tuta koncerto (a, la tutan koncerton). Dum daris la preparoj, li estis gasto e la reo. Dum li veturas sur la vojo al Grenada, en Santa F estas decidata lia sorto. Ili laboradis is profunda nokto. La telero de la pesilo malleviis is la tero. iaj radioj sin levadis is la kupolo. Pruntu al mi dek rublojn is morga. Li laboradis de frua mateno is malfrua nokto. Li batalos is la fino mem. Ni levadis nin iam pli kaj pli alte is la kvara etao. i ekzistos is la mondo pereos. La reo venis irka tagmezo en la vilaon Reading. irka la mateno la ventego finiis. Estos sufie irka dek metroj. iuj kolektiis irka la vitra globo. Oni povas rigardi tre malproksime irkae. irkae nais grandaj montoj de glacio. Li rigardis irkaen sur iuj flankoj.
LESSON 35. De. Da.

De means of, from, or by; it denotes (i.) possession, as La apelo de la patro, The father's hat; (ii.), the agent of an action, as La letero estis skribata de

Johano, The letter was written by John; (iii.), cause, Li mortis de febro, He died of fever; (iv.), starting point, from, since, as De tiu tempo neniu lin vidis, (Starting) from (since) that time nobody has seen him; Li venis de Parizo, He came from Paris. Da means of; it is used after words signifying quantity, when the noun following has a general, not a particular sense, as Dekduo da kuleroj, A dozen spoons; Funto da teo, A pound of tea; Peco da pano, A piece of bread; but if some particular tea, bread, etc., is specified, de must be used, as Funto de la teo, A pound of the tea; Peco de la pano, A piece of the bread. La cannot be used after da.
Vocabulary. placo, place, square. velo, sail. drapo, cloth. ovo, egg. kilometro, kilometre. bordo, shore. amaso, crowd. atuno, autumn. turo, tower. evalo, horse. peco, piece. sumo, sum. inko, ink. najbaro, neighbour. mezuro, measure, sufer-, suffer. signif-, mean, signify. nigra, black. plena, full.

La lumo de la luno. En la mezo de la placo staris domo. Li povis havi la aon de dekses jaroj. La tempo de ilia vivo estas ankora pli mallonga, ol de nia. Ili sin levis de apud la tablo. Mi pensis, ke vi de tie jam ne revenos. La ipanoj demetis la velojn. Li deiris de la evalo. Glaso de vino estas glaso, en kiu antae sin trovis vino, a kiun oni uzas por vino; glaso da vino estas glaso plena je vino. Alportu al mi metron da nigra drapo. (Metro de drapo signifus metron, kiu kuis sur drapo, a kiu estas uzata por drapo). Mi aetis dekon da ovoj. Tiu i rivero havas ducent kilometrojn da longo. Sur la bordo de la maro staris amaso da homoj. Multaj birdoj flugas en la atuno en pli varmajn landojn. Sur la arbo sin trovis multe (a multo) da birdoj. Kelkaj homoj sentas sin la plej feliaj, kiam ili vidas la suferojn de siaj najbaroj. En la ambro sidis nur kelke da homoj. "Da" post ia vorto montras, ke tiu i vorto havas signifon de mezuro. i estas bela peco da tofo. Sur la teleron li metis milojn da pecoj da arento. La lumoj brilas kiel centoj da steloj. Knabo aetis boteleton da inko. Ili konstruas turetojn enhavantajn multe da ambretoj. Li donis al ili grandan

sumon da mono.
LESSON 36. Per. Kun. Sen.

Per and kun represent different uses of our word "with," so care must be taken to use the correct word. Per signifies by means of; it denotes the instrument by means of which something is done, as Per hakilo ni hakas, By means of an axe we chop. Kun means in company with, accompanying. Li iros kun mi, He will go with me. Sen means without as Teo sen sukero, Tea without sugar. It is used as a prefix to denote absence of something, as sen-utila, without use, useless (compare with mal, which denotes the exact opposite; malutila means harmful, noxious).
Vocabulary. envio, envy. amo, foam, froth. fio, fish. vosto, tail. pentrao, painting. reido, prince (king's son). princo, prince. ondo, wave. membro, member. tataro, Tartar. folio, leaf. fadeno, thread. lud-, play. pentr-, paint. flar-, smell (something). pel-, drive. kovr-, cover. es-, cease. mov-, move (something). kune, together.

Mi manas per la buo, kaj flaras per la nazo. i surpais per piedo sur la serpenton. i enkovris la belegan lilion per blanka amo. La korpo finiis per fia vosto. iuj muroj estas ornamitaj per grandaj pentraoj. Per tie i, kaj ne per alia vojo, la telisto forkuris. Per kia maniero oni povas veni en la landon de oro? Per tia maniero. Per unu vorto. La stelo Venus ekbrulis per envio. i volis ludi kun ili, sed kun teruro ili forkuris. Kun kia atento i askultis tiujn i rakontojn! La plej bela el ili estis la juna reido kun la grandaj nigraj okuloj. Tien i alnais la virineto de maro kun la bela princo. Kun plezuro. Kun iu jaro la nombro de la membroj rapide kreskis. La tataro restis sen bona evalo kaj sen mano. Li preska sen vivo estis pelata de la ondoj. Ili teksis per iuj fortoj, sed sen fadenoj. Li senvorte obeis. La

folioj sin movis (or moviis) senese. Li kreis sennombrajn birdojn.

LESSON 37. Por. Pro.

Por means for, in order to, for the purpose of, for the benefit of, as Li aetis inkon por skribi, He bought ink in order to write. Por is one of the three prepositions used before verbs in the Infinitive. Pro means for, because of, on account of, for the sake of (cause), as Li demandis in, pro kio i ploras, He asked her, for what (reason or cause) she weeps. Por looks forward to the aim or purpose of the action, to that which comes after the action, while pro looks back to what came before the action and caused it to be done, as Mi manas pro malsato por vivi, I eat because of hunger in order to live.
Vocabulary. ofico, office. mastro, master. kafo, coffee. bieno, property. kazo, cause. vend-, sell. konvink-, convince. kontenta, content, pleased. sata, satiated.

Li sin kuracis por resanii. i havis multege por rakonti. Li iris en la preejon, por fari la konfeson. Por iel pasigi la tempon. Neniu pli bone tagas por sia ofico, ol li. Li uzis iajn siajn fortojn por kontentigi sian mastron. Por mi estas tute egale, kie ajn mi loas. Prenu (la pagon) por la kafo. Li mortis pro (a, de) malsato. Mi havis tre bonan bienon, kiu estis vendita pro uldoj. Pro la ielo, ne faru tion i. Li estis konvinkita, ke li pro si ne devas timi. Pro tio i Venus lumas pli forte, ol multaj aliaj steloj. u pro tio, a u pro ia alia kazo, mi ne scias.
LESSON 38. Pri. La.

Pri means concerning, in regard to, about, as Ni parolis pri nia amiko, We spoke about or concerning our friend. Pripensi, to think about, to consider. Priparoli, to speak about. Priskribi, to

describe. La means according to, in accordance with, as La mia opinio, According to (or, in) my opinion. Lalonge, lengthways.
Vocabulary. konko, shell komando, command. eksterao, exterior. portreto, portrait. boneco, goodness. fojo, time. afero, affair, matter. honesteco, honesty. konvena, suitable, proper, respectable. son-, dream. ajn-, seem, appear.

i volis kredi, ke la hebreo parolas pri iu alia. Nun la virino havas ion, i pri nenio povas peti. Pri tio i ne pensu. Tion oni vere ne povas diri pri vi. Estis ankora multaj aferoj, pri kiuj ili volis scii. Li ne povis e soni pri i. i demandadis pri tio la maljunan avinon. Mi restas tie i la la ordono de mia estro. Li ekiris la tiu i rivero. Ili havis la permeson supreniri iufoje la sia volo. i povis la sia plao fosi kaj planti. La konkoj sin fermas kaj malfermas la la fluo de la akvo. La sia eksterao li ajnis konvena homo. La la komando "tri" vi ekpafos sur la arbon. La pli juna filino estis la plena portreto de sia patro la sia boneco kaj honesteco.
LESSON 39. Kontra. Anstata. Krom.

Kontra means against, opposite, or in opposition to as Li kurae batalis kune kun ni kontra niaj malamikoj, He courageously fought with us against our enemies. It is also used in the sense of overlooking, as La fenestro kontra la strato, The window overlooking the street; and of facing, as Vizao kontra vizao, Face to face. Kontradiri, to contradict. Anstata means instead of, in the place of, as Mi iris Londonon anstata Parizon, I went to London instead of to Paris. Mi iris hiera anstata morga, I went yesterday instead of to-morrow. Anstata piediri, li veturis, Instead of going on foot, he drove. Anstatai, to take (or, be in) the place of; anstataigi, to put in the place of, to replace (by). Krom means not including, in addition to, besides, as En la ambro estis neniu

krom li, In the room there was nobody except him. La knabo estas granda, kaj krom tio, li estas bona. The boy is tall, and besides that, he is good.
Vocabulary. rimedo, a means, remedy. kutimo, custom. profesoro, professor, reflektoro, reflector. fiano, betrothed. flanko, side. teo, tea. sukero, sugar. kremo, cream. prepozicio, preposition. vokalo, vowel. abomeno, disgust. ordinara, ordinary.

Vi havas rimedojn kontra iuj malsanoj. Kion povas fari li sola kontra cent homoj? Kontra sia kutimo, la profesoro nenion diris. i flugis kontra la reflektoron. Kontra sia propra volo i tion i konfesis. Li eksentis ian abomenon kontra si. La kontraa flanko. Ili sidiis unu kontra la alia. i estis maljusta kontra li. Kontra la ordinaro, la nombro de la dancantoj estis granda. Anstata li, oni sendis lian fraton. Anstata eliri, li restis en la domo. Okulo anstata okulo, kaj dento anstata dento. Anstata kafo li donis al mi teon kun sukero sed sen kremo. Anstata "la" oni povas anka diri "l'" (sed nur post prepozicio, kiu finias per vokalo). En la salono staris neniu krom li kaj lia fianino. Krom la malplena teksilo nenio estis. Krom ni mem, ni havis tre malmulte por enporti. i volis havi, krom la ruaj floroj, nur unu belan statuon. iuj dormis, krom la direktilisto apud sia direktilo. Krom la membroj alveturas multe da gastoj.
LESSON 40. Malgra. Spite. Po. Je.

Malgra means in spite of, notwithstanding, as Li sukcesis malgra io, He succeeded in spite of everything. Spite is a stronger expression than "malgra"; it means in defiance of all opposition, despite, as Li faris tion, spite la malpermeso, He did that, in spite of being forbidden. Po means at the rate of, as Mi aetis dekduon da ovoj po unu penco, I bought a dozen eggs at (the rate of) a penny (each). Poduone, by halves. Po grande, wholesale; po malgrande, retail.

As already said (see Lesson 26), je is the only preposition which has no meaning of its own. It is used when a preposition is needed, and none of the others properly expresses the idea, as La kruo estas plena je (or, de) akvo, The jug is full of water. Mi enuas je la hejmo, I am tired of home.
Vocabulary. mastrumao, household affairs. fungo, mushroom. senco, sense, meaning. regulo, rule. klareco, clearness. akuzativo, accusative. nobeleco, nobility (of birth). honoro, honour. libereco, freedom, liberty. kulpo, fault. simila, similar, like. komuna, common to. kri-, cry. sopir-, sigh for, long for. ekzemple, for example.

Li multe laboris, sed malgra io, li ne sukcesis. Estis ankora sufie varme, malgra ke la suno staris malalte. Ili estos severe punataj, se ili, malgra la malpermeso, pekos kontra la libereco de la vojo. Spite iuj miaj penoj por malhelpi lin, li foriris. Por miaj kvar infanoj mi aetis dek du pomojn, kaj al iu el la infanoj mi donis po tri pomoj. Ili povas kosti po tri is kvin ilingoj. Tiu i libro havas sesdek paojn; tial se mi legos en iu tago po dekkvin paoj, mi finos la tutan libron en kvar tagoj. Mi aetis kvar librojn po ses pencoj. Ni estis nur okupitaj je kelkaj mastrumaoj. La konstruo estas simila je fungo. Ili forkuris, kiam la virino ekkriis je ili. Je la vespero la ielo kovriis je nuboj. El timo je Karagara mi forkuris. i estis tre fiera je sia nobeleco. La hundo sincere malojis je li. Neniu el ili estis tiel plena je deziroj, kiel la plej juna knabino. Je vorto de honoro.
40a.

Se ni bezonas uzi prepozicion, kaj la senco ne montras al ni, kian prepozicion uzi, tiam ni povas uzi la komunan prepozicion "je." Sed estas bone uzadi la vorton "je" kiel eble pli malofte. Anstata la vorto "je" ni povas anka uzi akuzativon sen prepozicio.Mi ridas je lia naiveco (a, mi ridas pro lia naiveco; a mi ridas lian naivecon).Je la lasta fojo mi vidas lin e vi (a, la lastan fojon).Mi veturis du tagojn kaj unu nokton.Mi sopiras je mia perdita felio (a, mian perditan felion).El la dirita regulo sekvas, ke se ni pri ia verbo ne scias, u i postulas post si la akuzativon (t.e.=tio estas, u i estas aktiva) a ne, ni povas iam uzi la akuzativon. Ekzemple, ni povas diri "obei al

la patro" kaj "obei la patron" (anstata, "obei je la patro"). Sed ni ne uzas la akuzativon tiam, kiam la klareco de la senco tion i malpermesas; ekzemple: ni povas diri "pardoni al la malamiko" kaj "pardoni la malamikon," sed ni devas diri iam "pardoni al la malamiko lian kulpon."
LESSON 41. Suffixes -a-, -ec-.

-a- denotes a thing (i.) made from or of the substance named, or (ii.) having the quality or character named, or (iii.) resulting from the action expressed by the word to which it is added, as Ovo, an egg, ovao, something made of eggs, an omelette; Mirinda, wonderful, mirindao, a wonderful thing, a wonder; Trovi, to find, trovao (or, trovitao), a thing found. -ec- denotes quality; it forms the name of a quality; as, Bona, good; boneco, goodness. Ria, rich; rieco, richness. Akurata, accurate, prompt; akurateco, accuracy. Mola, soft; molao, a soft thing; moleco, softness. Amiko, a friend; amikao, a friendly act; amikeco, friendliness, friendship. Eco, quality.
Vocabulary. kuko, cake. ligno, wood (substance). alkoholo, alcohol. araneo, spider. ceremonio, ceremony. heroo, hero. frandao, a dainty. acido, acid. vinagro, vinegar. sulfuro, sulphur. azotacido, nitric acid. lago, lake. objekto, object, thing. tren-, drag. fotograf-, photograph. konfit-, preserve with sugar. pak-, pack. la ceteraj, the rest, remainder. mirinda, wonderful. peza, heavy. oportuna, convenient.

La fotografisto fotografis min, kaj mi sendis mian fotografaon al mia patro. Vi parolas sensencaon, mia amiko. Mi trinkis teon kun kuko kaj konfitao. Akvo estas fluidao. Mi ne volis trinki la vinon, ar i enhavis en si ian malklaraon. Sur la tablo staris diversaj sukeraoj. Mi manis bongustan ovaon. Kiam mi ien veturas, mi neniam prenas kun mi multon da pakao. Glaciao estas dola glaciigita frandao. La tuta suprao de la lago estis kovrita per naantaj folioj kaj diversaj aliaj kreskaoj. La lignisto vendas lignon, kaj la lignaisto faras tablojn, seojn kaj aliajn lignajn objektojn. Mi uzas nenian alkoholaon. Lia maljuna patrino kondukis la mastraon de la domo. "Malbonan eksteraon li havis," respondis la hebreo. i pripensis la faritaojn de la tago pasinta. i estas

tiel malpeza, kiel araneao. La trenao de la vesto estis longa. Ili sin movas, kiel vivaj estaoj. Li amas tiun i knabinon pro ia beleco kaj boneco. Lia heroeco tre plais al mi. Mi vivas kun ili en granda amikeco. Ni estas ja en la proksimeco de la rivero. Tio i estas la plej grava eco. Kortega ceremonio postulas maloportunecon. La rieco de tiu i homo estas granda, sed lia malsaeco estas ankora pli granda. En tiuj i boteletoj sin trovas (trovias) diversaj acidoj, vinagro, sulfuracido, azotacido kaj aliaj. La acideco de tiu i vinagro estas tre malforta. Via vino estas nur ia abomena acidao. Tiu i granda altao ne estas natura monto. La alteco de tiu monto ne, estas tre granda.
LESSON 42. Suffixes -ej-, -uj-, -ing-.

The suffix -ej- denotes a place specially used for a certain purpose, as Tombo, a tomb; tombejo, a cemetery. evalo, a horse; evalejo, a stable. Mallibera, captive malliberejo, a prison. -uj- denotes that which contains or produces, or bears (as countries, fruit-trees, receptacles, etc.), as Anglo, an Englishman: Anglujo, England. Hispano, a Spaniard; Hispanujo Spain (lando is also used, as Skotlando). Pomo, an apple; pomujo, an apple tree (arbo is also used, as pomarbo). Abelo, a bee; abelujo, a beehive. Sukerujo, a sugar-basin; Ujo, a receptacle. -ing- signifies a holder, case, or sheath for one thing, as Fingro, a finger; fingringo, a thimble. Piedo, a foot; piedingo, a stirrup. Glavo, a sword; glavingo, a sword-sheath. Ingo, a sheath.
Vocabulary. skatolo, box. hufo, hoof. pantalono, trousers. cigaro, cigar. tubo, tube. monao, monk. magazeno, magazine, warehouse. objekto, object, thing. glavo, sword, konsil-, counsel, advise. vit-, sweat, perspire. sorb-, absorb. ban-, bathe (oneself or another).

La domo, en kiu oni lernas, estas lernejo, kaj la domo, en kiu oni preas, estas preejo. La kuiristo sidas en la kuirejo. La kuracisto konsilas al mi iri en

vitbanejon. La evalo metis unu hufon sur serpentejon. La virino promenadis tra belegaj arbaroj kaj herbejoj. Li venis en sian loejon. Li haltis apud la pordego de la monaejo. La rusoj loas en Rusujo, kaj la germanoj en Germanujo. Mia skribilaro konsistas el inkujo, sablujo, kelke da plumoj, krajono, kaj inksorbilo. En la poo de mia pantalono mi portas monujon, kaj en la poo de mia surtuto mi portas paperujon; pli grandan paperujon mi portas sub la brako. Metu sur la tablon la sukerujon, la teujon, kaj la tekruon. Magazeno, en kiu oni vendas cigarojn, a ambro, en kiu oni tenas cigarojn, estas cigarejo; skatoleto a alia objekto, en kiu oni tenas cigarojn, estas cigarujo; tubeto, en kiun oni metas cigaron, kiam oni in fumas, estas cigaringo. Skatoleto, en kiu oni tenas plumojn, estas plumujo, kaj bastoneto, sur kiu oni tenas plumon por skribadi, estas plumingo. En la kandelingo sidis brulanta kandelo.
LESSON 43. Ge-, bo-, -id-, pra-, -j-, -nj-.

The prefix ge- signifies both sexes taken together, as gepatroj, parents. Gefratoj, brothers and sisters. Gereoj, king and queen (the word formed is, of course, always plural). The prefix bo- denotes relationship by marriage, as bopatro, father-in-law; bofilo, son-in-law. The suffix -id- signifies the offspring or descendant, as Reo a king; reido, a king's son, a prince. Kato, a cat; katido, a kitten. afo, a sheep; afido, a lamb. The prefix pra- means of generations ago, great-, grand-, as, avo, grandfather; pra-avo, great-grand-father. It is also used for descendants, as pra-nepo, greatgrandson. Praa, primitive or primeval. The suffix -j- is added to men's names and -nj- to women's names to form pet names, part of the name being left out, as Petro, Peter; Pejo, Pete. Klaro, Clara; Klanjo, Clarrie. Pajo (from patro), papa; panjo, mamma.
Vocabulary. altaro, altar. gratul-, congratulate. parenco, relation. deven-, originate, descend from. doktoro, doctor (law, etc.). adres-, address (a letter).

stato, state, condition. koko, cock.

telegraf-, telegraph.

Patro kaj patrino kune estas nomataj gepatroj. Petro, Anno, kaj Elizabeto estas miaj gefratoj. Gesinjoroj N. hodia vespere venos al ni. La gefianoj staris apud la altaro. Mi gratulis telegrafe la junajn geedzojn. La gereoj forveturis Kordovon. i edziniis kun sia kuzo, kvankam iaj gepatroj volis in edzinigi kun alia persono. La patro de mia edzino estas mia bopatro, mi estas lia bofilo, kaj mia patro estas la bopatro de mia edzino. iuj parencoj de mia edzino estas miaj boparencoj, sekve ia frato estas mia bofrato, ia fratino estas mia bofratino; mia frato kaj fratino (gefratoj) estas la bogefratoj de mia edzino. La edzino de mia nevo, kaj la nevino de mia edzino estas miaj bonevinoj. Virino, kiu kuracas, estas kuracistino; edzino de kuracisto estas kuracistedzino. La doktoredzino A. vizitis hodia la gedoktorojn P. Li ne estas lavisto, li estas lavistinedzo. La filoj, nepoj kaj pranepoj de reo estas reidoj. La hebreoj estas Izraelidoj, ar ili devenas de Izraelo. evalido estas nematura evalo, kokido nematura koko, bovido nematura bovo, birdido nematura birdo. Tiu bela tero trovis sin en tre praa stato. Johanon, Nikolaon, Erneston, Vilhelmon, Marion, Klaron kaj Sofion iliaj gepatroj nomas Johanjo (a Jojo), Nikoljo (a Nikojo, a Nijo), Ernejo (a Erjo), Vilheljo (a Vilhejo, a Viljo, a Vijo), Manjo (a Marinjo), Klanjo kaj Sonjo (a Sofinjo).
LESSON 44. Suffixes -ebl-, -ind-, -em-.

These three suffixes are used to form adjectives. -ebl- means possible to be what the word to which it is added signifies, as Vidi, to see; videbla, able to be seen; Adi, to hear; adebla, able to be heard, audible; Movi, to move; movebla, movable; Ebla, possible; eble, possibly. -ind- means worthy of what the word denotes, as Honoro, honour; honorinda, honourable, worthy of honour; Honti, to be ashamed; hontinda, shameful; Indo, worth; inda, worthy of. -em- means having an inclination towards or propensity for, or being disposed

towards something as Forgesi, to forget; forgesema, forgetful; Servi to serve; servema, willing to serve, obliging. Ema fond of. The difference between the three suffixes is shown by the following words: Kredebla, possible of belief; kredinda, worthy of belief; kredema, having a tendency to believe readily, credulous. Legebla, able to be read; leginda, worthy of being read; legema, fond of reading, inclined to read.
Vocabulary. talo, steel. spirito, spirit, bagatelo, trifle. fleks-, bend. lad-, praise. renvers-, turn over. memor-, remember. ekscit-, excite. ven-, revenge. kredeble, probably. kompreneble, of course.

talo estas fleksebla, sed fero ne estas fleksebla. Ne iu kreskao estas manebla. Vitro estas rompebla kaj travidebla. Via parolo estas tute nekomprenebla, kaj viaj leteroj estas iam skribitaj tute nelegeble. La mallumo estas netrapenetrebla. Li rakontis al mi historion tute nekredeblan. Eble mi povos helpi al vi. u vi amas vian patron? Kia demando! kompreneble, ke mi lin amas. Mi kredeble ne povos veni al vi hodia, ar mi pensas, ke mi mem havos hodia gastojn. La tablo staras malrekte kaj kredeble balda renversios. Li faris sian eblon. Li estas homo ne kredinda. Via ago estas tre ladinda. Tiu i grava tago restos por mi iam memorinda. i estas vesto de granda indo. i ne estas inda je danko. La ipanaro montrias ne inda je sia estro. Lia edzino estas tre laborema kaj parema, sed i estas anka tre babilema kaj kriema. Li estas tre ekkolerema, kaj ekscitias ofte e la plej malgranda bagatelo, tamen li estas tre pardonema, li ne portas longe la koleron, kaj li tute ne estas venema. Li estas tre kredema, e la plej nekredeblajn aferojn, kiujn rakontas al li la plej nekredindaj homoj, li tuj kredas. Li estas tre purema, kaj e unu polveron vi ne trovos sur lia vesto. Li estas bonega knabo, sed tre ema kredi spiritojn.
LESSON 45. Dis-, -um-.

The prefix dis- denotes separation or scattering, as eti, to throw; diseti, to scatter. iri, to tear; disiri, to tear into bits. Doni, to give; disdoni, to distribute. The suffix -um- has no definite meaning. It is used in only a few words, of which the most important are:
aerumi ventumi kolumo manumo butonumi gustumi komunumo krucumi malvarmumi mastrumi plenumi brulumo kalkanumo (from aero, air), to expose to the air. ( " vento, wind), to fan. ( " kolo, neck), collar. ( " mano, hand), cuff. ( " butono, button), to button. ( " gusto, taste), to taste (something). ( " komuna, common), a community. ( " kruco, cross), crucify. ( " malvarma, cold), take cold. ( " mastro, master), keep house. ( " plena, full), fulfil. ( " bruli, burn), inflammation. ( " kalkano, heel), heel of boot. Vocabulary. ir-, tear. kvankam, although. simila, similar. grava, important.

rezultato, result. angulo, angle, corner. tolo, linen. emizo, shirt. ating-, attain, reach to.

Ni iuj kunvenis por priparoli tre gravan aferon; sed ni ne povis atingi ian rezultaton, kaj ni disiris. Malfelio ofte kunigas la homojn, kaj felio ofte disigas ilin. Mi disiris la leteron, kaj disetis iajn pecetojn en iujn angulojn de la ambro. Post tio i oni disiris hejmen. La vojo disiris en kelkaj direktoj. Mi volonte plenumis lian deziron. En malbona vetero oni povas facile malvarmumi. Li disbutonumis la superveston. i ludis kun sia ventumilo. emizojn, kolumojn, manumojn, kaj ceterajn similajn objektojn oni nomas tolao, kvankam ili ne iam estas faritaj el tolo. The suffixes -on-, -obi-, -op-, have already been explained in Lesson 9.
-A-

A new suffix -a- has gradually come into use during the past few years. Its

meaning is well shown in the following examples:Domo, house; domao, hovel. Virino, woman; virinao, hag. Ridi, to laugh; ridai, to grin (maliciously). evalo, horse; evalao, a sorry nag, a screw. Obstina, persistent, stubborn; obstinaa, pig-headed. Popolo, a people; popolao, populace. Morti, to die; mortai, to die the death. Lingvo, language; lingvao, a jargon. This suffix should only be used sparingly.
JOINING WORDS. CONJUNCTIONS.

Certain words are used merely to join words or sentences. Those already learned are:
kaj, and. sed, but. ar, because, for. anka, also. ol, than. se, if. a, or. u, whether. ke, that. kvaza, as if. kvankam, although. almena, at least. tamen, however. do, then, therefore.

The following are also useful:

kaj ... kaj, both ... and. nek ... nek, neither ... nor. a ... a, either ... or. e se, even if. u ... a, whether ... or. same kiel, the same as. u ... u, whether ... whether. EXCLAMATIONS. INTERJECTIONS.

The following are simply exclamations of joy grief, surprise, etc.:

ah! aha! ah! ha! ah! he! halloo! hey! hm! hm! humph! ho! oh! oho! ho! ho ve! alas! for! away! fi! for shame! nu! well (now)! nu do! well (now) then! kia! what! bone! good! all right! brave! bravo! hura! hurrah! vere! truly! efektive! really! adia! goodbye! bonvenu! welcome! kompreneble! of course! vivu! long live! antaen! forward!

ja! indeed! u vere? is it true? jen! there! look! behold! u ne? is it not? bis! again! encore! COMPOUND WORDS.

It is often convenient to form compound words, as potkarto, forpeli, iuminute, stacidomo, senmove, telertuketo. When this is done, the word expressing the principal idea is placed last. Generally it is sufficient to use the root of the qualifying word, but if the sound or sense requires it, the whole word is taken, as unutaga means "of one day"; unuataga, "of the first day."
ARRANGEMENT OF WORDS IN THE SENTENCE.

In English the sense often depends entirely on the order of the words, e.g., the sentence "John saw George" would mean something quite different if reversed"George saw John." But in Esperanto, thanks to the accusative n, the endings a and e for participles, and the pronoun si, the order of words may be varied without altering the sense. "Georgon vidis Johano" means exactly the same as "Johano vidis Georgon." But though the meaning can in most cases be understood whatever the order of the words, it is best to adopt the simplest arrangement, and to follow the natural course of thought, which is, first, that about which we think, then that which we think about it. English students may frame their sentences exactly as they would in their own language. In Esperanto, as in English, the arrangement is sometimes altered, either for emphasis, as Ladata estu Dio! Praised be God!; or to please the ear, as Oni min admiras, instead of Oni admiras min, People admire me. Note.Care must be taken in placing the word "ne." Its usual place is before the verb, when it negatives the whole sentence. Study the effect of placing ne in different positions in the sentence Mi deziras vidi Johanon kaj lian fraton, I wish to see John and his brother: (i.). Mi ne deziras vidi Johanon kaj lian fraton, I do not wish to see John and his brother. (ii.). Mi deziras ne vidi Johanon kaj lian fraton, I wish not to see John and his brother, i.e., I wish to avoid seeing them.

(iii.). Mi deziras vidi ne Johanon, sed lian fraton, I wish to see not John, but his brother. (iv.). Mi deziras vidi Johanon kaj ne lian fraton, I wish to see John and not his brother. Ne tute means "not quite," while tute ne means "not at all." Jam ne means "no longer." "Not yet" is ankora ne. Words which are already international, such as microscope, telephone, automobile, etc., are adopted unchanged, except as to the spelling and termination, as mikroskopo, telefono, atomobilo.
WORDS USED WITH THE OBJECT.

As already said, when an adjective or participle (or a noun) is added to the object simply as a describing word, it takes n like the object, as Li perdis sian novan libron (a, sian libron novan), He lost his new book. i trankviligis la kriegantan infanon (a, la infanon kriegantan), She pacified the screaming child. Li vizitis sian fraton Johanon, He visited his brother John. ("John" shows which brother). But if the adjective, participle, or noun is used not merely to describe, but indirectly to tell something about the object, it does not take n. A comparison of the following sentences will make this clear:
1. Li trovis la pomojn maturajn. He found the ripe apples. Li trovis la pomojn maturaj. He found (that) the apples (were) ripe. 2. Li trovis la kruon rompitan. He found the broken jug. Li trovis la kruon rompita. He found (that) the jug (was) broken. 3. Li kolorigis la drapon ruan. He dyed the red cloth. Li kolorigis la drapon rua. He dyed the cloth red. 4. Li tranis (a faris) la veston tro mallongan. He cut (or made) the too-short coat (the coat that was too short). Li tranis la veston tro mallonga. He cut the coat (so that it was) too short. 5. Li nomis la knabon mensogisto. He called the boy a liar.

Compare this use of words with the following: He made his father angry (or, be angered). Li kolerigis sian patron, or, li igis sian patron kolera.

The loss drove him mad. La perdo frenezigis lin, or, igis lin freneza. It rendered the gun useless. i senutiligis la pafilon, or, igis la pafilon senutila.
COMPLETE GRAMMAR OF ESPERANTO. BY DR. ZAMENHOF. A.Alphabet.

Aa, Bb, Cc, , Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, , Hh, , Ii, Jj, , Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Pp, Rr, Ss, , Tt, Uu, , Vv, Zz [Footnote: Names of the letters: a, bo, co, o, do, e, fo, go, o, ho, o, i, jo, o, ko, lo, mo, no, o, po, ro, so, o, to, u, o, vo, zo.] Remark.Presses which do not possess the accented letters can use instead of them ch, gh, hh, jh, sh, u.
B.Rules.

(1) There is no indefinite ARTICLE; there is only a definite article (la), alike for all sexes, cases, and numbers. Remark.The use of the article is the same as in the other languages. People who find a difficulty in the use of the article need not at first use it at all. (2) SUBSTANTIVES have the termination o. To form the plural the termination j is added. There are only two cases: nominative and accusative; the latter is obtained from the nominative by the addition of the termination n. Other cases are expressed by the aid of prepositions (the genitive by de, the dative by al, the ablative by per, or other prepositions according to sense). (3) The ADJECTIVE ends in a. Case and number as with the substantive. The Comparative is made by means of the word pli, the Superlative by plej; with the Comparative the conjunction ol is used. (4) The fundamental NUMERALS (they are not declined) are: unu, du, tri, kvar, kvin, ses, sep, ok, na, dek, cent, mil. The tens and hundreds are formed by simple junction of the numerals. To mark the ordinal numerals the termination of the adjective is added; for the multiplethe suffix obl, for the fractional on, for the collectiveop, for the distributivethe word po. Substantival and adverbial numerals can also be used. (5) Personal PRONOUNS: mi, vi, li, i, i (referring to thing or animal), si, ni, vi, ili, oni; the possessive pronouns are formed by the addition of the adjectival termination. Declension is as with the substantives.

(6) The VERB undergoes no change with regard to person or number. Forms of the verb; time being (Present) takes the termination -as; time been (Past) -is; time about to be (Future) -os; the Conditional mood -us; the Ordering mood -u; the Indefinite -i. Participles (with an adjectival or adverbial sense): active present -ant; active past -int; active future -ont; passive present -at; passive past -it; passive future -ot. All forms of the passive are formed by the aid of a corresponding form of the verb esti and a passive participle of the required verb; the preposition with the passive is de. (7) ADVERBS end in e; degrees of comparison as with the adjectives. (8) All the PREPOSITIONS require the nominative. (9) Every word is read as it is written. (10) The ACCENT is always on the penultimate syllable. (11) COMPOUND WORDS are formed by simple junction of the words (the chief word stands at the end); the grammatical terminations are also regarded as independent words. (12) When another NEGATIVE word is present the word ne is left out. (13) In order to show DIRECTION words take the termination of the accusative. (14) Each PREPOSITION has a definite and constant meaning; but if we have to use some preposition and the direct sense does not indicate to us what special preposition we are to take, then we use the preposition je which has no meaning of its own. Instead of the preposition je we can also use the accusative without a preposition. (15) The so-called FOREIGN WORDS, that is, those which the majority of languages have taken from one source, are used in the Esperanto language without change, merely obtaining the spelling of the latter; but with different words from one root it is better to use unchanged only the fundamental word and to form the rest from this latter in accordance with the rules of the Esperanto language. (16) The FINAL VOWEL of the substantive and of the article can be dropped and replaced by an apostrophe.
COMMON USEFUL EXPRESSIONS.

tio estas, i.e., that is. kaj cetere, k.c., etcetera. kaj tiel plu, k.t.p., and so on. kiel ekzemple, k.ekz., as for example. kiel elbe plej (balda), as (soon) as possible. kio ajn okazos, whatever happens (shall happen). kondie, ke, on the condition that. kun la kondio, ke, on the condition that. Bonan tagon, sinjoro. Good day, sir. Kiel vi fartas? How do you do? Tre bone, mi dankas. Very well, I thank you. Mi dankas vin. I thank you. Dankon. Thanks. Multe da dankoj. Many thanks. Vi estas tre entila (afabla). You are very kind. Vi estas tre kompleza. You are very obliging. Mi malsatas. I am hungry. Mi soifas. I am thirsty. Al mi estas varme (malvarme). I am warm (cold). Kiu estas tie? Estas mi. Who is there? It is I. Sidiu, mi petas. Be seated, I beg (you). Kun plezuro. With pleasure. Kion vi bezonas? What do you want? Cu vi min komprenas? Do you understand me? Vi estas prava (malprava). You are right (wrong). Tio estas vera. That is true. Estas vera, ke... It is true that... Je kioma horo vi foriros? At what time are you going? Kioma horo estas? What time is it? Kiom kostas tio i? How much does this cost? i kostas tri ilingojn. It costs three shillings. Kie vi estas? Where are you? Kien vi iras? Where are you going? Kian aon li havas? How old is he? Anta unu semajno. A week ago. Post du tagoj. In two days. Li venos adon. He will come on Thursday. Pasigu al mi la panon, mi petas vin. Pass me the bread, I beg you (please). Estas li mem! It is himself!

Tiom pli bone So much the better! Oni diras, ke... They say, that... Neniu tion diras. Nobody says that. Kio okazis? What has happened? u vi konas Sinjoron A.? Do you know Mr. A.? Mi scias, kiu li estas, sed mi ne konas lin. I know who he is, but I do not know him. u estas leteroj por mi? Are there letters for me? Rapidu. Be quick. Ne diru tion. Do not say that. Ne faru tion. Do not do that. Kia estas la vetero? Kian veteron ni havas? What kind of weather is it? Pluvas; neas. It rains; it snows. Pluvis la tutan nokton. It rained all night long. Estas beld, varmege. It is fine, hot. u mi tion faru? Shall I do that? LETTERS. (a). Beginnings. Kara, dear. Mia kara, my dear. Estimata, esteemed. Estiminda, estimable. Respektinda,respect-worthy. Honorinda honourable. Patro, amiko, etc., father, friend, etc. Samideano, fellow-thinker. Kunlaboranto, fellow-worker. Sinjoro, Sir. Sinjoroj, Gentlemen, Sirs. Sinjorino, Madame, Mrs. Fralino, Miss. Via, La via, yours. Via, (tre) vin amanta, your (very) loving. Via, tre sincere, fidele, etc., yours very sincerely, faithfully, etc. iam via, yours always. Tre sincere via, very sincerely yours.

(b). Endings. Kun (koraj, amikaj) salutoj, with (hearty, friendly) greetings. Kun (alta, granda) estimo, with (high, great) esteem. Kun (miaj, iuj) bondeziroj, with (my, all) good wishes. Kun (multe da) amo, with (much) love.

KEY TO EXERCISES. 1.

A father and a brother. A lion is an animal. A rose is a flower and a pigeon is a bird. The rose belongs to Theodore. The sun shines. The father is a tailor. Where are the book and the pencil? Here is an apple. On the ground lies a stone. On the window lie a pencil and a pen. The son stands by the father. Here lies the hat of the father (the father's hat). The father is in the room. Before the house is (stands) a tree.

What is a lion? What is a rose? What shines? What is the father? Where is the father? What is on the window? Where is the pen? Is a lion an animal? Yes, a lion is an animal. Is a rose a bird? No, a rose is not a bird, a rose is a flower.
2.

The father is well. A child is not a mature man. The sky is blue. A lion is strong. The father is good. The hand of John (John's hand) is clean. (Some, or, a) paper is white. White paper lies on the table. Here is the young lady's exercise book. In the sky stands (is) the beautiful sun. The paper is very white, but the snow is more white (whiter). Milk is more nutritious than wine. The bread is fresh. The uncle is richer than the brother. Here lies (is) a red rose. The dog is very faithful. The book is new.
3.

(The) birds fly. The song of (the) birds is pleasant. Where are the boys? The fathers are well. Children are not mature men. Lions are strong. John's hands are clean. Here are the young ladies' exercise books. The uncles are richer than the brothers. The dogs are very faithful. White papers lie on the table. In the room are new hats. Where are the sharp knives? Good children are diligent. Here lie (are) pure white delicate lilies. The teeth of lions (lions' teeth) are sharp.
4.

I read. You write. He is a boy, and she is a girl. We are men. You are children. They are Russians. Where are the boys? They are in the garden. Where are the girls? They also are in the garden. Where are the knives ? They are (lie) on the table. The child cries, because it wants to eat. Sir, you are impolite. Gentlemen, you are impolite. Tkey say that (the) truth always conquers. The house belongs to him. I come from (the) grandfather, and I go now to (the) uncle. I am as strong as you. Now I read, you read, and he reads, we all read. You write and the children write, they (you) all sit silent and write. My dog, you are very faithful. He is my uncle, for my father is his brother. Of all my children, Ernest is the youngest. His father and his brothers are in the garden. Her uncle is in the house. Where are your books ? Our books are (lie) on the table; their pencils and their paper also are (lie) on the table. Who is in the room ? Who are in the room ? The gentle- man who is reading is

my friend. The gentleman to whom you are writing is a tailor. What is lying on the table ?
5.

I see a lion (lions). I read (am reading) a book (books). I love (the) father. I know John. (The) father is not reading a book, but he is writing a letter. I do not like obstinate people. I wish you good-day, sir. Good morning! A joyous festival (a pleasant holiday) (I wish you). What a joyful festival (it is to-day) ! In the day we see the bright sun, and at night we see the pale moon and the beautiful stars. We have newer bread than you. No, you are wrong, sir, your bread is less new (staler) than mine. We call the boy, and he comes. In (the) winter they heat the stoves. When one is rich one has many friends. He loves me, but I do not love him. Mr. P. and his wife love my children very much; I also love theirs very much. I do not know the gentleman who is reading.
6.

Why do you not answer me? Are you deaf or dumb? What are you doing? The boy drove away the birds. From (the) father I received a book, and from (the) brother I received a pen. (The) father gave me a sweet apple. Here is the apple which I found. Yesterday I met your son, and he politely greeted me. Three days ago (before three days) I visited your cousin, and my visit gave (made) to him pleasure. When I came to him he was sleeping, but I woke him. I will relate to you a story. Will you tell me the truth? To day is Saturday, and to-morrow will be Sunday. Yesterday was Friday, and the day after to-morrow will be Monday. [Footnote: Notice that in these two sentences ankora and iam express different meanings of the English word "yet."] Have you yet found your watch? I have not yet looked for it; when I have finished (shall finish) my work I will look for my watch, but I fear that I shall not find it again. If you (shall) conquer us, the people will say that only women you conquered. When you (shall) attain the age of fifteen years you will receive the permission.
7.

I love myself, you love yourself, he loves himself, and every man loves himself. I take care of her (so) as I take care of myself, but she takes no care at all of herself, and does not look after herself at all. My brothers had guests today; after supper our brothers went with the guests out of their (our brothers') house and accompanied them as far as their (the guests') house. I washed myself in my room, and she washed herself in her room. The child was looking

for its doll; I showed the child where its doll lay. She related to him her adventure. She returned to her father's palace. Her flowers she tended not. My brother said to Stephen, that he loved him more than himself.
8.

Two men can do more than one. I have only one mouth, but I have two ears. He walks out with three dogs. He did everything with the ten fingers of his hands. Of her many children some are good and others bad. Five and seven make twelve. Ten and ten make twenty. Four and eighteen make twenty-two. Thirty and forty-five make seventy-five. One thousand eight hundred and ninety-three. He has eleven children. Sixty minutes make one hour, and one minute consists of sixty seconds.
8a.

January is the first month of the year, April is the fourth, November is the eleventh, and December is the twelfth. The twentieth day of February is the fifty-first day of the year. The seventh day of the week God chose to be (that it should be) more holy than the six first days. What did God create on the sixth day? What (which) date is it (have we) to-day? To-day is the twenty-seventh (day) of March. Christmas Day is the 25th of December, New Year's Day is the 1st of January, One does not easily forget one's first love.
9.

I have a hundred apples. I have a hundred (of) apples. This town has a million of inhabitants. I bought a dozen (of) spoons, and two dozen (of) forks. One thousand years (or, a thousand of years) make a millennium. Firstly, I return to you the money which you lent to me; secondly, I thank you for the loan; thirdly, I beg you also afterwards (on a future occasion) to lend to me when I (shall) require money.
9a.

Three is half of six, eight is four-fifths of ten. Four metres of this stuff cost nine francs, therefore two metres cost four and a-half francs. One day is a three hundred and sixty-fifth or a three hundred and sixty-sixth of a year. Five times seven are thirty-five. For each day I receive five francs, but for today I have received double pay, that is, ten francs.

These two friends walk out always (two) together. Five together they threw themselves upon me, but I overcame all five assailants.
10.

Give (to) the birds water, for they want to drink. Alexander will not learn, and therefore I beat Alexander. Who has courage (dares) to ride on a lion? I was going to beat him, but he ran away from me. Do not give your hand to a lion. Relate (tell) to my young friend a beautiful story. Tell father that I am diligent. Tell me your name. Do not write to me such long letters. Show me your new coat. Child, do not touch the lookingglass. Dear children, always be honest. Do not listen to him. He says that I am attentive. He begs me to be attentive. Tell him not to chatter. Ask him to send me a candle. The cottage is worth your buying (worthy that you should buy it). She strongly desired that he (should) remain alive. Let him come, and I will forgive him. Let us be gay, let us use life well, for life is not long. Let him not come alone, but come with his best friend. I already have my hat; now look for yours.
11.

If the pupil knew his lesson well, the teacher would not punish him. If you knew who he is, you would esteem him more. They raised one hand upwards as if they were holding something. If I really were beautiful, others would try to imitate me. Oh! if I were (had) already the age of fifteen years!
12.

To remain with a lion is dangerous. The knife cuts well, for it is sharp. Go more quickly. He shut the door angrily. His speech flows softly and pleasantly. We made the contract not in writing, but by word of mouth. An honest man acts honestly. The pastor who died a short time ago lived long in our city. Did you not get it back? He is sick unto death. The iron rod which was in the stove (fire) is burning; hot. Paris is very gay. Early in the morning she drove to the station. Forgive me that I stayed so long. His anger lasted long. He is to-day in an angry temper. The king soon sent again another good-hearted official. This evening we shall have a ball. Where are you? Away from here! (Get away!). Where did he drive away to? She ran home. We went forward like furies.

Everything was right (good), and we went on further. The lady glanced back. The sailors demanded to go back (required that one should go back). I hung it here, for it saved my life. I never sent here.
13.

My brother is not big, but he is not little, he is of medium growth. A hair is very thin. The night is so dark that we can see nothing even before our nose. This stale bread is hard as stone. Naughty children love to torment animals. He felt (himself) so miserable that he cursed the day on which he was born. We greatly despise this base man. The window was long unclosed; I closed it, but my brother immediately opened it again. A straight road is shorter than a curved. Do not be ungrateful. The wife of my father is my mother, and the grandmother of my children. My sister is a very beautiful girl. My aunt is a very good woman. I saw your grandmother with her four granddaughters, and with my niece. I have an ox and a cow. The young widow became again a fiance.
14.

He gave me money, but I immediately returned it to him. I am going away, but wait for me, for I shall soon return. The sun is reflected in the clear water of the river. He returned to his country. She threw herself again upon the seat. In the course of a few minutes I heard two shots. The firing continued for a very long time. His speech of yesterday was very fine, but too much speaking tires him. He is singing a very beautiful song. Singing is an agreeable occupation. With my hand I kept on briskly rubbing him. The rain kept on falling in rivers. Every minute she kept looking out through the window and cursing the slow motion of the train. I leap very cleverly. I started with surprise. I used to jump all day long from place to place. When you began to speak I expected to hear something new. The diamond has a beautiful sparkle. She let the diamond flash. Two flashes of lightning passed across the dark sky.
15.

I am (being) loved. I was (being) loved. I shall be (being) loved. I should be (being) loved, Be (being) loved. To be (being) loved. You have been washed. You had been washed. You will have been washed. You would have been washed. Be (having been) washed. To have been washed. He is to be invited.

He was (going) to be invited. He will be (about to be) invited. He would be (about to be) invited. Be about to be invited. To be about to be invited. This commodity is always willingly bought by me. The overcoat was (has been) bought by me; consequently it belongs to me. When your house was being built, my house had already been built a long time. I give notice that from now my son's debts will not be paid by me. Be easy; my whole debt will soon have been paid to you. My gold ring would not be so long (being) sought for if it had not been so cleverly hidden by you. According to the plan of the engineers this railway is going to be constructed in the space of two years; but I think that it will be being constructed (in construction) more than three years. When the prayer was (had been) finished he rose. Augustus is my best loved son. Money in hand is more important than (money) had. A sparrow (which has been) caught is better than an eagle (which is) going to be caught.
16.

Flowing water is purer than water standing still. The fallen man cannot raise himself. (The) time past will never more return; (the) time to come no one yet knows. Come, we await you, Saviour of the world. In the language Esperanto we see the future language of the whole world. The number of the dancers was great. It is the legend which true believers always repeat. He led the traveller to the place where the thieves were resting. (To) a man who has sinned unintentionally God easily pardons. The soldiers led the prisoners (arrested) through the streets. A man whom one has to judge is one to be judged (prisoner at the bar).
16a.

Now he teils me the truth. Yesterday he told me the truth. He always told me the truth. When you saw us in the drawing-room he had already (previously) told me the truth. He will tell me the truth. When you (shall) come to me, he will previously tell me the truth (or, he will have told me the truth; or, before you (will) come to me, he will tell me the truth). If I were to ask him, he would tell me the truth. I should not have made the mistake if he had previously told me the truth. When I (shall) come, tell me the truth. When my father (shall) come, tell me beforehand the truth. I wish to tell you the truth. I wish that that which I said should be true (or, I wish to have told the truth).
17.

Walking in the street, I fell. Having found an apple, I ate it. He came to me quite unexpected. He went meditating (deeply) and very slowly. We were ashamed, having received instruction from the boy. The imperial servant went out, taking with him the bracelet. Profoundly saluting, he related that the thief had been caught. Without saying a word, the duchess opened her jewel-case. Having worked a year, and having saved a few dollars, I married (with) my Mary. Having crossed the river, he found the thief. Looking (having looked) by chance on the floor, she saw some book, forgotten probably by a departed traveller.
18.

The bootmaker makes boots and shoes. Nobody lets thieves into his house. The brave sailor was drowned in the sea. An author writes books, and a writer simply copies papers. We have various servants - a cook, a housemaid, a nurse, and a coachman. (He) who occupies himself with mechanics is a mechanic, and (he) who occupies himself with chemistry is a chemist. A diplomatist we can also call a diplomat, but a physicist we cannot call a "physic," for "physics" is the name of the science itself. One day there came two cheats, who said that they were (are) weavers.
19.

They so hindered me that I spoiled the whole of my work. Send away your brother, for he hinders us. Fetch the doctor, for I am ill. He procured for himself many books from Berlin. He grew pale with fear, and afterwards he blushed from shame. In the spring the ice and the snow melt. In the muddy weather my coat became very dirty; therefore I took a brush and cleaned the coat. My uncle did not die (by) a natural death, but nevertheless he did not kill himself, and also was killed by nobody; one day, walking near the railway lines, he fell under the wheels of a moving train, and was killed. I did not hang my cap on this little tree; but the wind blew away the cap from my head, and it, flying, became hung (got caught) on the branches of the little tree. Seat yourself (or, sit down), sir. His gloomy face made his friend laugh. The whole night they passed awake, and lighted more than sixteen candles. I divested the child of his night clothes, and stood him in the tub; afterwards I dried him. He made friends with evil companions. A poor Hebrew wished to become a Christian. The bottle fell and broke. She became his wife. Little by little she became quite calm.

20.

The sea is deeper there than any anchor can reach. In some (any) way. Without any reproach of conscience. I know in what sort of place I shall certainly find him. What kind of weather is it? What harm have I done to you? In that way he did everything. He invited him to come into such and such a place. Not every sort of bird sings. Beyond all doubt. No (kind of) man deserves such a punishment. Such books are harmful. At times he visits us. For some reason he could not sleep. Why do you not answer me? I did not understand your question, therefore I did not answer. People do not understand one another, and therefore they hold themselves aloof. For every reason that is the best. I once loved you. What lives must of necessity some time die. When shall you go away? In the moonlight night, when all were asleep, then she sat on the edge or the ship. Be for ever blessed! She had never seen a dog before.
20a.

Where are the boys? Where did you go? I am staying here. He lost his purse somewhere in the town, but where he lost it he does not know. I willingly came from there here. He begged her to tell him whence she came (whence she comes). For youth there are snares everywhere. Everywhere are flowers, and nowhere can one find more beautiful (ones). How beautiful! Am I fit for a king? So finished the happy day. They shone like diamonds. How are you? Somehow he misunderstood me. My wife thought the same as I. I cannot understand at all what you say. Very strange and quite incomprehensible! I, as president, elected him. I chose him as president. Whose glove is this? I never take that one's opinion. Suddenly she heard somebody's loud disagreeable voice. Everybody's idea is different. A good friend, without whose help he would never have seen this land. Somebody's loss is not always somebody's gain. Someone's loss is often no one's gain.
20b.

I feel that something is happening. Never did I give you anything. I wish to do something good for (to) you. What is this? What kind of ornament is this? What do I see? This is all I spoke of. I will give up nothing to you. Do nothing against your mother. Before all, be faithful to yourself. She began to feel something such as (which) she herself in the beginning could (can) not

understand. She spoke a little angrily. The pupils of the eyes little by little contracted. Who is so unreasonable (senseless) that he can believe it? How much money have you? I have none. Give me as much water as wine. Somebody comes; who is it? Would anybody have the courage to do that? Everybody tried to save himself as he could. A language in which nobody will understand us. None of them could save the drowning person. He helped nobody ever (never helped anybody) even with one centime. We shall go all together. I know nobody in that town. This is beyond all human strength.
20c.

Where I am travelling from, whither and why, I can only answer: I know not. They begged him to delay a little (with) his departure. These nests are often larger than the huts of the people of that place. He departed with the firm resolve to leave for ever this ungrateful land. If anyone were to see that, he would curse Fortune. I would give a hundred pounds sterling if ox tongue could have for me such a good taste as for you. What time is it? Nearly (soon) twelve o'clock.
21.

On a hot day I like to walk in a wood. They opened the gate noisily, and the carriage drove into the courtyard. This is no longer simple rain, but a downpour. A huge dog put its forepaw on me, and from terror I did not know what to do. Before our army stood a great series of cannon. (In) that night a terrible gale blew. With delight. He longed to go away again. Immediately after heating the stove was hot, in an hour it was only warm, in two hours it was only just warm, and after three hours it was already quite cold. I bought for the children a little table and some little seats. In our country there are no mountains, but only hills. In summer we find coolness in thick woods. He sits near the table and dozes. A narrow path leads through this field to our house. On his face I saw a joyful smile. Before the woman appeared a pretty little dog. Pardon, he whispered.
22.

With (by means of) an axe we chop, with a saw we saw, with a spade we dig, with a needle we sew, with scissors we clip. The knife was so blunt that I could not cut the meat with it, and I had to use my pocket knife. Have you a

corkscrew to uncork the bottle? I wished to lock the door, but I had lost the key. She combs her hair with a silver comb. In summer we travel by various vehicles, and in winter by a sledge. To-day it is beautiful frosty weather; therefore I shall take my skates and go skating. The steersman of the "Pinta" injured the rudder. The magnetic needle. The first indicator in most illnesses is the tongue. He put it on the plate of a pair of scales.
23.

The sailors must obey the captain. All the inhabitants of a state are citizens (subjects) of the state. Townsfolk are usually sharper than villagers. The Parisians are gay folk. Our town has good policemen, but not a sufficiently energetic chief constable. Lutherans and Calvinists are Christians. Germans and Frenchmen who live in Russia are Russian subjects, although they are not Russians. He is an awkward and simple provincial. The inhabitants of one state are fellow-countrymen, the inhabitants of one town are fellow-citizens, the professors of one religion are co-religionists. Those who have the same ideas are fellow-thinkers. The ruler of our country is a good and wise king. The governor of our province is strict but just. Our regimental chief (colonel) is like a good father to (for) his soldiers. They are as (equally) proud as a housewife of her house. On the engine the engine-driver sat alone. The emperor, accompanied by the empress, had just entered (into) his box.
24.

Our country will conquer, for our army is large and brave. On a steep ladder he raised himself to the roof of the house. I do not know the Spanish language, but by help of a Spanish-German dictionary, I nevertheless understood your letter a little. On these vast and grassy fields feed great herds of beasts, especially flocks of fine-woolled sheep. The train consisted almost entirely (only) of passenger coaches. They put before me a cover (table requisites), which consisted of a plate, spoon, knife, fork, a small glass for brandy, a glass for wine, and a serviette. On the sea was a great ship, and among the rigging everywhere sat sailors. His escort stood at the back of the box. Dark ranges of mountains bar the way. A florin, a shilling, and a penny are coins. A grain of sand fell into my eye. One spark is enough to explode gunpowder.
25.

A poor wise man dined with a miserly rich man. A fool everyone beats. He is a liar and a despicable man. A coward fears even his own shadow. This old man has become quite silly and childish. A learned man undertook an important scientific work. Only saints have the right to enter here. He only is the great, the powerful (One). It is not the legend about the beauty Zobeida. After an infectious disease the clothes of the patient are often burned. The curse of the prophet is over the head of an ungrateful one. After some minutes the brave man went out. All the saints, help!
(Lesson 26 no Exercise). 27.

She returned to her father's palace. They both went to the mayor. Did I not do good to you? She told him nothing. She wrote him a letter. He every day teaches people something which they do not know. They flew towards the sun. One sister promised the other to tell her what she saw, and what most pleased her the first day. Perhaps he will forgive you. She did not believe her own ears. He did not know that he had (has) to thank her [for] his life. She saved his life. The witch cut off the tongue of the mermaid.
28.

I lived with her father. It fell to (on) the bottom of the sea on the breaking up of the ship. By [the] light of torches. Arm in arm. There seized him some fear at the thought. Nothing helps; one must only bravely remain of his [own] opinion. She laughed at his recital. At every word which you (will) speak, out of your mouth will come either a flower or a precious stone. He stopped near the door. The serpent crawled about her feet. When he was with me, he stood a whole hour by the window. I lived in a tree near your house. She planted near the statue a rose-red willow. The wayside trees.
29.

The bird flies in the room (= it is in the room and flies [about] in it). The bird flies into the room (= it is outside the room, and now flies into it). I am travelling in Spain. I am travelling to (into) Spain. What to do then (is to be done) in such a case? I am in a good temper. He whispered to the queen in the ear. In consequence of this occurrence. I should prefer to stay here in peace. Her birthday was exactly in the middle of winter. He glanced into the child's eyes. He was a tall handsome man of the age of forty years. In the whole of my life. At the end of the year. Hand in hand. Entering (having entered) the carriage, she sat as if on pins. Corn is ground into flour. Alexander turned into

dust. He divided the apple into two parts.

30.

Between Russia and France is Germany. They divided among them twelve apples. Between ten and eleven o'clock in the morning. Between the pillars stood marble figures. Near the wall between the windows stood a sofa. They talked long among themselves. In this disease an hour may decide between life and death. In the interval between the speeches they set off fireworks. I am standing outside the house, and he is inside. He is outside the door. Now we are out of danger. He lives outside the town. Standing outside, he could only see the outer side of our house. He pointed outside into the darkness. I left him outside. This man is better outwardly than within. He went out of the town. He has just returned from foreign parts. With extraordinary vivacity she jumped out of the carriage (of the train). She put a crown of white lilies on her (another's) head (hair). He made use of the opportunity. These nests are made wholly of earth. She was the bravest of all. Now you have grown up! He went out of the bedroom, and entered into the dining-room. The Esperanto alphabet consists of twenty-eight letters.
31.

I am sitting on a seat and have my feet on a little bench. He came back with a cat on his arm. I put my hand on the table. He fell on his knees. Do not go on the bridge. He threw himself in despair on a seat. He slapped him on the shoulder and pressed him down on to the sofa. I seated myself in the place of the absent stoker. Fruit-culture must influence for good those who are occupied with it. Over the earth is air. His thoughts rose high above the clouds. She received permission to rise above the surface of the sea. They could rise on the high mountains high above the clouds. He stands above on the mountain, and looks down on to the field. She sat on the water and swung up and down. From under the sofa the mouse ran under the bed, and now it runs [about] under the bed. She often had to dive under the water. To (under) the sound of music they danced on the deck. Under her gaze blossomed the white lilies. She sank under the water. She swam up at sunset.
32.

He is so stout that he cannot go through our narrow door. She looked up through the dark-blue water. Through the roseate air shone the evening star. The sound of the bells penetrates down to her. They glide among the branches. On the fireplace between two pots stands an iron kettle; out of the kettle, in which is boiling water, goes steam; through the window, which is near the door, the vapour goes into the court. The swallow flew across the river, for across (on the other side of) the river were other swallows. They can fly on ships across the sea. "Why did Hannibal go across the Alps? Because then the tunnel was not yet ready." It is impossible that they should have gone across the ocean. Everything was turned upside down. We passed by the station. At this moment the abbot passes by. In passing, I asked him if it were (is) yet twelve o'clock. The mill cannot grind with the water that is past.
33.

Before them stood a church. Before such men it is worth while to speak. Often in the night she stood before the window. I am guilty towards (before) you. An hour ago. A short time ago he woke up very hoarse. Not long ago the house was sold publicly. Do not go before you know that everything is in order. I must let them sweep out the room before we (shall) begin to dance. I was there the previous year. Formerly I never thought about wealth. It was with (to) her as the witch prophesied. He remained behind the door. Little by little. She began eagerly to read page after page. She looked after him with a smile. After some minutes the sun rose. She threw her arms backwards and forwards. We shall stay some weeks in Paris; afterwards we shall travel into Germany.
34.

During the whole day (or, the whole day) he remained alone. During (for) some months she did not leave her room. He slept during the whole concert (or, the whole concert). While the preparations lasted, he was a guest of the king. While he is journeying on the road to Granada, in Santa F his fate is being decided. They used to work until late at night. The plate of the scales sank to the ground. Its rays crept up to the dome. Lend me ten roubles until to-morrow. He worked on from early morning till late at night. He will fight to the very end. We kept

going up always higher and higher to the fourth story. It will exist until the world shall perish. The king came about midday into the village of Reading. About morning the gale ended. About ten metres will be sufficient. All gathered round the glass globe. One can look very far round about. Great mountains of ice floated around. He looked around on all sides.
35.

The light of the moon. In the middle of the square stood a house. He might be of the age (have the age) of sixteen years. Their lifetime is still shorter than ours. They rose from beside the table. I thought that you would (will) never return from thence. The sailors took down the sails. He dismounted from the horse. A wine glass is a glass in which there was wine previously, or which is used for wine; a glass of wine is a glass full of wine. Bring me a metre of black cloth. (Metro de drapo would mean a yard-measure which was lying on cloth, or which is used for cloth). I bought a half-score of eggs. This river has a length of two hundred kilometres (has two hundred kilometres of length). On the seashore stood a crowd of people. Many birds fly in the autumn into warmer lands. On the tree were many birds. Some people feel happiest when they see the sufferings of their neighbours. In the room were (sat) only a few people. "Da" after any word shows that this word signifies measure. It is a beautiful piece of stuff. On the plate he put thousands of pieces of silver. The lights glitter like hundreds of stars. A boy bought a little bottle of ink. They construct little towers containing many little chambers. He gave them a great sum of money.
36.

I eat with my mouth, and smell with my nose. She trod with her foot on the serpent. It covered the lovely lily with white foam. The body ended in a fish's tail. All the walls are decorated with great paintings. By here, and by no other way, the thief escaped. In what way can one come into the land of gold? In such a way. In one word. The star Venus began to burn with envy. She wished to play with them, but they ran away in terror. With what attention she listened to these tales. The most beautiful of them was the young prince with the great black eyes. Hither swam the sea-maiden with the beautiful

prince. With pleasure. With every year the number of members rapidly increased. The Tartar remained without a good horse and without food. Almost without life he was driven about by the waves. They wove with all their might, but without thread (threads). Without a word he obeyed. The leaves moved ceaselessly. He created numberless birds.
37.

He treated himself in order to regain his health. She had a great deal to tell. He went into the church to make his confession. In order to pass the time somehow. Nobody is more fit for his post than he. He used all his might to please his master. For me it is all one wherever I live. Take (the pay) for the coffee. He died of hunger. I had a very good estate, which was sold on account of debts. For heaven's sake, do not do this. He was convinced that on his own account he need not fear. On this account Venus gives more light than many other stars. Whether for that, or for some other reason, I know not.
38.

She wished to believe that the Hebrew spoke of someone else. Now the woman has everything, she can ask for nothing. Do not think about this. One cannot truly say that about you. There were still many things about which they wished to know. He could not even dream about her. She used to ask the old grandmother about that. I remain here by order of my chief. He began to go along this river. They had permission to go up always according to their (own) will. She could dig and plant as she pleased (according to her liking). The shells closed and opened according to the flow of the water. From his outward appearance he seemed a respectable man. At the command "three" you will shoot at the tree. The younger daughter was the very picture of her father in her goodness and honesty.
39.

You have remedies against all diseases. What can he alone do against a hundred men? Contrary to his custom, the professor said nothing. It flew against the reflector. Against her own will she confessed this. He began to feel a certain disgust against himself. The opposite side. They sat down one

opposite the other. She was unjust towards him. Contrary to usual, the number of dancers was great. Instead of him his brother was sent. Instead of going out he remained in the house. An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth. Instead of coffee he gave me tea with sugar, but without cream. Instead of "la" one can also say "l'" (but only after a preposition which ends with a vowel). In the drawing-room there was nobody except him and his fiance. Besides the empty loom there was nothing. Besides ourselves we had very little to bring in. She wished to have, besides the red flowers, only one beautiful statue. All slept, save the steersman beside his tiller. In addition to the members, many guests journey there.
40.

He worked hard, but in spite of everything he did not succeed. It was still fairly warm, notwithstanding that the sun was low. They will be severely punished if, notwithstanding the prohibition, they (shall) offend against the freedom of the road. Despite all my endeavours to prevent him, he went away. For my four children I bought twelve apples, and to each of the children I gave at the rate of three apples. They may cost three to five shillings each. This book has sixty pages; therefore if I (shall) read every day (at the rate of) fifteen pages, I shall finish the whole book in four days. I bought four books at sixpence each. We were only engaged about some household affairs. The structure is similar to a mushroom. They ran away when the woman cried out at them. In the evening the sky became covered with clouds. From fear of Karagara I ran away. She was very proud of her high rank. The dog sincerely mourned for him. None of them was so full of desires as the youngest girl. On word of honour.
40a.

If we need to use a preposition, and the sense does not show us what preposition to use, then we can use the general preposition "je." But it is well to use the word "je" as seldom as possible. Instead of the word "je" we can also use the accusative without a preposition. I laugh at his simplicity (or, I laugh on account of his simplicity; or, I ridicule his simplicity). The last time I saw him with you I travelled two days and one night. I sigh for my lost happiness. From the said rule it follows that if we do not know as to any verb whether it requires

the accusative case after it (that is, whether it is active) or not, we can always use the accusative. For example, we can say "obei al la patro" and "obei la patron" (instead of "obei je la patro"). But we do not use the accusative when the clearness of the sense forbids it; for example, we can say "pardoni al la malamiko" and "pardoni la malamikon," but we must always say "pardoni al la malamiko lian kulpon."
41.

The photographer photographed me, and I sent my photograph to my father. You talk nonsense, my friend. I drank tea, with cake and jam. Water is a fluid. I did not wish to drink the wine, for it had in it a certain muddiness. On the table were various sweetmeats. I ate a tasty omelette. When I travel anywhere I never take with me much luggage. An ice is a sweet frozen dainty. The whole surface of the lake was covered with floating leaves and various other plants (growths). The timber merchant sells wood, and the joiner makes tables, chairs, and other wooden objects. I use no sort of alcoholics. His old mother carried on the management of the house. "An evil appearance he had," answered the Jew. She thought over the doings of the past day. It is as light as a cobweb. The train of the dress was long. They move like living beings. He loves this girl on account of her beauty and goodness. His heroism greatly pleased me. I live with them in great friendship. We are, in fact, close to the river. This is the most important quality. Court ceremony necessitates inconvenience. The wealth of this man is great, but his foolishness is still greater. In these little bottles are various acidsvinegar, sulphuric acid, nitric acid, and others. The acidity of this vinegar is very weak. Your wine is only some abominable acid thing. This great eminence is not a natural mountain. The height of that mountain is not very great.
42.

The house in which one learns is a school, and the house in which one prays is a church. The cook sits in the kitchen. The doctor advises me to go into a vapour-bath. The horse put one hoof on a serpent's nest. The woman used to walk through lovely woods and meadows. He came into his lodging. He stopped by the gate of the monastery. Russians live in Russia, and Germans in Germany. My writing materials consist of an inkstand, a sand-box, a few pens, a pencil, and a blotter. In my

trousers pocket I carry a purse, and in my overcoat pocket I carry a pocket book; a larger portfolio I carry under my arm. Put on the table the sugar-basin, the tea-caddy, and the teapot. A shop in which one sells cigars, or a room in which one keeps cigars, is a cigar-store; a box or other object in which one keeps cigars is a cigar-case; a little tube in which one puts a cigar when one smokes it is a cigar-holder. A little box in which one keeps pens is a pen-box, and a little stick, on which one holds a pen to write, is a penholder. In the candlestick was a burning candle.
43.

A father and a mother together are named parents. Peter, Anne, and Elizabeth are my brother and sisters. Mr. and Mrs. N. will come to us this evening. The engaged couple stood by the altar. I congratulated the young married pair by telegraph. The king and queen left Cordova. She married (with) her cousin, although her parents wished to marry her to another person. My wife's father is my father-in-law, I am his son-in-law, and my father is the father-in-law of my wife. All my wife's relations are my relations by marriage, consequently her brother is my brother-in-law, her sister is my sister-in-law; my brother and sister are the brother-in-law and sister-in-law of my wife. The wife of my nephew and the niece of my wife are my nieces by marriage. A woman who treats the sick is a lady doctor; the wife of a doctor is a doctor's wife. Mrs. Dr. A. visited Dr. and Mrs. P. to-day. He is not a laundryman, he is a washerwoman's husband. The sons, grandsons, and great-grandsons of a king are princes. The Hebrews are Israelites, for they are descended from Israel. A foal is an immature horse, a chicken an immature fowl, a calf an immature ox, a fledgeling an immature bird. That beautiful land was in a very primeval state. John, Nicholas, Ernest, William, Mary, Clara, and Sophia are called by their parents Johnny (or Jack), Nick, Ernie, Will (or Willie or Bill or Billy), Polly (or Molly), Clarry, and Sophy.
44.

Steel is flexible, but iron is not flexible. Not every plant is edible. Glass is breakable and transparent. Your speech is quite incomprehensible, and your letters are always written quite illegibly. The darkness is impenetrable. He related to me a story altogether incredible. Perhaps I can (shall be able to) help

you. Do you love your father? What a question! of course (that) I love him. Probably I shall not be able to come to you to-day, for I think that I myself shall have guests to-day. The table stands askew, and will probably soon fall over. He did his best (his possible). He is a man unworthy of belief. Your action is very praiseworthy. This important day will remain for me for ever memorable. It is a coat of great worth. It is not worthy of thanks. The crew show [themselves] unworthy of their leader. His wife is very hardworking and economical, but she is also very fond of talking and noisy. He is very irascible, and often becomes excited at the merest trifle; nevertheless he is very forgiving, he does not bear anger long, and he is not at all revengeful. He is very credulous; even the most incredible things, which the most untrustworthy people relate to him, he immediately believes. He is very cleanly, and you will not find even one speck of dust on his coat. He is an excellent boy, but very apt to believe [in] spirits.
45.

We all came together to talk over very important business, but we could not reach any result, and we parted. Misery often unites people, and happiness often separates them. I tore up the letter, and threw its bits into every corner (all corners) of the room. After this they separated for home. The road branched in several directions. I willingly fulfilled his desire. In bad weather one may easily take cold. He unbuttoned his overcoat. She played with her fan. Shirts, collars, cuffs, and other similar things we call linen, although they are not always made of linen.
TRANSLATIONS FROM VARIOUS LANGUAGES. PARDONATA FORESTO. Oni invitis junulon al festeno. Respondante al la invito, li diris: "Mi venos plezure, se mi estos viva." "Ho," diris la invitanta sinjorino, "se vi estos senviva, ni vin ne atendos."

El Tutmonda Anekdotaro. Festeno, banquet, (dinner) party.

KOREKTO.

Juna fralino: "Ho, S-ro profesoro! Kion povus rakonti tiu i maljuna kverko, se i povus paroli?!" Profesoro: "i dirus: pardonu min, mia fralino, mi ne estas kverko, sed tilio."

Ibid. Tilio, lime tree.

NAIVECO.

Knabino sesjara havis katon kaj pupon. Iu demandis in, kiun el la du i preferas. i ne volis respondi, fine i diris al li en la orelon: "Mi preferas mian katon, sed ne diru, mi petas vin, tion al mia pupo." El Unua Legolibro de Kabe.
HAWKE.

Kiam la fama angla admiralo Hawke estis ankora knabo kaj la patro unuafoje prenis lin sur ipon, li admonis lin bone konduti kaj aldonis: "Tiam mi esperas vidi vin kapitano." " Kapitano!" ekkriis la knabo. "Kara patro, se mi ne esperus farii admiralo, mi ne konsentus esti maristo." Ibid. Admoni, to admonish; konduti, to behave (oneself).
EFIKA RUZO. Iu vilaano petis sian tre avaran najbaron, ke li metu sur la limon inter la du ardenoj palisan barilon, ar la najbara kokinaro vagadis dum la tuta tago en lia ardeno. Tamen la avarulo rifuzis, kaj jam la najbaro intencis alvoki la helpon de la juistoj, kiam li ajne kontenta kvietiis. Subite, je ies miro, oni ekvidis la malamatan avarulon starigi tre fortan lignan barilon. "Sed, amiko," demandis la vilaanoj, "rakontu kiamaniere vi atingis tion." "Nu, tre simple," li diris. "Iun matenon mi sendis al la najbaro tri a kvar ovojn, dirante, ke liaj kokinoj demetis ilin en mia ardeno. Jam la sekvintan tagon li komencis konstrui la barilon. Tio estas iam pli malkara, ol doni okupadon al la advokatoj."

El Tutmonda Anekdotaro. Peti, to beg; limo, boundary; paliso, palings; vagi, to wander; alvoki, to invoke; ajne, apparently; subite, suddenly; kvieta, quiet; advokato, lawyer.

JUPITERO KAJ EVALO. Patro de l' bestoj kaj de l' homoj!diris evalo, proksimiante al la trono de Jupitero oni diras, ke mi estas unu el la plej belaj bestoj; mi mem kredas tion, tamen ajnas al mi, ke multon en mi oni devus plibonigi. Kion la via opinio oni povus plibonigi en vi? Parolu, mi estas preta lerni de vidiris Jupitero ridetante. Eble mi kurus ankora pli rapide, se miaj piedoj estus pli longaj kaj pli maldikaj; longa cigna kolo ornamus miri; pli lara brusto pligrandigus miajn fortojn; kaj ar vi destinis min por porti vian favoratan, homon, vi povus sur mian dorson meti pretan selon. Bonediris Jupiteroatendu momenton!kaj li kreis kamelon. Ekvidinte la novan beston, la evalo ektremis de l' timo kaj abomeno. Jen la altaj piedoj, kiajn vi dezirisdiris Jupiterojen la longa cigna kolo, lara brusto kaj preta selo. u vi deziras, ke mi tiel aliformigu vin?

El Unua Legolibro de Kabe. Trono, throne; ajni, to seem; preta, ready; cigno, swan; ornami, to ornament; brusto, chest; destini, to destine, appoint; selo, saddle; tremi, to tremble; abomeno, disgust.
LA HOMA KORPO KAJ LA SENTOJ.

El Serba Esperantisto.
Petu Johanon, ke li alproksimiu, ke li pau al vi, por ke vi observu la trajtojn de lia vizao. Lia frunto estas alta kun brune blondaj haroj, liaj vangoj estas rondaj, lian mentonon kovras dika barbo, kiu kaas la goron. Johanino jam faris longan maron, i us haltis: i spiras forte, ia kolo sin streas, ia brusto sin etendas, kaj skuias iaj flankoj; ia koro forte batas, ia sango rapide kuras en la arterioj kaj vejnoj; ia hato fariis brula. i ajnas laca ne nur muskole, sed nerve kaj cerbe. Diru al i, ke i ripozu kaj ne restu stare, ke i sidigu sin. Nun i sidas: i pene klinas siajn krurojn; i povas movi nek la genuojn nek la piedojn; e la brakoj rigide pendas de la ultroj; i ne plu turnas la kapon: i tuj ekdormos. Mi kuis sur la tero mem: tiam la dorso, la ventro, la membroj, e la ostoj iom suferis. Okulo blinda ne vidas lumon, orelo surda ne adas sonojn, buo muta ne diras vortojn, koro fermita ne uas amon. Tiu i frukto, antae acida, estas nun matura: la nazo flaras ian odoron agrablan, la mano esploras ian glatan elon, balda la dentoj mordos ian molan karnon kaj la lango gustumos ian dolan sukon. Momenta silentu, vi faros plezuron al mi, kaj mia kapdoloro malaperos.

Trajto, feature; frunto, forehead; bruna, brown; vango, cheek; mentono, chin; barbo, beard; goro, throat; etendi, to extend, to stretch out; skui, to shake; sango, blood; arterio, artery; vejno, vein; hato, skin; muskolo, muscle; nervo, nerve; cerbo, brain; kruro, leg; ventro, belly; membra, limb, member; osto, bone; ui, to enjoy; esplori, to examine; glata, smooth; elo, rind, bark; karno, flesh; suko, juice.
ANTAFABELO El Fabeloj al Helenjo.

El Rusaj Rakontoj.
Baju, baju, baju!... Unu okuleto de Helenjo dormas, alia rigardas; unu oreleto de Helenjo dormas, alia askultas. Dormu, Helenjo, dormu, belulino; kaj pajo rakontos fabelojn. Kredeble, iuj estas tie i: kato, kaj vilaa hundo, griza museto, kaj grileto sub la forno, makulkolora sturno en kao, kaj malpacema koko. Dormu, Helenjo,tuj la fabelo komencios. Jen la alta luno jam rigardas en la fenestron; jen straba leporo, kiu lame forkuras; jen lupaj okuloj, kiuj eklumias per flavaj fajretoj. Alflugas maljuna pasero al la fenestro, frapas per la beko sur vitron kaj demandas: "u balda?" iuj estas i tie, iuj kolektiis; kaj iuj atendas la fabelon al Helenjo. Unu okuleto de Helenjo dormas, alia rigardas, unu oreleto de Helenjo dormas, alia askultas. Baju, baju, baju!...

MAMIN SIBIRJAK. [Footnote: Baju: Rusa interjekcio; rekantao por dormigi infanojn.] Askulti, to listen; fabelo, story; griza, grey; muso, mouse; grilo, cricket; forno, stove; makulo, spot; sturno, starling; straba, squinting; leporo, hare; lupo, wolf; flava, yellow; beko, beak; pajo, daddy.
EDZINlO DE RATINO.

El Japanaj Rakontoj.
Maljuna rato havis filinon. i volis edzinigi tiun i kun iu plej forta en la mondo. i unue iris al la luno, pensante, ke la luno estas la plej forta en la mondo. Sed la luno diris: "Min tre ofte malhelpas la nubo, kaj mi neniel povas forpeli in." Tiam i sin turnis al la nubo, pensante, ke la nubo estas pli forta, ol la luno. Sed la nubo diris: "Min iam dispelas la vento, kaj mi neniam povas al i kontrastari." Trie i iris al la vento, pensante, ke la vento estas pli forta, ol la nubo. Sed la vento diris: "La

muro staras kontra mi, kaj mi tute ne povas trapasi in." Fine i iris al la muro, pensante, ke la muro estas pli forta, ol la vento. Sed la muro anka diris: "Via familio iam min mordadas, kaj mi ne povas tion haltigi." Jen i komprenis, ke ratino nur devas edzinii kun rato, kaj reveninte hejmen, i edzinigis sian filinon kun juna rato de sia najbareco.

K. KAJIWARA. Nubo, cloud.

INFANA VERSAO. Eta Manjo Flindre Sidis intercindre, Etajn piedfingrojn i varmigis. in vidis patrineto, Puniis filineto, ar i la novajn vestojn malpurigis.

JOHN ELLIS, el "The British Esperantist." Cindro, cinder, ash; fingro, finger.
LA DOMO DE AK'.

Jen estas la domo konstruita de ak'. Jen estas la greno, kiu restis en la domo konstruita de ak'. Jen estas la rato, kiu manis la grenon, kiu restis, k.t.p. Jen estas la kato, kiu mortigis la raton, kiu manis, k.t.p. Jen estas la hundo, kiu turmentis la katon, kiu mortigis, k.t.p. Jen estas la bovino kun kurba korno, kiu etis la hundon, kiu turmentis, k.t.p. Jen estas tutsola la virgulino, kiu melkis la bovinon, kiu etis, k.t.p. Jen estas la viro, ifone vestita, kiu kisis la virgulinon tutsolan, kiu melkis, k.t.p. Jen estas la preisto, tute razita, kiu edzigis la viron, ifone vestitan, kiu kisis, k.t.p. Jen estas la koko, matene kriinta, kiu vekis la preiston, tute razitan, kiu edzigis, k.t.p. Jen estas la farmomastro, grensemanta, kiu posedis la kokon, matene kriintan, kiu, k.t.p., k.t.p. El "The Esperantist"

Rato, rat; kato, cat; kurba, curved; korno, horn; sola, alone, solitary; melki, to milk (milk is lakto); ifono, rag; farmi, to farm, take on lease; semi, to sow seed; posedi, to possess.
EZOPA FABELO. Unu azeno trovis leonan felon. i ricevis la ideon vesti sur sin la felon, kaj ajnigante sin leono, terurigi la homojn kaj bestojn. Pensite, farite. La azeno ajnis esti potenca leono. La unua viva estao, kiun i renkontis, estis malria sed talenta komercisto, portanta kelkajn komercaojn sur sia dorso. Li teruriis vidante la leonon, kio tre amuzis la azenon. Nun la azeno, intencante pligrandigi la efikon, ekblekis:ia,ia,ia,... Sed jen nia komercisto rekonis la azenon per ia voo, kaptis in kaj devigis invendi malkarege la leonan felon.

El "Lingvo Internacia." Azeno, ass; felo, hide; ajni, to seem to be; komerci, to trade; dorso, back; intenci, to intend; bleki, to cry (like an animal); kara, dear; potenca, powerful.
PROVERBOJ. Eco homara estas eraro. Nur tiu ne eraras, kiu neniam ion faras. Por riulo fasto, por malriulo festo. Mezuri la sia metro. Kia la semo, tia la rikolto. Riigas ne enspezo, sed prudenta elspezo. Kun kiu vi festas, tia vi estas. Ju pli da uroj, des pli da suspekto. Korvo al korvo okulon ne pikas. En infano vidias, kia homo farios. Unufoje telinta restas iam telisto. Kapo estas por tio, ke i zorgu pri io. Belaj rakontoj el trans la montoj.

M. F. ZAMENHOF. Fasto, fast; mezuri, to measure; rikolto, harvest; enspezo, income; elspezo, outlay; uro, oath; suspekto, suspicion; korvo, raven; piki, to stab.
LIZI, ELZE, ELIZABET.

El Hungaraj Rakontoj.
Mi amis nur mian patrinon kaj Lizi, krome neniun en la tuta mondo. Kun i, kun Lizi, mi jam ligis amikecon, kiam mia malgranda fratino mortis je angino. Tiam fariis tre silente en nia domo. Malantae irka la evalstalo bruis ja la knaboj poste

kiel antae, sed al la loejo ili proksimiis nur sur la piedpintoj. Ili ne volis eni la nigre vestitan virinon, kiu senese, kvaza senspirite, la funebrajn ambrojn trapais; de frua mateno is malfrua vespero, en pensojn profundiinta, i travagis la loejon, senripoze kiel la pendolo de l'horloo, kvaza i eterne iun a ion serus. Iafoje i malfermis la rankojn kaj tirkestojn la vico. Tiam mi iam vidis en ia mano malgrandajn infanorobojn, uojn kaj antatukojn, kiujn i longe rigardis kaj karesis, por ilin denove remeti kun la pupoj, la skribkajeroj kaj iuj aliaj objektoj, kiuj iam apartenis al mia malgranda fratino. Pri mi i tute ne okupiisi nun pli amis la mortinton, ol iujn vivantojnkaj tamen en mi iam teliris post i. Se mi iafoje ian robon ekprenis, a ian brakon karesis, por ke i min nur rimarku, i ekrigardis min indiferente per siaj karaj, de nokta plorado lacaj okuloj, a diris: "Kion vi volas, Janko? u mi devas doni al vi oranojn?" i tiam eltiris la tirkeston, kie la oranoj kuis, kaj lasis min elekti, kiom mi volis. Kaj mi tute ne volis oranojn, mi nur estis aluza je mia malgranda, mortinta fratino.

FERENC HERCZEG. Ligi, to bind; angino, quinsy; stalo, stable, stall; pinto, point; eni, to trouble, disturb; funebro, mourning; pendolo, pendulum; ranko, cupboard; tirkesto, drawer; vico, turn; antatuko, apron; laca, weary; aluza, jealous.
VENTEGA NOKTO.

El Nord-germanaj Rakontoj. La ventego kriegis kaj bruegis dum la malluma nokto kaj blovege pelis la foliojn anta si. Kia sonado estis en la aero! De malproksime venas la ventego, el la regiono, kie estas la altaj montoj kaj la granda akvo, el la malvarma nordo. io, kion i ekkaptas dumvoje, devas kunflugi. i pelas la foliojn alten, tiel ke ili kirle flugas kaj en sia timo saltas unu super la alia. Jen i permesas al ili dum memento rekonsciii, ili opinias, ke nun esis la sovaa pelado, ke ili povas trankvile mallevii terenjen la sovaulo ree ekkaptas ilin kaj la ludo denove komencias. Nun i estas en la torfejo; tie i trovas nenion kun kio i povus petoli; tiam i atakas pluvnubon kiu us volis ekpluvipuegas en ian flankon, is i tuj disflugas. Jen la blovulo venas en la arbaron kaj furiozas inter la arboj, kiuj emas kaj krakas. Ankora salton, kaj nun i estas e la lerneja domo, kiu staras kaite en arbetaoj inter la du vilaoj. Ho, kiel i ojkriegas ekvidante la malnovan kadukan domon! Tie i mi devas enii! Per iuj pordoj i bruegas kaj skuas ilin, provante malfermegi ilin. Sed vane. E ne la lignan kovrilon de la truo en la frontono i povas deiri, kvankam la rustiintaj hokoj preska ne plu povas teni in. Sed almena i klakas kaj frapegas per i tiom, ke la edzino de la instruisto vekias. HEINRICH BANDLOW.

Nordo, north; kirli, to whisk, to twirl; konscii, to be conscious; opinii, to be of opinion; torfo, peat; petoli, to play, tease; furiozi, to rage; emi, to groan; kraki, to crack, crackle; kaduka, decayed, infirm; skui, to shake; vane, in vain; frontono, gable, fronton; rusti, to rust; hoko, hook; klaki, to clack, clap.
EN PIRIN.

El Bulgaraj Rakontoj.
Klime perdis la vojon, la blovegoj estis kovrintaj ion: valojn, montetojn, vojojn, kampojn. Li eliris hiera e bona vetero el la vilao, kaj nun ?... Dum tutaj horoj li vagadis en Pirinmonto kaj li ne scias, kie li trovias, kien li iras, kion li renkontos. Li komprenis nur unu: ke malproksime, malproksime li estas de sia vilao, en nekonataj montaj dezertoj, en la regno de l'sovaaj bestoj kaj de la pereo... Subite li ekvidis tra la krepusko multajn nigrajn ombrojn, kiuj iris senbrue sur la neo. Kio estas tio i? u lupoj? Ili estas tuta aro kaj venas de la dekstra flanko; ili bojas... Li ekkuregas. La malsata aro rapide lin sekvas kun sovaaj bojoj... Kiom da tempo li kuris, li ne memoras... Anta li iam nudao, iam dezerto, iam nea kampo. Subite Klime vidas, ke antae ekmovias io, lumaj punktoj brilas kaj lin renkontas: la bestaro elsendis kelkajn lupojn por fermi lian iradon... Klime vidis teruran, neeviteblan morton... Tiam li ree ekkuregis kiel frenezulo maldekstren, al nova direkto, sur ia krutao malsupren, kaj post li la lupoj... Li dufoje implikiis je sia skarpo, kiu trenis, kaj li ekfalis. Troviinte en la valo, Klime oje vidis, ke li eniras en ian vilaon... Kia i estas, u pomaka, u kristana,li ne pensas, ar la luparo lin persekutas e tien i. i iras post liaj kalkanoj... Li enoviis en ian pordegon, kiun, verajne, la ventego malfermis, kaj li alkuris al la fenestro, kiu lumis. Kaj la lupoj anka kuras post li. Klime ovis malentile la pordon kaj eniris en nekonatan domon. Li ekemis: li vidis bulgaran, kristanan domon, kaj la sanktfigurujon, kaj anta i la sanktlampeton...la flamo malklare briletis kaj estingiis ankora. El la krepusko eliris iaj homoj. Li irkarigardis mirege. Kie li trovias? Subite Klime ekscias, ke li estas en sia hejmo. La iopovanto estis direktinta liajn vagadojn al lia vilao, al lia domo, kiam li pensis, ke li iras en tute malsaman direkton.

IVAN MINEV. [Footnote: "Pomako" estas bulgaro fariinta mahometano.] Klime, man's name; blovego, storm; valo, valley; sovaa, wild; krepusko, twilight; boji, to bark; nuda, bare; punkto, point; eviti, to avoid; freneza, crazy; impliki, to entangle; skarpo, scarf; persekuti, to follow in order to harm; ovi, to shove, push; verajne, apparently; estingi, to extinguish.
SOMERA PLUVADO.

El Prozo el Danaj-Norvegaj Atoroj.

Estis premante varmege, la aero vibris pro varmo, kaj krom tio estis tiel kvieta, nenio alia sin movis, ol la kokcineloj tie sur la urtikoj, kaj kelke da velkitaj folioj, kiuj kuis sur la herbo kaj kurbigis sin kun etaj ekmovoj, kvaza kuntiritaj de la sunaj radioj. Kaj tiu homo sub la kverko, li kuis spiregante kaj melankolie, senespere li rigardis supren al la ielo. Li kantetis iom, kaj cedis, fajfis per la buo kaj cedis anka je tio, turnis kaj returnis sin, rigardis malnovan talpan teraltaeton, kiu tute helgriziis pro sekeco. Subite eta, ronda, nigra makulo vidiis sur la griza tero, ankora unu, du, tri, kvar, multaj, ankora pliaj, la tuta altaeto fariis malhelgriza. La aero estas nur longaj, malhelaj strekoj, la folioj kliniis kaj balanciis, sibleto, plilatiante is siblego, sonis,akvo fluegis teren. io briletis, fajretis, kraketis. Folioj, branoj, trunkoj, io brilis de akvao, iu guteto falanta teren, herben, tonen, ien, disrompiis kaj disprucis en milojn da etaj perloj. Malgrandaj gutoj pendis tie iom da tempo kaj fariis grandaj gutoj, malsuprenfalis tien i, unuiis kun aliaj gutoj, formis fluetojn, malaperis en sulketojn, enfluis grandajn truojn kaj elfluis malgrandajn, forkondukis polvon, lignaetojn kaj foliopecojn, fiksiis sur rifojn kaj denove liberiis, turniis kaj ree surrifiis. Foliojn, ne estintajn kune de la tempo, kiam ili estis buronoj, kolektis la akvao; musko, neniigita de sekeco, ekvelis kaj fariis mola, ifa, verda kaj sukplena; kaj imo kiu preska fariis polvo, disvastiis en graciaj makuloj, kun brilo kiel silko. La konvolvoloj lasis plenigi siajn blankajn kalikojn is la rando, interpuis ilin kaj veris la akvon sur la kapojn de l' urtikoj. La dikaj, nigraj arbarlimakoj afablege rampis antaen kaj rigardis danke la ielon. Kaj la homo? La nudkapa homo staris meze en la pluvo, lasante la gutojn sibli en harojn, brovojn okulojn, nazon, buon, kraketis per la fingroj je la pluvo, iom levis iafoje la piedojn, kvaza li intencis danci, ekskuis iam kaj iam sian kapon, kiam tro multe da akvo estis en la haroj, plengore kantis senpripensante tion, kion li kantis, tiel plene la pluvado lin okupis.

J. P. JAKOBSEN. Vibri, to vibrate; kokcinelo, ladybird; urtiko, nettle; velki, to wither; fajfi, to whistle; talpo, mole; streko, streak; klini, bend; sibli, to hiss; pruci, to spurt, to gush; sulko, furrow; truo, hole; rifo, reef; burono, bud; musko, moss; veli, to swell; ifi, to crinkle, crumple; imo, mildew, mould; gracia, graceful; konvolvolo, convolvulus; kaliko, chalice, calyx; limako, slug; brovo, brow; nuda, bare.
KION NE KOMPRENAS LA HIRUNDOJ KAJ PAPILIOJ.

El Pola Antologio.
... Iom pli malproksime kuis flava grenkampo. Malalta barilo apartigis in de l' konstruaoj kaj de l' malgranda placeto anta ili. La barilo formis angulon kaj en la loko, kie kuniis du iaj oblikvaj duonoj, i havis pordegon, altan, laran kaj en tiu momento tute malfermitan. Ni proksimiis al la malalta barilo. Anjo ne havis ankora sufie da tempo por apogi al i sian ombrelon kaj jam en la flava domo oni malfermis la pordon kaj viro stariis e la sojlo

kaj late demandis: u vi iras eksterlandon? Ni komprenis. La barilo, malzorge konstruita el kurbaj bastonoj, estis io pli grava, ol limo de kampara proprao... i tiu barilo apartigis du naciojn, du landojn, du civilizaciojn. La sekalo, kreskanta post i, estis jam germana sekalo; la cejanoj, kiuj, kiel bluaj lumetoj, bruletis inter la spikoj, estis jam germanaj cejanoj. Germana estis e la vento, fluganta de tie kune kun la miela odoro de l'konvolvoloj... Kompreneble, Anjo devis rifuzi al si la riigon de sia bukedo per germanaj floroj kaj i tuj sciigis pri i la late demandantan viron. Li reiis domon trankviliinta, sed sendube dek kelkaj paroj da viglaj, kvankam nevideblaj okuloj observis iujn niajn movojn. Kun stranga sento ni komencis rigardi irkae. Kial?demandis Anjo, lare malfermante la okulojnsekve la spiko, kiu elkreskis tie i el grajno alportita de tie de la vento, estas nia, sed milionoj da aliaj spikoj, iaj fratoj, estas fremdaj nur tial, ke ili kreskas unu paon pli malproksime? Mi penis klarigi al i, ke tio i estas tute natura, e necesega. Por kiu? Anstata respondo mi levis la ultrojn. Okupataj de la penso pri la divido, ni turnis la okulojn al la ielo, serante anka sur i liman linion. Sed la ielo estis nur unu, nedividita. Ni rigardis la sunon. Anka la suno estis nur unu, nedividita. En la sama momento papilio, kiu sidis proksime de ni sur la barilo kaj jen etendis, jen altiris siajn ruajn flugiletojn kun arenta subao, rapide leviis kaj transflugis al la germana flanko. i longe flirtis tie super la balanciantaj spikoj kaj trovinte amikon a amikinon ankora pli trankvile revenis. Samtempe kelke da hirundoj, antasentante proksimion de fulmotondro, komencis kun lata pepado rondflugi malproksimen kaj senpune trans la limon... Vi vidas!ekkriis Anjo kun infana triumfo. La hirundoj kaj papilioj no konsentas la "necesecon," pri kiu vi tiel sage parolis. i tiuj senkonsideraj vortoj malojigis min. Ah, Anjo, Anjo!diris mi riproe,u vi forgesis, ke la homo estas pli saa kreitao, ol la flirtemaj birdoj kaj papilioj senpripensaj?...

WIKTOR GOMULICKI. Greno, corn; placo, place, square; apogi, to lean on; ombrelo, umbrella, parasol; sojlo, threshold; lata, loud; sekalo, rye; cejano, corn bluebottle; mielo, honey; bukedo, bouquet; paro, pair; spiko, ear of corn; linio, line; papilio, butterfly; flirti, flutter, wave; fulmo, lightning; tondro, thunder; pepi, to chirp.
PRINTEMPO VENOS.

Se la naturo rigidias De prem' de l' vintro frostiganta, Se tute per la ne' kovrias Je longe tero ekdormanta, Amiko kara! vi ne ploru: Printempo venos kaj somero, Ke la naturo ree floru, Ke verdu, reviviu tero.

A. NAUMANN.
LA VOJO.

Tra densa mallumo briletas la celo, Al kiu kurae ni iras. Simile al stelo en nokta ielo, Al ni la direkton i diras. Kaj nin ne timigas la noktaj fantomoj Nek batoj de l' sorto, nek mokoj de l' homoj ar klara kaj rekta kaj tre difinita i estas, la voj' elektita. Nur rekte, kurae, kaj ne flankiante Ni iru la vojon celitan! E guto malgranda, konstante frapante, Traboras la monton granitan. L' espero, l' obstino, kaj la pacienco Jen estas la signoj, per kies potenco Ni pao post pao, post longa laboro, Atingos la celon en gloro. Ni semas kaj semas, neniam lacias, Pri l' tempoj estontaj pensante. Cent semoj perdias, mil semoj perdias, Ni semas kaj semas konstante. "Ho, esu!" mokante la homoj admonas, "Ne esu, ne esu!" en kor' al ni sonas: "Obstine antaen! La nepoj vin benos, Se vi pacience eltenos." Se longa sekeco a ventoj subitaj Velkantajn foliojn deiras, Ni dankas la venton, kaj, repurigitaj,

Ni forton pli frean akiras. Ne mortos jam nia bravega anaro, in jam ne timigas la vento, nek staro, Obstine i paas, provita, hardita, Al cel' unu fojon signita! Nur rekte, kurae kaj ne flankiante Ni iru la vojon celitan! E guto malgranda, konstante frapante, Traboras la monton granitan. L' espero, l' obstino, kaj la pacienco Jen estas la signoj, per kies potenco Ni pao post pao, post longa laboro, Atingos la celon en gloro. L. ZAMENHOF, el "Fundamenta Krestomatio." Celo, aim; simile, like; fantomo, phantom, apparition; sorto, fate; moko, mockery; elekti, to choose; flanko, side; guto, drop; frapi, to strike; bori, to bore; signo, sign; atingi, to attain; laca, weary; semo, seed; esi, to cease; admoni, to exhort; koro, heart; vento, wind; subita, sudden; velki, to wither; deiri, to tear from, pluck off; akiri, to acquire; provi, to make trial of; hardi, to harden.
EL LA PAROLO DE D-RO. L. L. ZAMENHOF.
EN LA GUILDHALL, URBO LONDONO, La 2lan de Agusto, 1907. . . . La dua kulpigo, kiun ni ofte devas adi, estas tio, ke ni esperantistoj estas malbonaj patriotoj. ar tiuj esperantistoj, kiuj traktas la esperantismon kiel ideon, predikas reciprokan justecon kaj fratecon inter la popoloj kaj ar la la opinio de la gentaj ovinistoj patriotismo konsistas en malamo kontra io, kio ne estas nia, tial ni la ilia opinio estas malbonaj patriotoj, kaj ili diras, ke la esperantistoj ne amas sian patrujon. Kontra tiu i mensoga, malnobla kaj kalumnia kulpigo ni protestas plej energie, ni protestas per iuj fibroj de nia koro! . . . Vi staras nun anta miaj okuloj, mia kara Litovujo, mia malfelia patrujo, kiun mi neniam povas forgesi, kvankam mi forlasis vin kiel juna knabo. Vi, kiun mi ofte vidas en miaj sonoj, vi, kiun nenia alia parto de la tero iam povos anstatai en mia koro, vi atestu, kiu vin pli multe, pli kore kaj pli sincere amas: u mi, idea esperantisto, kiu revis pri frateco inter iuj viaj loantoj, kvankam mi devis bedarinde forlasi vin, simile al multaj centoj da miloj da aliaj viaj filoja u tiuj personoj, kiuj deziras, ke vi apartenu nur al ili, kaj iuj aliaj viaj filoj estu rigardataj kiel fremduloj a sklavoj! Ho patriotismo, patriotismo, kiam fine la homoj lernos kompreni uste vian sencon! Kiam via sankta nomo esos esti armilo en la manoj de diversaj malhonestuloj! Kiam fine iu homo ricevos la rajton kaj la eblon algluii

per sia tuta koro al tiu peco da tero, kiu lin naskis! Longe daros ankora malluma nokto sur la tero, sed ne eterne i daros. Venos iam la tempo, kiam la homoj esos esti lupoj unuj kontra aliaj. Anstata konstante batali inter si, eliri la patrujon unuj al la aliaj, perforte altrudi al si reciproke siajn lingvojn kaj morojn, ili vivos inter si pace kaj frate, en plena interkonsento ili laboros sur la tero, sur kiu ili vivas, kaj kontra tiuj krudaj fortoj de la naturo, kiuj ilin iujn egale atakas. Kaj kune kaj interkonsente ili celados iuj al unu vero, al unu felio. Kaj se iam venos tiu felia tempo, i estos la frukto de konstanta kaj senlaca laborado de tiuj homoj, kiujn vi vidas nun en i tiu ambrego kaj kies nomo, ankora tre malmulte konata kaj tre malmulte atata, estas "esperantistoj."

El "The British Esperantist." Kulpo, fault; trakti, to treat; prediki, to preach; gento, tribe, race; ovinisto, Chauvinist; Litovujo, Lithuania; seno, dream; atesti, to bear witness; revi, to imagine, dream; bedari, to regret; sklavo, slave; senco, meaning; rajto, right; alglui, to glue to, stick to, attach; lupo, wolf; trudi, to obtrude; moro, manners, custom; paco, peace; konsenti, to agree; kruda, crude, rough, raw; frukto, fruit; ati, to prize, appreciate, like.
FOREWORD TO SUPPLEMENTARY VOCABULARY.

As this Vocabulary is intended for those who have worked through the preceding lessons, it is not a full vocabulary, but only supplementary to those already given, and the words contained in those are, as a rule, not repeated here. In order to get in as many root words as possible, derived words and the second word of a pair (e.g., male or female, opposites, the action and the tool, the animal and its young, etc.) are generally omitted; the simple word or one of the pair being found, the other word is to be formed from it by means of the proper word-ending, prefix or suffix. In English there are often several words to express the same or nearly the same meaning. Want of space prevents these being all included; the most important or most commonly used word has therefore been chosen; for instance, mercury, tranquil, diaphanous, suffocate, salve, renown, fiddle, are not to be found, but quicksilver, calm, translucent, smother, ointment, fame, violin, are there. A most valuable help to the student is a good English dictionary, and if this gives the derivation of the words, the interest of the study is greatly increased. The difficulty often is, not to find the right Esperanto word, but to know exactly what the English word or phrase means. It is the experience of most Esperantists that in learning Esperanto their knowledge of their own language has become much more thorough. [Footnote: A remark made by a student

during one lesson was "Well, if we don't learn Esperanto, we shall learn English."] For this reason and also that this language cannot be learned simply as a matter of rote, but demands the exercise of the thinking and reasoning powers, [Footnote: To convince an opponent or a doubter of this, tell him that "utila" means "useful," and "mal" denotes the contrary; then ask what "malutila" means. The answer will almost certainly be "useless." Then show that the contrary of a good quality is not merely the absence of that quality, but is a bad quality, and therefore the contrary of "useful" is "harmful."] Esperanto ought to be taught in all schools.
VOCABULARY. A abbot, abato. abdomen, ventro. ability, kapablo, povo, lerteco, talento. able (to be), povi. abolish, neniigi, forigi. abomination, abomeno. abroad, eksterlande. absent (to be), foresti. absolve, senkulpigi, senpekigi. absorb, absorbi; sorbi. abstain, deteni sin. abuse, insult'i, -o; trouzi; malbonuzi. abyss, abismo, profundegao. accent, akcent'i, -o; supersigno. accept, akcepti, alpreni. accident, malfeliao, okazo. account, kalkulo; rakonto; konto. onof, pro. accuse, kulpigi, akuzi. ace, aso. ache, dolor'o, -i. acknowledge, konfesi. acorn, glano. acquaint, sciigi. acquainted, becomewith, konatii kun. acquire, akiri, atingi. acquit, senkulpigi. acrid, akra, morda, pika. act, ag'i, -o; far'i, -o; leo; akto. action, agado; (law) proceso. active, agema, aktiva. actor, aktoro. actual, nuna, efektiva. adapt, alfari. add, aldoni, kunmeti, sumigi. address, alparoli al; sin turni al; (letters) adresi.

adhere, alii, algluii al. adjourn, prokrasti. admit, allasi, konfesi. adopt, alpreni, fil (-in) -igi. adore, adori, amegi. adult, plenkresk'a, plena'a. adulterate, falsi. adultery, adulto. advantage, utilo, profito, bonao. advertise, anonci, reklami. advice, konsilo. affair, afero. affected (to be), afekti. affiliate, alii, filiii. afternoon, posttagmezo. again, re-, ree, denove. agenda, tagordo, programo. agent, agento. agile, facilmova. agitate, agiti. agony, dolorego, (death) agonio. agree, konscnti, interkonsenti. agreeable, afabla, agrabla. agreement, kontrakto, interkonsento. agriculture, terkulturo. aim, cel'o, -i. air, aero, aerumi; mieno; ario. aisle, flankao. alarm, maltrankviligi; alarmo. alder, alno. alert, vigla. alien, alilandulo, eksterlandulo. alike, simila, egala. alive, vivanta, viva. alleviate, plidoligi, malpliigi. allow, permesi. allowance, porcio; (a/c) rabato; dekalkulo. allude, aludi. almanac, almanako, kalendaro. almighty, iopova. almond, migdalo. alms, almozo. alone, sola. along, lalonge. aloud, late, voe. alternate, alterni. amazement, mirego. amber, sukceno.

ambition, ambicio. ambush, embusko. amiable, afabla, aminda. amputate, detrani, amputi. amuse, amuzi. anarchy, anario. ancestors, praavoj, prapatroj. ancient, antikva. anecdote, anekdoto. angel, anelo. angle, angulo; fii. animal, besto. ankle, maleolo. anniversary, datreveno. announce, anonci. annoy, agreni, eni. annual, iujara. annul, nuligi. anoint, sanktolei, miri. anonymous, anonima, sennoma ant, formiko. anthem, antemo. anvil, amboso. anxious, maltrankvila. apathetic, apatia. aperture, malfermao, aperturo. apologise, peti pardonon. apparatus, aparato. appeal, alvoki; (law) apelacio. appear, aperi; ajni. appearance, vidio; ajno, mieno. appetite, apetito. applaud, apladi. apply, almeti; sin turni al. appoint, nomi, difini. appreciate, ati. approach, alproksimii. approve, aprobi. apricot, abrikoto. apron, antatuko. arable, plugebla, semotaga. arbitrary, arbitra. arbitration, arbitracio. arbour, labo. arch, arko; arkefleksi. argue, argumenti. arithmetic, aritmetiko. arm, brako, -pit, akselo; armi.

arms, armiloj, bataliloj. aroma, aromo. arouse, veki. arrange, arani. arrest, aresti. arrive, alveni. arrogant, aroganta arrow, sago. art, arto. artery, arterio. artful, ruza. artichoke, artioko. article, artikolo, komercao. artificial, artefarita, arta. artifice, artifiko. artisan, metiisto. artist, artisto. ascertain, konstati. ash, cindro, (tree) frakseno. ask, demandi. -for, peti. asparagus, asparago. aspect, aspekto, vidio, fazo. aspen, tremolo. ass, azeno. assemble, kunveni, kunvoki. assert, aserti, konstati. assign, asigni. assure, certigi; asekuri. astonish, mirigi. (to be -ed), miri. astringent, adstringa. astute, sagaca. asylum, rifuejo, azilo. athletic, atleta. atmosphere, atmosfero. atom, atomo. attach, alligi, kunigi. attain, atingi, trafi. attempt, provi; (criminal) atenco. attention, atento, (pay) atenti. attitude, sintenado. attract, altiri, logi. auction, akcio. audit, kontkontroli. author, atoro. authority, rajto, atoritato. avalanche, lavango. avaricious, avara. avenue, aleo.

average, meznombro, mezakvanto. avert, deturni. avoid, eviti. award, alui axis, akso. axle, akso. azure, lazuro. B baboon, paviano. baby, infaneto. bachelor, fralo. back, dorso, posta flanko. backbone, spino. bacon, lardo. bag, sako. bait, allogao. bake, baki. balance, ekvilibri; (of account) restao. -sheet, bilanco. balcony, balkono. ball, (play) pilko, (cannon) kuglo, (dance) balo. balloon, aerostato. ballot, baloti, -o. balsam, balzamo. band, ligilo; bando; orkestro. bandage, bandai. banish, ekzili. bank, (money) banko; bordodigo. banker, bankiero. bankrupt, bankroto. banner, flago, standardo. banquet, festeno. baptism, bapto. bar, bar'i, -ilo; bufedo. barbarian, barbaro. barber, barbiro. bare, nuda. bargain, marandi. bark, boji; elo. barley, hordeo. barrel, barelo. -organ, gurdo. barrister, advokato. base, bazo; fundamento; malnobla. basin, pelvo, kuvo. basket, korbo. bat, vesperto; batilo. bath, bano, bankuvo. bathe, sin bani. beam, radio, trabo, vekto.

bean, fabo, fazeolo. bear, urso; porti; subteni beard, barbo. beat, bati, vergi, vipi, venki. beautiful, bela. beaver, kastoro. because, ar, tial ke, pro tio ke. bed, lito, kuejo, fluejo, florbedo. bee, abelo. beech, fago. beer, biero. beet, beto. beetle, skarabo, blato. beg, peti, almozpeti. begin, komenci, ek-. behave, konduti. behold, rigardi; jen! bell, sonorilo. below, sube, malsupre. belt, zono. bench, benko; (joiner's) stablo. bend, fleks'i, -ii; klin'i, -ii. bent, kurb'a, -igita. bequeath, testamenti. berry, bero. besiege, siei. bet, veti. betray, perfidi. betrothal, fian' (-in-) io. bewitch, sori. bilberry, mirtelo. bile, galo. bill, kalkulo; kambio; afio; beko. billiards, bilardo bind, ligi; (books) bindi; bandai. -weed, liano. birch, betulo. birth, naskio. biscuit, biskvito. bishop, episkopo. bit, peco; enbuao. bite, mordi. bitter, akra, maldola. blackbird, merlo. blacking, ciro. bladder, veziko. blade, klingo; (of grass), folieto blaspheme, blasfemi. bless, beni.

blind, blinda. window-, rulkurteno. blond, blonda. blood, sango. blot, makulo. blow, blovi; bato, frapo. blouse, bluzo. blue, blua; -bell, hiacinto, kampanoleto. boa-constrictor, boao. boast, fanfaroni. boat, boato. bobbin, bobeno. body, korpo. bog, maro. boil, boli; absceso. bold, kuraa, sentima. bolt, rigl'i, -ilo; bolto. bomb, bombo. bombard, bombardi. bond, obligacio, garantiao bondage, servuto, sklaveco. bone, osto. bonnet, apo. booth, budo. border, rand'o, -ao; borderi. bore, bori; kalibro. born, (to be,) naskii. borrow, prunte preni. bosom, brusto, sino. bottom, fundo, malsupro. boundary, limo. bouquet, bukedo. bow, saluti; kapklini; pafarko; aro; banto. bowels, internao, intestaro. bowl, pelvo, kuvo. box, kesto, skatolo; loio; boksi; pugnobati. braces, elko. brain, cerbo. bran, brano. branch, brano; filio. brass, flava kupro, latuno. brave, brava, kuraa. breach, breo. break, rompi, frakasi. breakfast, matenman'i, -o. breast, brusto, mamo. breathe, spiri. bribe, subaeti. brick, briko.

bridge, ponto. bridle, brido. bright, hela, brila, gaja. bring, alkonduki, alporti. broad, lara. broker, makleristo, (act as) makleri. brooch, broo. brood, kovi, kovitaro. broth, buljono. brown, bruna. browse, sin pati. bruise, kontuzi; pisti. brush, bros'o, -i; balailo; peniko. bucket, sitelo. buckle, buko. bud, burono. budget, budeto. buffet, (restaurant) bufedo. bug, cimo. build, konstrui. bullet, kuglo. bullfinch, pirolo. bunch, fasketo, aro. bundle, fasko. bungle, fui. burden, surpezi, aro. bureau, oficejo, kontoro. burgess, buro. burn, brul'i, -igi. burrow, kavigi. burst, krevi. bury, enterigi, enfosi. business, afero, okupo, negoco busy, okupata, aferema. butcher, bu'i, -isto. buttercup, ranunkolo, butterfly, papilio. buzz, zumi. C cab, fiakro; kabrioleto, droko. cabbage, brasiko. cabin, kajuto, kabano. cabinet, ambreto, kabineto. cable, nurego, kablo. cage, kao. calico, kalikoto. calk, kalfatri. call, voki, (together) kunvoki.

callosity, kalo. calm, kvieta, trankvila. camel, kamelo. camp, tendaro. canary, kanario. candid, sincera, verdirema. candidate, kandidato, aspiranto. cane, kano; bastono; vergi. cannon, kanono. canon, kanoniko. canopy, baldakeno. canvas, kanvaso. cap, apo, (milit.) kepo. capable, kapabla, kompetenta. cape, manteleto; promontoro, terkapo. capital, efurbo; kapitalo; granda litero. capitalist, kapitalisto. capitulate, kapitulaci. capsize, renversii. captain, ipestro, kapitano. capture, kapti. car, veturilo, aro. card, karto, -board, kartono. carnation, dianto; flavroza. carp, karpo; kritikai. carpenter, arpentisto. carpet, tapio. carriage, veturilo, kaleo, vagono; transporto. carrot, karoto. cart, arveturilo. carve, trani; skulpti. case, okazo; ujo; kazo; proceso. cashier, kasisto. cast, eti, (metal) fandi. castle, kastelo. catch, kapti. caterpillar, rapo. cathedral, katedralo. cattle, bruto, brutoj. cauliflower, florbrasiko. cause, kaz'i, -o; -igi; afero. caution, averti; singardemo. cave, kaverno. cavil, ikani. caw, graki. ceiling, plafono. celebrate, festi, soleni, celery, celerio.

cell, elo, ambreto. cellar, kelo. censor, cenzuristo. censure, riproi. ceremony, ceremonio, soleno. certain, certa; kelkaj; ia. chaff, grenventumao. chaffinch, fringo. chain, eno. chair, seo. -man, prezidanto. chalk, kreto. chance, hazardo; riski; okazi; anco. chancellor, kanceliero. change, ani, aliigi. channel, kanalo. chaos, aoso. chapel, kapelo, preejeto. chapter, apitro. character, karaktero; (drama) rolo. charm, armi; talismano. chaste, asta. cheat, trompi. check, haltigi; kontroli. cheek, vango. cheerful, gaja. cheese, fromao, chemist, apotekisto, emiisto. cheque, eko. cherry, erizo. chess, ako. chest, brusto; kesto, (of drawers) komodo. chestnut, katano, (horse) marono. chew, mai, (cud) remaadi. chicory, cikorio. chief, ef'o, -a. chimney, kamentubo. chin, mentono. china, porcelano. chirp, pepi; (insects) irpi. chisel, iz'i, -ilo. chocolate, okolado. choir, oro. choke, sufoki. chop, haki; koteleto. chronicle, kroniko. church, preejo. cigarette, cigaredo. circle, rondo, cirklo.

circular, (letter), cirkulero. circumference, irkao. circus, cirko. city, civito, urbo. citizen, urbano, buro, civitano, regnano. civil, civila, entila. civilize, civilizi. claim, pretendi, postuli. clap, (hands) manfrapi, pladi. class, kurso; (sort) klaso. classify, ordigi, klasifiki. claw, ungego. clay, argilo. clergyman, pastro. clerk, oficisto, kontoristo, komizo. clever, lerta. cliff, krutao. climate, klimato. climb, grimpi, suprenrampi. clink, tinti. cloak, mantelo. clod, bulo. closet, necesejo; ambreto. cloth, drapo; (a) tuko. clothe, vesti. cloud, nubo. clover, trifolio. club, klubo, (cards) trefo. clue, postesigno. coal, karbo. coast, marbordo. coat, vesto; -tail, basko. cockle, kardio. cocoa, kakao; -nut, kokoso. cod, gado, moruo. coffee, kafo. coffin, erko. coil, rulao, volvao. coin, monero. coke, koakso. colander, kribrilo, cold, malvarm'a, -umo. colleague, kolego. collect, kolekti, amasigi. collective, opa. college, kolegio. colony, kolonio. colour, koloro.

comb, kombi; (fowl's) kresto. combine, kombin'i, -ii, kun'igi, -ii. come, veni. comfort, komforti, konsoli. comic, komika, ridinda. comma, komo. command, ordoni, komandi. comment, komentar'i, -o. commerce, komerco, negoco. commission, komisi'i, -o; (sell on) makleri. committee, komitato. common, komuna, ordinara, vulgara; erikejo, step'o, -eto. commune, komunumo. communicate, komuniki. companion, kunulo. company, anaro, kompanio, societo, trupo, roto. compare, kompari. compartment, fako. compass, (mariners') kompaso; (drawing) cirkelo. compel, devigi. compensate, kompensi complete, konkuri. complaint, plendi. complete, plen'a, -igi. compliment, kompliment'o, -i. compose, verki; komposti. compositor, kompostisto. comrade, kamarado. concern, koncerni; zorgo; rilati al. concrete, konkreta. concussion, skuego. condemn, kondamni. condition, kondio; stato. condole, kondolenci. confectioner, konfitisto. conference, konferenco. confirm, konfirmi. confiscate, konfiski. conflict, konflikto. conform, konformi. confuse, konfuzi. congratulate, gratuli. congregation, kongregacio. congress, kongreso. conjure, ongli. conscience, konscienco. conscious, konsci'a, -ness, 'o. consequence, sekvo.

conservative, konservativa. consider, pripensi, konsideri. consistent, konsekvenca. consonant, konsonanto. constipation, mallakso. consult, konsilii kun. consume, konsumi. consumption, (disease) ftizo. contact, kontakto. contain, enhavi, enteni. content, kontenta. continue, dari, -igi. contract, kontrakti; kuntir'i, -ii. contrary, kontrao, malo. contrast, kontrasti. contrive, elpensi. control, estri, regi. convenient, oportuna. conversation, interparolado, konversacio. convict, kondamnito. convince, konvinki. convolvulus, konvolvolo. convulse, konvulsio, spasmo. copper, kupro. copy, kopii; ekzemplero. coral, koralo. cord, nuro. core, korao, internao. cork, korko; topi, corn, greno; (foot), kalo. corner, angulo. correct, korekti; usta, senerara. correspond, korespondi. corrode, mordeti. corset, korseto. costume, kostumo. cotton, (raw), kotono; (manuf.) katuno. cough, tusi. council, konsilantaro. count, kalkuli; grafo. country, lando; kamparo. courage, kurao. course, kuro; kurso. of, kompreneble. court, korto, (royal) kortego; juejo; amindumi. covetous, avida. crab, krabo, kankro. crack, fendi, kraki, krev'i, -igi. cradle, lulilo.

crafty, ruza. crane, gruo, arlevilo. crape, krepo. crater, kratero. cravat, kravato. creature, estao, kreitao. credit, kredito. creed, kredo. creep, rampi. crest, tufo, kresto. crevice, fendo. cricket, grilo; (game) kriketo. crime, krimo. crippled, kripla. crisis, krizo. criticism, kritiko. crochet, kroeti. crocodile, krokodilo, aligatoro. cross, kruco, trans' -iri, -pasi. out, streki. croup, krupo. crow, korniko. crowd, amaso. crown, krono; (of head) verto. cruel, kruela. cruise, krozi. crumple, ifi. crust, krusto. crutch, lambastono. cry, krii, ekkrii, plori; (of animals) bleko. crystal, kristalo. cube, kubo. cuckoo, kukolo. cucumber, kukumo. cuff, manumo; frapo. cultivate, kulturi. cunning, ruza. cup, taso, kaliko. cupboard, ranko. cure, resanigi; (bacon, etc.) pekli. curious, scivola, stranga, kurioza. curl, buklo. currant, ribo, sekvinbereto (korinta). current, fluo. curtain, kurteno. curved, kurba, fleksita, nerekta. cushion, kuseno. customer, kliento. cutlet, kotleto.

cycle, ciklo. cyclone, ciklono. Czar, Caro. D daffodil, narciso. daily, iutaga. dainty, frandao; frandema delikata, daisy, lekant'o, -eto. dam, digo, akvotopilo. damage, difekti. dance, danc'i, -o; balo. dandelion, leontodo. dare, kurai. darn, fliki. date, dato; (fruit) daktilo. dawn, tagio. dead, senviva, mortinta. -ly, pereiga. dear, kara, multekosta. debauch, diboo. debris, rub'o, -ao. debt, uldo, (be in) uldi. decipher, deifri. deck, ferdeko; ornami. declaration, deklaracio. decoration, ornamao; ordeno. decree, dekreto, mandate. decrepit, kaduka. dedicate, dedii. deed, ago, faro, farao, faritao; dokumento. deep, profunda; (sound) basa. deer, cervo. defeat, venki, malvenko. defend, defendi. defer, prokrasti. deficiency, deficito, malsufieco. defile, intermonto; malpurigi. define, difini. definite, definitiva. degenerate, degeneri. degree, grado. Deity, Diao, Dieco. delay, prokrasti. delegate, deleg'i, -ito. delicate, delikata. delightful, arma, rava. delirium, delir'o, (be in) -i. deliver, savi, liberigi; (goods) liveri. deluge, superakvego, diluvo.

den, nestego, kaverno. denounce, denunci. deny, nei, malkonfesi. depart, foriri. department, fako. depend, dependi. derive, devenigi. descendant, ido, posteulo. describe, priskribi. desert, dezerto; forlasi; forkuri de. desk, pupitro. despatch, ekspedi, depeo. dessert, deserto. destine, (for), difini (por). destroy, detrui. detail, detalo. detriment, malutilo, perdo. develop, plivastigi, disvolv'-i, -ii, (phot.) aperigi. devil, diablo, demono. devoted, sindona. devout, pia. dew, roso. dexterous, lerta. dial, ciferplato. diarrhoea, lakso. dice, ludkuboj. dictate, dikti. dictionary, vortaro. die, morti. differ, diferenci. digest, digesti. dignity, digno, rango. dine, tag', vesper', -mani. dip, trempi, subakvigi. diploma, diplomo. diplomacy, diplomatio. direct, direkti, rekta, senpera. disappoint, seniluziigi, agreni. discharge, eligi, eksigi, elpagi. disciple, lernanto, disiplo. discipline, disciplino. discount, diskonto, rabato. discover, eltrovi. discreet, diskreta, singardema. discuss, diskuti. disease, malsano. disguise, alivesti, maski. disgust, nazi.

dish, plado. dislocate, elartikigi. dismal, funebra. dismay, konsterni. dispel, peli, forpeli, dispeli. dispose, disponi. disposition, inklino, emo. dispute, disputi, malpaci. dissect, sekci. disseminate, dissemi. dissolve, solvi. distance, interspaco, malproksimeco, distanco. distinct, klara. distinguish, distingi. distract, distri. distribute, disdoni. district, regiono, kvartalo, distrikto. ditch, foso. dive, subakvii. dividends, rento, dividendo. divorce, eksedzigi. dizziness, kapturnio. do, fari. doctor, kuracisto, doktoro. doctrine, doktrino, instruo. domestic, hejma, doma. dose, dozo. dot, punkto. double, duobl'a, -igi. doubt, dubi. dough, knedao. down, lanugo; malsupre. dowry, doto. drag, treni. dragon, drako. -fly, libelo. dragoon, dragono. drain, defluilego, senakvigi. drake, anaso. drape, drapiri. draught, aerfluo. -s (game) damoj. draw, desegni; tiri, (from well) erpi. drawer, tirkesto. drawers, kalsono, (chest of -s), komodo. dream, son'i, -o; (day-), rev'o, -i. dredge, skrapegi. dress, robo; vesti, sin vesti. drill, bori; ekzerco, manovro. drink, trinki, (to excess) drinki.

drive, veturi; peli. away, forpeli. droll, ridinda, erca. drone, abelviro; zumi. drop, gut'o, -i. drown, dron'i, -igi. drug, drogo. drum, tamburo. drunken, ebria. dry, seka. land, firmao. duck, anasino, anaso. duration, daro. duty, devo, (tax) imposto. be on, deori. dwell, loi, restadi. dye, tinkturi. dyke, digo. E eager, avida. ear, orelo, (corn) spiko. earl, grafo. early, fru'a, -e. earn, perlabori. earnest, serioza, diligenta, fervora. earth, tero. -quake, tertremo. earthenware, fajenco. east, oriento. easter, Pasko. ebony, ebono. ecclesiastical, eklezia. echo, eo, resonadi. edge, rando, tranrando, bordo edify, edifi. edit, redakti. edition, eldono. editor, redaktoro. educate, eduki. eel, angilo. effect, efiko, efekto. effective, efektiva. efficacious, efika. effort, peno, klopodo. eiderduck, molanaso. elastic, elast'a, -ao. elbow, kubuto. elder, (tree) sambuko. elect, elekti, baloti. electricity, elektro. elegant, eleganta. elf, koboldo, elfo.

elm, ulmo. eloquent, elokventa. embalm, balzami. embrace, irkapreni, enbrakigi; ampleksi. embroider, brodi. emerald, smeraldo. emigrate, elmigri. eminent, eminenta. emotion, kortueco. emphasis, emfazo, akcentego empire, imperio. enable, ebligi. enamel, emajl'o, -i. enchant, ravi; ensori. encore, bis. endeavour, klopodi, peni. endow, doti. endure, dari; toleri, suferi. energy, energio. engine, maino, lokomotivo, motoro. engrave, gravuri. enjoy, ui. enlist, varbi, rekruti. enough, sufia, (be) sufii. entangle, impliki. enterprise, entrepreno. entertain, amuzi; regali. enthusiasm, entuziasmo. entice, logi, allogi. entwine, kunplekti. envelop, envolvi. envelope, koverto. environs, irkaao. equivalent, ekvivalenta, egala. erase, trastreki; forfroti. erect, vertikala; rekta; starigi. errand, komisio. escape, forkuri, forsavii. establish, fondi, starigi. estate, (land) bieno. esteem, estimi. estimate, taksi. eternal, eterna, iama. ethical, etika. eve, antatago. even, e; parnombra; ebena. event, okazo. evil, malbono, peko.

exact, usta, preciza; postuli. examine, ekzameni, esplori. examination, ekzameno. example, ekzemplo. exceed, superi. except, krom, esceptinte; escepte. exchange, interani. the, Borso. excite, eksciti. exclusive, eksklusiva. excursion, ekskurso. execute, efektivigi; (a criminal), ekzekuti. exercise, ekzerci. -book, kajero. exhaust, konsumi, elerpi. exhibition, ekspozicio. exhort, admoni. expect, atendi. expel, elpeli. experience, sperto. experiment, eksperimento. expert, lerta, kompetenta. explode, eksplod'-i, -igi. express, esprimi, ekspreso. extend, etendi. exterminate, ekstermi. extinguish, estingi. extract, ekstrakti, eltiri. extraordinary, eksterordinara. eye, okulo. -brow, brovo. -lid, palpebro. F fable, fablo. fact, fakto. in, ja, efektive. factory, fabrikejo, faktorio. fade, velki. fail, manki; malprosperi, bankroti. faint, sveni. fair, foiro; blonda; justa. fairy, feino, feo. faith, fido, kredo. falcon, falko. false, falsa, malvera. fame, gloro, renomo; famo. familiar, kutima, intima. family, familio. fan, ventum'i, -ilo. fare, farti; veturpago. farm, farmi (have on lease); farmobieno. fashion, modo, maniero, fasono. fast, fast'i, -o; rapida.

fasten, alligi, fiksi, fat, gras'a, -o; sebo. fatal, fatala, mortiga. fate, sorto. fathom, sondi, klafto. fault, kulpo; difekto; eraro. favour, favori, komplezo. feast, regalo, festeno; festo. feather, plumo. feature, trajto. feed, nutri, manigi, pati. feel, palpi, senti. felt, felto. female, ino, virinseksa. fence, skermi; palisaro. ferment, fermenti. fern, filiko. ferret, asputoro, ferry-boat, pramo. fester, ulcerii, pusi. festival, festo. feudal, fedala. fever, febro. fibre, fibro. fife, fifro. fig, figo. fight, batal'i, -o. figure, cifero; figuro. figurative, figura. file, fajli, -ilo. film, filmo, tavoleto. filter, filtr'i, -ilo. fin, nailo. fine, delikata; monpuno. fir, abio. fire, brulo, fajro; (gun), pafi. fireplace, kameno, fajrejo. fireworks, artfajrao. firm, firma, fortika; firmo. fish, fi'o, -i, -kapti. fist, pugno. fit, atako. for, taga; konvena, deca. fix, fiksi. flake, floko, neero. flame, flami. flannel, flanelo. flat, plata, ebena; apartamento. flatter, flati.

flavour, gusto. flax, lino. flea, pulo. flesh, (meat), viando; karno. flint, siliko. flit, flirti. float, nai; surnai. flock, aro, patataro, afaro. flog, skuri. flood, superakvegi. floor, planko, etao. flour, faruno. flow, flui. flower, flor'o, -i. -bed, bedo. fluid, fluajo. flutter, flugeti, flirti. fly, muo; flugi. fog, nebulo. fold, fald'i, -o. follow, sekvi. fondle, dorloti, karesi. food, nutrao. fool, malsaulo. foot, piedo; futo. -man, lakeo. -path, trotuaro, piedvojeto. forage, furao. forehead, frunto. foreign, ali', ekster'-landa, fremda. forest, arbarego. forge, fori. forget, forgesi. -me-not, miozoto. forgive, pardoni. formidable, timeginda. formulate, formuli. fortress, fortikao. fortunate, felia. foundation, fundamento foundry, fandejo. fountain, fontano. fowl, kortbirdo. fox, vulpo. frame, kadro. freckle, lentugo. free, liber'a, -igi; senpaga. freeze, frostii, glaci'igi, -ii. frequent, ofta; vizitadi. fringe, frano. fritter, fritao. frock, vesteto. -coat, surtuto.

frog, rano. frolic, petoli. frown, sulk'o, -igi. frugal, parema, fruit, frukto. -ful, fruktodona. fry, friti, (spawn) frajo, -ing pan, pato, fritilo. fuel, brulao, hejtao. fulfil, plenumi. fun, ercado. function, funkcio. funeral, enterigiro. funnel, funelo. funny, ridinda. fur, felo; (coat) pelto. furnace, fornego. furnish, mebli, provizi. furrow, sulko. further, pile, plimalproksime. fury, furiozo, furio. fuse, fandi. furniture, mebl'o, -aro. future, estonteco. G gadfly, tabano. gain, gajni, (clock) trorapidi. gall, galo. -nut, gajlo. gallery, galerio. gallop, galopi. game, ludo, asao. gap, breo; manko. gargle, gargari. garrison, garnizon'o, -i. gas, gaso. gate, pordego. gauze, gazo. gelatine, gelateno. gem, gemo. general, enerala; generalo. generation, generacio. generous, malavara. genius, genio, geniulo. gentle, dola, neforta, milda. gentleman, sinjoro. genus, gento. germ, ermo. germinate, ermi. gesture, gesto. ghost, fantomo.

giant, giganto. gild, ori, orumi. gill, (of fish), branko. gin, ino. ginger, zingibro. -bread, mielkuko. gipsy, cigano. give, doni, donaci, glacier, glaciejo. glass, vitro, a, glaso. looking, spegulo. glaze, glazuri. glorify, glori. glove, ganto. glow, ardi, brili. -worm, lampiro. glue, gluo. glycerine, glicerino. gnat, kulo. gnaw, mordeti. goat, kapro. goblet, pokalo. goblin, koboldo. God, Dio. gold, oro. goldfinch, kardelo. golosh, galoo. goodbye, adia. goose, anserino. gooseberry, groso. gospel, evangelio. gout, podagro. govern, regi. governess, guvernistino graceful, gracia. gradual, grada, lagrada. graft, inokuli, grefti. grain, grajno, greno. grammar, gramatiko. grape, vinbero. grass, herbo. grasshopper, akrido. grate, fajrujo; raspi, skrapi. grating, krado. gravity, pezo. gravy, suko. grease, graso; miri. great, granda. -coat, palto, gravitoj greedy, avida, manegema. green, verda. -house, varmejo. greengage, renklodo.

grey, griza. -hound, leporhundo. grill, kradrosti. grin, grimaci, rikani. grind, mueli; pisti; grinci. gristle, kartilago. groan, emi. grocer, spicisto. grotesque, groteska. grotto, groto. ground, tero. -floor, teretao. groundsel, senecio. group, grup'o, -igi. grouse, tetro. grub, larvo. guarantee, garantii. guard, gardi, (milit.) gvardio. gudgeon, gobio. guess, diveni, konjekti. guide, gvidi. guillotine, gilotino. gulf, golfo. gull, mevo. gullet, ezofago goro, fako. gum, gumo, dentokarno. gun, pafilo, kanono. -powder, pulvo. gush, pruci. guttapercha, gutaperko. gutter, defluilo. H habit, kutimo. haddock, eglefino. hair, haro, haroj; hararo -dresser, frizisto. hall, vestiblo, halo, salono. halt, halti, lami. halter, kolbrido. ham, inko. hammer, martelo. hand, mano. -ful, plenmano, -shake, manpremo. handkerchief, naztuko. handle, tenilo, manpreni. hang, pend'i, -igi. hansom, kabrioleto, fiakro. happen, okazi. harbour, haveno. harden, malmoligi, (health), hardi hare, leporo. harm, difekti, malutili. harness, jungi, jungao.

harpoon, harpuno. harrow, erpi, erpilo. harvest, rikolto. hasten, rapid'i, -igi. hatch, kovi. hatchet, hakilo. haunch, kokso. hawk, akcipitro; kolporti. hawthorn, kratago. hay, fojno. hazlenut, avelo. heal, resanigi, cikatrii. health, sano. propose a, toasti. heap, amas'o, -igi. heart, koro, (cards) kero. by, parkere. hearth, kameno, fajrujo, hejmo. heath, eriko, erikejo, stepo. heathen, idolano. heaven, ielo. heavy, peza. hedge, plektobarilo, -hog erinaco. heir, heredanto. hell, infero. helm, direktilo. helmet, kasko. hem, borderi. hemp, kanabo. herald, heroldo. heresy, herezo. hermit, ermito. hero, heroo. heron, ardeo. herring, haringo. hesitate, ancelii, heziti. hiccough, singulti. hide, kai; felo. hinge, arniro. hip, kokso. hire, dungi; lui; pago. hiss, sibli hit, frapi. hoard, amaso. hoar frost, prujno. hoax, mistifik'o, -i. hole, truo, kavo holiday, festo, libertempo. hollow, kav'a, -o. holly, ilekso.

honey, mielo, -comb, mieltavolo. -suckle, lonicero. hood, kapuo, kufo. hook, hoko, agrafo; alkroi. hope, espero. hops, lupolo. horizon, horizonto. horn, korno. hospitable, gastama. hospital, hospitalo. host, mastro; gastiganto; hostio. hostage, garantiulo. hotel, hotelo. hover, flirti. hub, radcentro, akso. hue, nuanco, koloro, hum, zumi. human, homa. -being, homo. humane, humana. humble, humila. humbug, blago. humming-bird, kolibro. humorous, humoraa, sprita, erca. hump, ibo. hunger, malsato. hunt, asi. hurrah, hura. hurricane, uragano. hurt, vundi, malutili. husk, elo. hut, kabano. hymn, himno. hyphen, streketo. hypocritical, hipokrita. I ideal, ideala. identical, identa. idiom, idiomo, idiotismo. idiotic, idiota. idle, senokupa. idol, idolo. illegitimate, nelalea, bastarda, illuminate, ilumini. illusion, iluzio. illustrate, ilustri. image, figuro, bildo. imagine, imagi, revi. imbibe, ensorbi. imbue, penetri, inspiri.

imitate, imiti. immediately, tuj. imminent, surpenda, minaca. impassive, stoika, kvietega. impertinent, impertinenta. implement, ilo. implicate, impliki. importune, trud'i, -igi. impose, trudi, trompi. impregnable, fortika, nekaptebla. impress, impresi. improvize, improvizi. impudent, senhonta. inch, colo. incident, okazao, epizodo. incite, instigi; inciti. incline, inklini, deklivo. include, enhavi, enkalkuli. income, enspezo, rento. incommode, eni. incompatible, nekunigebla. increase, kreski, pli'igi, -ii. incriminate, enkulpigi. indeed, efektive, ja. independent, sendependa. index, nomaro; montra tabelo. india-rubber, kauko. indifferent, indiferenta. indigenous, indiena, enlanda. indignant (to be), indigni. indirect, malrekta, pera. indispensable, nepre necesa. individual, individuo. indolent, senenergia. indomitable, necedigebla. indorse, dorseskribi, iri. induce, decidigi, alkonduki. indulge, indulgi. industrious, diligenta, laborema industry, (business), industrio. infantry, infanterio. infect, infekti. infiltrate, ensorbii. infinite, senlima, sennombra, senfina. infirm, kaduka, malforta. inflammation, brulumo. influence, influ'o, -i sur. influenza, gripo, influenco.

inform, informi, sciigi. infuse, infuzi. inherit, heredi. initiate, iniciati. inject, enprucigi, eneti. injection, (med.), klistero. injure, vundi, difekti, malutili. inquest, enketo. inquisitive, sciama, scivolo. insect, insekto. inside, interna, (out) returnite. insidious, insida. insist, insisti. inspector, inspektoro. inspire, enspiri, inspiri. instigate, instigi. instinct, instinkto. institution, instituto. instructions, instrukcio. insult, ofendi; malhonori. insure, asekuri. intellect, intelekto, prudento. intelligent, inteligenta. intend, intenci. intense, ega, intensa. intercourse, interrilato. interest, procento, rentumo, intereso, interes'i, -igi, -ii. interfere, sin inter'meti, -miksi, sin altrudi. interrupt, interrompi. interval, inter'spaco, -tempo. intervene, interveni. interview, intervjuo. intricate, malsimpla, komplika. introduce, prezenti, enkonduki. intrude, trudi. invade, invadi. invaluable, netaksebla. invent, elpensi. invert, renversi. invest, (money), procent'doni, -meti. invoice, fakturo, kalkulo. iris, (of eye), iriso; (flower) irido. iron, fero; gladi. ironmonger, feraisto. irony, ironio. irritate, inciti, kolerigi. island, insulo. isolate, izoli.

isthmus, terkolo, istmo. italics, (in), kursive. itch, juki. item, ero. itinerant, vaganta. ivory, eburo, elefantosto. ivy, hedero. J jackal, akalo. jacket, jako, aketo. jam, fruktao, konfitao. jaw, makzelo. s. fako. jealous, aluza. jelly, gelateno. jessamine, jasmeno. jewel, juvelo. jingle, tinti. join, kun'igi, -ii; unuii kun, alii. joiner, lignaisto. joint, artiko; kunio. joist, trabo. joke, erci. journal, urnalo; taglibro. journey, voja'i, -o; veturi. joy, oj'o. be ful, -i. jubilee, jubileo. judgment, juo. judicious, prudenta, saa. jug, kruo. juggle, ongli. juice, suko. jump, salti. jury, juantaro, urintaro. juryman, urinto. just, justa; uste; (time) us. justify, pravigi. K keel, kilo. keep, teni, gardi, konservi. kernel, kerno. kettle, kaldrono, bolilo. key, losilo, (piano) klavo. kick, piedfrapi. kidney, reno. kill, mortigi, bui, senvivigi. kind, speco; afabla, bonkora kingdom, regno, relando. kingfisher, alciono.

kiss, kisi. knapsack, tornistro. knave, fripono; (cards) lakeo. knead, knedi. knee, genuo. kneel, genufleksi. knife, tranilo. knight, kavaliro. knit, triki. knock, frapi. knot, nodo, (in wood) lignotubero know, (a fact), scii; (as a person) koni. knuckle, fingroartiko; (hock) poplito. L label, surskribeto, etiketo. lace, punto; pasamento; (boot), lao. lacquer, lako. ladder, tupetaro. ladle, erp'i, -ilo. ladybird, kokcinelo. lagoon, laguno. lair, bestkuejo, nestego. lake, lago; lakruo. lame, kripla. to be, lami. lamp, lampo, lanterno, (-wick) meo. land, lando; tero; surterii. landscape, pejzao, vidao. language, lingv'o, -ao. lapwing, vanelo. larch, lariko. lard, lardi; porkograso. lark, alado. last, lasta, fina; dari; (boot-) bototipo. lath, lato. lathe, tornilo. lattice, krad'o, -ao; latao. laurel, laro. lava, lafo. lavender, lavendo. law, leo; juro, (-suit) proceso. lawn, batisto; herbejeto. lay, meti; (eggs) demeti; laika. layer, tavolo; (plants) markoti. lead, konduki. lead, plumbo. black, grafito. leaf, folio, paperfolio. league, ligo. leak, traflueti.

lean, klini. on, sin apogi sur; malgrasa. leap year, superjaro. learn, lerni, sciii pri. learned, klera, instruita. leather, ledo. leave, lasi, forlasi; deiri; testamenti; restigi. lecture, parolad'o, -i; prelego. leech, hirudo. leek, poreo. leg, kruro, (of fowl, etc.) femuro. legacy, heredao, testamentao. legend, legendo, fabelo. legitimate, rajta, lalea. lemon, citrono. lemonade, limonado. lend, pruntedoni. lentil, lento. leprosy, lepro. lesson, leciono. let, lasi, permesi; (a house) luigi lettuce, laktuko. level, ebena; nivel'o, -ilo. lever, levilo. liberal, liberal'a, -ulo. library, biblioteko. lichen, likeno. lick, leki. lie, kui, (tell a) mensogi. life, vivo, vigleco. lift, levi, levilo, lifto, elevatoro. light, lum'i, -o; (ek)lumigi, malpeza. like, simila; kiel; ati. likely, verajne, kredeble. lilac, siringo. lily, lilio; (of the valley) konvalo. lime, kalko; (tree) tilio. limit, lim'o, -igi. limp, lami, lameti. line, linio; subtofi. linen, tolo, linao, (washing) tolao. linnet, kanabeno. lint, arpio. lip, lipo. liquid, fluid'a, -ao. liquidate, likvidi. liqueur, likvoro. liquorice, glicirizo. list, tabelo, nomaro, listo, katalogo, registro.

literal, lalitera, lavorta. literature, literaturo; (polite) beletristiko. live, vivi, loi. liver, hepato. livery, livreo. lizard, lacerto. load, ar'i, -o; (a gun) argi loaf, pano, panbulo. lobby, vestiblo. lobster, omaro. local, loka, tiea, regiona. lock, losi; seruro; (hair) tufo; (canal) kluzo. locust, akrido. log, tipo, bloko. loins, lumbo. lonely, sol'a, -eca, -ula. long, longa. for, sopiri pri. look, aspekto, mieno. at, rigardi. for, seri. after, zorgi pri, varti. loop, mao. Lord, (the) Sinjoro, (a) nobelo. lose, perdi, malgajni, (clock) malrapidi. lots, (cast), loti. lottery, loterio. loud, lata. love, ami. make, amindumi. loyal, lojala, fidela. lozenge, pastelo, (shape) lozano. luck, felio, anco, sorto. lucky, felia. luggage, pakaoj. lull, luli; trankviligi. lamp, bulo, maso, velao. long, pulmo. lupin, lupeno. luxury, lukso. lynch, lini. lynx, linko. lyre, liro. lyric, lirika. M machine, maino. mackerel, skombro. mad, freneza, rabia. magic, magio. magnanimous, grandanima magpie, pigo. mahogany, mahagono. majesty, majesto, Moto.

major, (milit.), majoro. majority, plimulto; plenao. make, fari, -igi; fabriki. male, vira, virseksa. malicious, malica. mallow, malvo; (marsh) alteo. malt, malto. mammal, mambesto. manage, administri, (a house) mastrumi. mane, kolharoj. mange, favo, skabio. mania, manio. manna, manao. manner, maniero; tenio, mieno. manners, moroj. manoeuvre, manovro. mantle, mantelo. manufacture, fabriki, manufakturo. manure, sterko. manuscript, manuskripto. map, karto, geografikarto. maple, acero. marble, marmoro; globeto. march, mari. marigold, kalendulo. mark, sign'o, -i; mark'o. market, vendejo, foiro, komercejo. marl, kalkargilo. marrow, ostocerbo, (vegetable) kukurbeto. marry, edz (in) -igi, -ii. marsh, maro. martyr, martiro, suferanto. mask, masko. mason, masonisto. free, framosono. mass, amaso, (church) meso. mast, masto. master, mastro, majstro. mastiff, korthundo, dogo, mat, mato. match, alumeto; parigi. matchmaker, svatist'o, -ino. material, tofo, materialo. mattress, matraco. mayor, urbestro. meadow, herbejo. meal, faruno; (a) mano. mean, celi diri; signifi; malnobla. meaning, signifo, senco.

means, rimedo. byof, per. measles, morbilo. measure, mezuri; (music) takto. meat, viando. mechanic, meanikisto, metiisto meddle, enmiksii. medicine, (a), kuracilo, medikamento, (science) medicine. meditate, mediti. medium, meza; (a), mediumo. meek, modesta, kvieta. meet, renkonti, -ii; kunveni. melody, melodio. melt, fluid'ii, -igi, (metals) fandi. memory, memoro. mend, ripari, (patch) fliki. mental, spirita, intelekta, cerba. merchant, komercisto, negocisto. mercy, kompato, indulge, korfavoreco. merry, gaja; (to be) gaji. mesh, mao, -ao. Messiah, Mesio. metal, metalo. method, metodo. middle, mezo. midwife, akuistino. mignonette, resedo. migrate, migri. mild, milda, neforta, kvieta mile, mejlo. military, milita. milk, lakto, melki. mind, spirito, animo; intelekto atenti, zorgi pri, ne ofendii mine, mini, subfosi; mia. mineral, mineralo. minister, pastro, (polit.) ministro. mint, mento. minutes, (of meeting, etc.), protokolo. miracle, miraklo. mirror, spegulo. misery, mizero. mission, misio. mistake, erar'o, -i. mistletoe, visko. mite, akaro. mix, miksi. mob, popolamaso, popolao, fipopolo, kanajlaro. mock, moki. model, modelo.

moderate, modera. modern, moderna. modest, modesta. molasses, melaso, sukerrestao. mole, talpo; digo. molest, eni, sin altrudi al. monarch, monaro. money, mono, -order, potmandato. mongrel, hibrida. monk, monao. monkey, simio. monster, monstro. mood, modo. moor, stepo, erikejo; (a ship) alligi. moral, morala, bonmora. mortar, mortero, (a) pistujo. mortgage, hipoteko. mortify, agreni; gangrenii. mortification, (med.), gangrene. mosaic, mozaiko. mosquito, moskito. moss, musko. moth, (clothes), tineo. motive, motivo. motto, devizo, moto. mould, model'i, -ilo; tero, imo. mound, altaeto, remparo, digo. mourn, funebri. -ing, funebra vesto. move, mov'i, -ii. movement, movo, movado. mow, fali. mud, koto, limo. muddle, fui; konfuzi. muff, mufo. mug, pokaleto. mulberry, moruso. mule, mulo. mummy, mumo. murmur, murmuri. muscle, muskolo. museum, muzeo. mushroom, fungo, agariko. muslin, muslino. mussel, mitulo. must, devi. mustard, mustardo, (-plant), sinapo. mutual, reciproka. myriad, miriado.

mystery, mistero. myth, mito. N nail, najli; (of finger, etc.) ungo. naive, naiva. naked, nuda. nape, nuko. nation, nacio. native, enlanda, indiena; (land) patrujo. nature, naturo. nausea, nazo. nave, (church) navo; (of wheel) aksingo. navigable, ipirebla. near, proksima; apud. neat, pura, bonorda. necktie, kravato. nectar, nektaro. need, bezoni. neglect, ne zorgi pri, preterlasi, malatenti. negociate, negoci. neighbour, najbaro, proksimulo. hood, irkaao. neither, nek. nerve, nervo. net, reto; tulo. nettle, urtiko. neuter, netra. neutral, netrala. news, sciigo, novao. paper, urnalo, gazeto. next, plejproksima, sekvanta. niche, nio. nightingale, najtingalo. noble, nobla. -man, nobelo. nod, signodoni. noise, bruo. nonsense, sensencao. noon, tagmezo. noose, mao. nor, nek. normal, norma, normala. north, nordo. note, not'i, -o, rimark'i, -o, (music) noto, tono. notice, rimarki, noti, avizo. nought, nulo, nenio. nourish, nutri. novel, romano. novice, novico, novulo. now, nun, nuntempe. numb, rigida.

number, (quantity) nombro; (No.) numero; numeri. nurse, (a child) varti, (the sick) flegi. nurseling, suinfano. nut, nukso, (of screw) rabingo. nutmeg, muskato. nymph, nimfo. O oak, kverko. oakum, stupo. oasis, oazo. oath, (legal) juro; blasfemo. oatmeal, grio, avenfaruno. oats, aveno. object, objekto, ao, (aim) celo. oblige, devigi; fari komplezon. observe, rimarki; vidi, observi. obstinate, obstina. obstruct, bari, obstrukci. obtain, ricevi, akiri, havigi al si. occasion, okazo, okazigi. occur, okazi. octopus, okpiedulo. off, for, de. offend, ofendi. offence, ofendo, kulpo, peko. offer, propono. office, ofico, oficejo, kontoro. officer, oficisto, (milit.) oficiro. officiate, funkcii; deori; servi kiel. offspring, ido, idaro. often, ofte. oil, oleo. -cloth, vakstolo. ointment, mirao. olive, olivo. omnibus, omnibuso. omnipotent, iopova. omniscient, ioscia. once, unufoje, iam, foje. onion, bulbo. only, nur, sola. ooze, traguteti; limo. open, malferm'i, -a. opera, opero. -glass, lorneto. operate, funkciigi; (med.) operacii. opinion, opinio; (be of), opinii. opium, opio. opportunity, okazo. oppress, subpremi.

or, a. oracle, orakolo. orange, oran'o, -kolora. orbit, orbito. orchard, fruktarbejo. orchestra, orkestro. orchid, orkideo. order, ordo; klaso; ordoni; mendi; (postal) potmandato, (decoration) ordeno. ore, minao, mineralo, metalo. organ, organo, -ilo; (music) orgeno. organic, organika. organise, organizi. origin, deveno, origino. original, original'a, -o. ornament, ornamo; garnituro. orphan, orf'o, -ino. oscillate, balancii, pendoli. osier, salikao. ostentation, fanfaronade, parado. ostrich, struto. other, alia, cetera. ought, devus. ounce, unco. outlaw, proskripcii. outlay, elspezo. outlet, defluejo, elirejo. outline, konturo, skizo. outrage, perfort'ao, -i. oval, ovalo, ovoforma. oven, forno. overall, kitelo, supervesto. overcoat, palto. overlook, esplori, pardoni, malatenti. overseer, laborestro, kontrolisto, vokto. overtake, kuratingi. overturn, renversi. owe, uldi. owing to, pro, kaze de. owl, strigo, gufo. own., propra; posedi; konfesi. ox, bovo. oyster, ostro. P pack, paki. up, enpaki. pad, velao, pufo; remburi. pagan, idol'isto, -ano. page, pao; (boy) lakeeto; (noble) paio. pail, sitelo.

pain, dolor'o, -i; igi. takes, peni. paint, pentri, kolori; -brush, peniko. pair, paro. pale, pala; malhela. paling, palisaro. palm, palmo, manplato. palpitation, korbatado. pan, tervazo. sauce-, kaserolo; frying-, pato. pane, vitrao. pansy, violo trikolora, trikoloreto. paper, papero. wall-, tapeto. parable, komparao, alegorio. parade, parado, pompo. paragraph, paragrafo. parchment, pergameno. parish, paroo. park, parko. parliament, parlamento. parrot, papago. parsley, petroselo. parson, pastro. particular, speciala, aparta. partridge, perdriko. party, (polit.) partio; festeto; aro. pass, pasi, pasigi. passage, trairejo, vojao. passion, pasio; manio; kolerego. past, estinta, pasinta. paste, pasto. pastry, pasteo. pasture, pati, patejo. patch, fliki. path, vojeto. pathetic, kortua. patience, pacienco. patriot, patrioto. pattern, modelo, desegno. pause, halteti, pazi. pave, pavimi. paw, piedego. pawn, garantie doni; (chess) soldato. pay, pagi; salajro. pea, pizo. peace, paco. peach, persiko. peacock, pavo. peak, pinto. pear, piro.

pearl, perlo. pedal, pedalo. pedestal, piedestalo. peel, elo, seneligi. pen, plumo, skribilo. pencil, krajono, (slate) grifelo; (hair) peniko. pendulum, pendolo. penetrate, penetri peninsula, duoninsulo. pension, pensio. people, homoj, (a) popolo. pepper, pipro. percentage, procento. perch, (fish) pero. perfect, perfekta. perhaps, eble. period, periodo. perish, perei. persecute, persekuti, turmenti. persist, persisti, dari. person, persono. pestle, pistilo. petroleum, petrolo. petulant, petola, incitiema. pewter, stanplumbo. phantom, fantomo, apero. phase, fazo. pheasant, fazano. phenomenon, fenomeno. philanthropist, filantropo. philanthropy, filantropio. phrase, frazo, frazero. piano, fortepiano. pickaxe, pikfosilo, pioo. pickle, pekli. picture, bildo, pentrao; prezenti, ilustri. pie, pasteo. pig, porko. guinea-, kobajo. pike, (fish), ezoko. pilgrimage, (go on), pilgrimi. pill, pilolo. pillow, kapkuseno. pilot, pilot'o, -i; gvidi. pimpernel, anagalo. pimple, akno. pin, pinglo, pinglefiksi. pincers, prenilo. pinch, pini.

pine, pino; konsumii. -apple, ananaso. pink, rozkolora; dianto. pioneer, pioniro. pipe, tubo, pipo; (mus.) almo. pistol, pistol'o, -eto. piston, pito. pit, kavo, fosao, (well) puto; (theatre) partero. pitch, peo, bitumo; tono. pitcher, kruo. pity, kompati. (a-), domao. pivot, pivoto, akso. placard, afio, place, loko; meti. plague, turmenti, inciteti; pesto. plait, plekti, har'ligo, -plektao, plan, plano, projekto, skizo. plane, rabot'i, -ilo; (tree) platano. planet, planedo. plank, tabulo. plant, kreskao; planti. plash, pladi. plaster, plastro; (of Paris) gipso. plate, telero; (photo) kliao. platform, estrado; platao; perono, trotuaro. play, ludi; teatrao. -ful, petola. please, plai al, kontentigi. pleasant, afabla, agrabla. pledge, garantiao. pliable, fleksebla. plot, konspir'i, -o; intrig'i, -o. plough, plug'i, -ilo. plum, pruno. plumber, plumbisto. plural, multenombro. plush, pluo. pocket, poo, enpoigi. pod, elo. poem, poemo. poet, poeto. poetry, poezio, versao. point, punkto; (cards) poento; (tip) pinto. poison, veneno. poker, fajrinstigilo. pole, stango; (of car) timono; (geog.) poluso. polecat, putoro. police, police, (court) juejo. policy, politiko. polish, poluri.

politics, politiko. pompous, pompa. poodle, pudelo. poor, malria, kompatinda. pope, papo. poplar, poplo. poppy, papavo. -coloured, punca popular, populara. porcelain, porcelano. porcupine, histriko. porous, pora, truaa. porpoise, fokeno. porridge, kao. port, haveno. porter, portisto, pordisto. portion, parto, (ration) porcio, portmanteau, valizo. position, pozicio, situacio. positive, pozitiva, definitiva. possess, posedi, havi possible, ebla. post, stango, fosto; ofico. letter, poto. postage, postelspezo, (stamp) potmarko. posture, tenio, pozo, pozicio. potato, terpomo. potent, potenca. poultice, kataplasmo. poultry, kortbirdoj. pound, funto, (money) funto sterlinga; pisti. pour, veri (liquids), uti. powder, pulvoro. gun-, pulvo; (face) pudro. power, povo, potenco. practise, sin ekzerci; (profession) praktiki. praise, ladi, glori. pray, prei, peti. preach, prediki. precaution, antazorgo. precious, altvalora, karega precipice, krutegao; profundegao. precise, preciza, usta. prefer, preferi. prefix, prefiks'i, -o. pregnant, graveda. prejudice, antajuo. premium, premio. prepare, prepari, pretigi. prescription, recepto. present, (be), apudesti, eesti; (gift) donaco.

present, prezenti, donaci. preserve, konservi, konfito. preside, prezidi. press, premi; gazetaro, urnalaro. pretend, preteksti, ajnigi. price, prezo, kosto. prick, piki. primrose, primolo. principle, principo. print, presi; gravurao. prison, malliberejo. private, privata, konfidencia. privilege, privilegio. prize, premio; ati. probable, kredebla. problem, problemo. proboscis, rostro. process, proceso. procession, procesio. proclaim, proklami. profession, profesio. professor, profesoro profit, profito, gajno. progress, progreso. pronounce, elparoli. proof, pruvo, provo, presprovao. proper, usta, konvena, deca. prophesy, profeti, antadiri. proportion, proporcio. propose, proponi. prosecute, persekuti, procesi kontra. protect, protekti, irmi. protest, protesti. proud, fiera. provide, provizi. provoke, inciti, kolerigi. prudent, singardema. public, publika, komuna. puff, pufo. up, vel'i, -igi. pug, mopso. pull, tiri. pulley, rulbloko. pulp, molao. pump, pump'i, -ilo. pumice-stone, pumiko. pupil, lernanto; (of eye) pupilo. pure, pura, virta. purple, purpura.

purpose, cel'i, -o; intenci. push, pui; (along) ovi. put, meti. off, prokrasti. aside, apartigi. putrid, putra. puzzle, enigmo. Q quadruped, kvarpiedulo. quail, koturno. Quaker, kvakero. quality, kvalito, eco. quantity, kvanto, kiomo. quarry, tonminejo. quarter, kvarono, (district) kvartalo. quay, kajo, en (el) ipigejo. question, demandi, dubi. quick, rapida, -en, akceli. quicksilver, hidrargo. quiet, kvieta, trankvila. quinine, kinino. quinsy, angino. quite, tute. quits, kvitaj. quorum, kvorumo. quote, citi. R rabbit, kuniklo. race, raso, gento; vetkuri. radish, rafaneto. horse-, rafano. raft, floso. rag, ifono. rail, relo. -way, fervojo. -way station, stacidomo. rainbow, ielarko. raisin, sekvinbero. rake, rast'i, -ilo. rampart, remparo. rancid, ranca. rank, vico, grado, rango. raspberry, frambo. rat, rato. rate, procento, of, po. rattle, kraketi. -snake, sonserpento. raven, korvo. raw, kruda, nekuirita. reach, atingi, trafi. ready, preta. -money, kontanto. real, vera, reala, efektiva. ream, rismo. reap, rikolti.

reason, (cause) kazo, (faculty) prudento; rezoni. reasonable, prudenta. rebel, ribeli. receipt, kvitanco, ricevo. receipts, enspezoj. receive, ricevi, akcepti. recipe, recepto, formulo. recite, deklami. recruit, rekruto; varbi. refer to, sin turni al. refine, rafini. refuge, (take) rifu'i, -ejo. refuse, rifuzi; foretao, rubo. register, registri, enskribi. regularly, akurate, regule. reign, rei; reado, reeco. relate, rakonti; rilati al. relation, parenco; rilato. religion, religio. remain, resti. remedy, kuracilo, rimedo. remember, memori. remove, translo'ii, -igi. rent, luprezo. repeat, ripeti, rediri. repent, penti. report, raporti; famo; (official) protokolo. represent, reprezenti. reptile, rampao. republic, respubliko. repugnance, antipatio. require, bezoni, postuli. resemble, simili. reserve, rezervi. resign, eksii. resignation, resignacio; eksio. resin, rezino. -wood, keno. resolve, decid'i, -o; solvi. respect, respekti. responsible, (for), responda pri. rest, pazo, restao, kvieteco, ripozo, apogi. restaurant, restoracio. result, rezulti; sekvo; rezultato. retail, detale, pomalgrande. revenge, ven'o, -i. revolution, revolucio. reward, rekompenco, premio. rhubarb, rabarbo.

rhyme, rim'i, -o. rhythm, ritmo. rib, ripo. ribbon, rubando. rice, rizo. riddle, kribrilo; enigmo. right, (hand) dekstra; (legal) rajto; (straight) rekta; (correct) prava. righteous, justa, pia. ring, ringo, rondo; sonorigi. ringworm, favo. rinse, gargari, laveti. riot, tumulto. rise, levii, supreniri, deveni. risk, riski. road, vojo, strato. -stead, rodo. roar, (winds and waves) mui. roast, rost'i, -ao. rob, rabi. robe, vesto, robo. robust, fortika. rock, tonego, roko; balanci, luli. rod, vergo. fishing-, hokfadeno. rogue, fripono, kanajlo. roll, rul'i, -ii; kunvolvao, (bread) bulko. roof, tegmento. rook, frugilego. root, radik'o, enradiki. rope, nurego. rot, putri. round, ronda; irka. rouse, eksciti, veki. row, vico; remi. rubbish, rubo, foretao. ruby, rubeno. rudder, direktilo. rue, ruto; bedaregi, penti. ruin, ruin'o, -igi. rule, regi, regado; regulo. ruler, registo; liniilo. rumour, famo. run, kuri; flui. rapture, rompo; hernio. ruse, ruzo. rush, junko; kuregi. rust, rusti. rut, radkavo, radsigno. rye, sekalo. S

sable, zibelo. sacrifice, ofero. saddle, selo. sagacious, sagaca. sage, salvio; saa. sail, velo; nai. salad, salato. salmon, salmo. salt, salo, meat, peklao. saltpetre, salpetro, nitro. same, sama. sample, specimeno, sanction, sankcii. sap, suko. sapphire, safiro. sarcasm, sarkasmo. sardine, sardelo. sated (to be), sati. satin, atlaso. saturate, saturi. sauce, saco, -pan, kaserolo. saucer, subtaso. sausage, kolbaso. save, savi, pari; krom. savoury, bongusta. scaffold, eafodo; trabao. scald, brogi. scale, skalo, (fish) skvamo; tarifo. scales, pesilo. scandal, skandalo. scar, cikatro. scarf, skarpo. scarlet, skarlato. scene, vidao, sceno. scenery, pejzao. scent, odoro, parfumo; flari. scissors, tondilo. scold, riproi, malladi. scorpion, skorpio. scoundrel, kanajlo. scour, frotlavi; scourge, skuri. scrape, skrapi, raspi. scratch, grati. screen, irm'i, -ilo. screw, rabo. scrupulous, konscienca, skrupula. sculpture, skulpti.

scum, amo. scurvy, skorbuto. seal, sigel'i, -o, (animal) foko. seaside, marbordo. season, sezono; spici. seasonable, ustatempa. secret, sekreta, kaita. secretary, sekretario. section, sekcio. secular, monda. sedentary, hejmsida, sida. sediment, feo. seed, semo. seem, ajni. seemly, deca. seize, ekkapti. select, elekti, elelekti. selfish, egoista. semicolon, punktokomo. semolina, tritikao. send, sendi, (for) venigi. sensation, sensacio, sense, sento, senco. sensitive, sentema. sensual, volupta. sentence, frazo, juo, verdikto. sentiment, sento, opinio. sentimental, sentimentala. separate, apart'a, -igi, disigi, malkunigi. serfdom, servuto. sergeant, serento. series, serio. serious, serioza. serve, servi, (for) tagi. service, servo, manilaro, Diservo. serviette, butuko, set, meti, (on edge) agaci. sew, kudri, stebi. sewing machine, stebilo. sex, sekso. shade, ombro, ombrao, nuanco shadow, ombro. shaft, (of vehicle) timono; (pit) akto. shake, anceli, skui; tremi. shame, hont'o, -igi. share, dividi, partopreni; parto; porcio; akcio. shark, arko. sharp, akra, acida, pinta, pika.

shatter, frakasi. shawl, alo. sheaf, garbo. shear, tondi. shed, budo. sheet, drapo, lit-tuko, tavolo. shelf, breto. shell, konko, elo, bombo. shelter, irmilo, rifuejo, shield, ildo, irmi. shin, tibio. shirt, emizo. shock, skueg'i, -o. shop, butiko, magazeno. shoulder, ultro,-blade, skapolo shovel, ovel'i, -ilo. show, montri; parado. shrill, sibla. shrivel, sulkii. shrimp, markankreto. shroud, mortkitelo; kai. sick, (be,) vomi. siege, sieo, be-, siei. sift, kribri. sigh, sopiri, ekemi. sight, vidado, vidao. sign, signo, subskribi. signal, signalo. silent, silenta. silk, silko. sill, sojlo. silver, arento. simple, simpla, naiva. since, de kiam, ar, tial ke. sinew, tendeno. situation, situacio, sido, ofico. size, grandeco, amplekso; for mato; glueto skate, glit'i, -ilo; (fish) rajo. skeleton, skeleto. sketch, skizi. skilful, lerta. skin, hato, felo. skirt, jupo. skittles, keglo. skull, kranio. slander, kalumnii. slanting, oblikva. slate, ardezo. -s, tegmentao.

slave, sklavo. sleeve, maniko. slipper, pantoflo. slime, limo. sloe, prunelo. slope, deklivo. sluice, kluzo. sly, ruza, kaema. smallpox, variolo. smart, eleganta; doloreti. smear, miri. smell, flari, odori. smelt, fandi. smock, kitelo. smoke, fumi, (fish, etc.) fumai. smooth, glata, ebena. smother, sufoki. smuggle, kontrabandi. snail, heliko. snake, serpento. sneeze, terni. snore, ronki. snowdrop, galanto. so, tiel, tiamaniere. much, tiom. soak, trempi. soap, sap'o, -umi. sober, sobra, serioza. social, sociala. society, socio, societo. socket, ingo. sod, bulo. soda, sodo. sofa, sofo, kanapo. soft, mola, delikata. soil, tero. solder, luti. soldier, soldato, militisto. sole, sola; (fish) soleo; (foot) plando; (boot) ledplando. solemn, solena. solfa, notkanti. solicitor, advokato. solid, fortika; solida, malfluida. solidarity, solidareco. sonorous, sonora. soot, fulgo. sorcery, soro. sorry (be), bedari. sort, speco.

soul, animo. sound, son'o, -i; sondi. soup, supo. sour, acida, malgaja. source, fonto, deveno. south, sudo. space, spaco; (of time) daro sparrow, pasero. -hawk, akcipitro. spawn, fraj'o, -i; fiosemo spear, lanco, ponardego special, speciala. spectacles, okulvitroj. speculate, spekulacii, teoriigi, konjekti. spell, silabi; sorao. spend, elspezi. sphere, sfero. sphinx, sfinkso. spice, spico. spill, disveri, disuti. spin, pini. spinach, spinaco. spiral, helikforma. spirii, spirito; energio; fantomo; alkoholo. spit, krai; sputi. spite, malamo, veno, (inof) malgra; spite. splash, pruci; pladi. spleen, lieno; spleno split, fendi, spliti. spoil, difekti, malbonigi; ruinigi; akiro. spoke, (wheel,) radio. sponge, spongo. spontaneous, propra'mova, -vola. spot, makulo. spout, pruci. sprain, tordi, distordo spread, disvast'igi' -ii; etendi, sterni. spring, printempo, fonto, risorto, salti. sprinkle, pruci, aspergi. spur, sprono. spy, spioni; esplori. squadron, skadro, eskadro. square, kvadrato; rektangulilo; placo. squint, strabi. squirrel, sciuro. staff, (officers), stabo. stage, estrado, scenejo. stain, makul'o, -i. stair, tupo.

stake, paliso, fosto; veto. stalk, trunketo. stall, budo, stalo. stammer, balbuti. stamp, stampi; potmarko; piedfrapi. starch, amelo. starling, sturno. state, stato; tato; esprimi, diri, aserti. station, stacio, stacidomo. steak, bifsteko. steel, talo. steep, kruta; trempi. steer, direkti, piloti. step, tupo; pai. steppe, stepo. steward, intendanto. stick, bastono, glui,(bills) afii. stiff, rigida. still, kvieta; ankora, tamen. stimulate, stimuli. sting, piki. stipulate, kondii. stock, provizi. stocks, rentoj. stocking, trumpo. stoker, hejtisto. stomach, stomako. stone, tono, (of fruit) grajno. stool, skabelo, benketo. stoop, kurbii. stop, halt'i, -igi; resti, pazi; (full) punkto; topi. stopper, topilo. store, magazeno; tenejo; proviz'o, -i. stork, cikonio. storm, ventego. story, rakonto, fabelo; etao. stout, dika. strain, strei; filtri, kribri. strait, markolo; embarasajxo. strange, stranga, kurioza, fremda. strap, rimeno. straw, pajlo. strawberry, frago. streak, strio, strek'i, -o. stretch, strei. stretcher, homportilo. strict, severa. strike, frapi; striko.

strip, strio; (off) senigi je. strong, forta, fortika. struggle, barakti; batali. student, studento, lernanto, studanto. stuff, tofo; remburi. stupid, stulta, malsprita. stupor, letargio. sturgeon, sturgo. style, stilo; modo. subject, objekto; temo; (gram.) subjekto. subscribe, (to journal) aboni; (to society) kotizi; (sign) subskribi; (money) monoferi. substance, tofo, substanco. succeed, sukcesi; sekvi. suck, sui. suckle, mamnutri. sudden, subita, abrupta, suet, rensebo. suffer, suferi, toleri. sufficient, sufia. be, -i suffrage, vodonrajto. suggest, proponi, inspiri, pensigi. suit, konveni; tagi. suitable, deca, konvena, taga. sum, sumo. up, resumi. summer, somero. -house, labo. summon, kunvoki, procesi. superfluity, superfluo, tromulto. superintendent, intendanto. superior, supera. superstition, superstio. supple, fleksebla. support, subteni. suppose, supozi, konjekti. sure, certa surface, suprao. surgeon, irurgo. surgery, irurgio. surprise, mir'o, -igi, (take by) surprizi. surrender, cedi, kapitulaci. survey, termezuri. susceptible, impresema. suspect, suspekti. swaddle, vindi. swagger, fanfaroni. swallow, hirundo; gluti. swan, cigno. swear, uri; blasfemi. sweat, viti.

sweep, balai. swell, veli. swing, balanc'i, -ii; svingi. sword, glavo, spado. sycamore, sikomoro. syllable, silabo. syllabus, temaro. symbol, simbolo, emblemo, signo symmetry, simetrio. sympathy, kompato, simpatio. symptom, simptomo. syndicate, sindikato. syrup, siropo; melaso. system, sistemo. T table, tablo, tabelo. tact, delikateco, takto tactics, taktiko. tail, vosto. tailor, tajloro. talent, talento. talk, interparolad'i, -o; konversacio. tallow, sebo. talon, ungego. tame, dresi; malsovaa. tan, tan'i, -ilo. tankard, pokalo. tap, krano; frapeti. tape, katunrubando. tar, gudr'o, -umi. tart, torto; acida. task, tasko. taste, gust'o, -umi. tattoo, tatui. tax, imposto. tea, teo. teach, instrui, lernigi. tear, iri. tear, larmo. tease, inciteti. tedious, teda, enuiga. tell, rakonti, diri. temper, humoro, karaktero. temperate, sobra, modera. temperature, temperaturo. temple, templo; tempio. tempt, tenti. tenant, luanto.

tendency, tendenco, emo, inklino. tenor, tenoro; senco; signifo tent, tendo terrace, teraso. terror, teruro. testify, atesti. text, teksto textile, teksa. thaw, degeli. theatre, teatro. then, tiam, poste, do. thick, dika; densa. thigh, femuro. thing, afero, ao, objekto. think, pensi, opinii. thirst, soif'i, -o. thistle, kardo. thorn, dorno. thrash, drai; skuri, bategi. threaten, minaci. threshold, sojlo. thrill, eksciti. throat, goro, fako. throne, trono. throw, eti. thrush, turdo. thunder, tondr'i, -o. thus, tiel, tiamaniere; jene thyme, timiano. ticket, bileto. tickle, tikli, amuzi. tide, tajdo, marfluo. tidy, bonorda. tie, ligi; kravato. tiger, tigro. tile, kahelo; tegolo. till, is; prilabori. time, tempo, fojo, daro, (mus.) takto. -table, horaro. tin, stano. tinkle, tinti. tire, lacigi, tedi. tired, laca, enuigita. tissue, teksao. title, titolo. titmouse, paruo. toad, bufo. toast, panrostao; toasto. tobacco, tabako.

toe, piedfingro. toilet, tualeto. tolerate, toleri. tone, tono. tongs, prenilo. tongue, lango. top, supro, pinto; verto; turbo. torment, turmenti. torrent, torento. tortoise, testudo total, tuto. totter, ancelii. tourist, turisto. towel, vi'ilo, -tuko. tower, turo. town, urbo. trace, postesigno. trade, negoci, komerci; metio, (union) sindikato, metia unuio. tradition, tradicio. train, vagonaro; eduki, dresi; trenao. tram, tramo, tramveturilo. translate, traduki. translucent, diafana. transparent, travidebla. trap, kaptilo, enfalejo; kariolo. travel, vojai, veturi. tray, pleto. treacle, melaso. tread, mari, pai treasure, trezoro. treasurer, kasisto. treat, regali; kuraci; trakti. treaty, kontrakto, traktao. tree, arbo. trellis, palisplektao. tremble, tremi, skuii. tribe, gento, tribo. trick, fripon'i, -ao, (cards) preno. trickle, guteti. trifle, bagatelo, trivialao. tripe, tripo. triumph, triumf'i, -o. troop, trupo, bando. tropic, tropiko. trot, troti. trough, trogo. trousers, pantalono. trout, truto.

trowel, trulo. tramp, (cards), atuto. trumpet,, trumpeto. trunk, (animal) rostro; (tree) trunko; (box) kofro; (body) torso. trust, fidi. try, provi, peni. Tsar, Caro. tuber, tubero. tuft, tufo. tumbler, glaso. tumult, tumulto. tune, ario, melodio; agordi. turbot, rombfio. turkey, meleagro. turn, turn'i, -ii; torni; pivoti; vico. turnip, napo. turpentine, terebinto. turquoise, turkiso. turtle-dove, turto. tutor, guvernisto. twilight, krepusko. twin, dunaskito, emelo. twist, tordi. type, modelo, tipo; presliteraro. tyrant, tirano. U umbrella, ombrelo, pluvirmilo. underline, substreki. understand, kompreni. undulating, ondolinia. unfailingly, nepre. uniform, uniformo; unuforma. unit, unuo. unite, unu'ii, -igi; kun'ii, -igi. universe, universo. unless, esceptinte ke, se ne. up, supre. upholster, remburi. upright, vertikala, rekta; honesta. upset, renversi. upstairs, supre. urchin, bubo. urgent, ura. use, uzi, utiligi,(up) eluzi. useful, utila, (be) utili. usual, ordinara, kutima. usurp, uzurpi. usury, procentego.

utmost, ekstrema. V vacant, neokupata. vacate, forlasi. vaccinate, inokuli. vacillate, ancelii. vain, vana; vanta. valet, lakeo, servisto. valley, valo. value, valoro; ati, estimi; taksi. valuation, taks'o, -ado. valve, klapo. various, diversaj. varnish, lak'i, -o. vase, vazo. vast, vasta, ampleksa. vat, kuvego. vault, arkao, vegetable, legomo, vegeta'o. -a; kreskao. vegetate, vegeti. vehicle, veturilo. veil, vual'o, -i. vein, vejno. vellum, veleno. velvet, veluro. venerable, respektinda. venerate, respektegi. vent, ellas'o, -truo. ventilate, ventoli. venture, kurai, riski. verandah, balkono. verb, verbo. verbal, parola, bua. verbatim, lavorte. verdict, juo, verdikto. verger, sakristiano. vermicelli, vermielo. vermilion, cinabro. verse, verso, strofo. very, much, tre. vessel, ipo; vazo, ujo. vest, veto; aketo. vestige, postsigno. vex, agreni. vibrate, vibri, tremeti. vicar, paroestro; vikario vice, (prefix), vie-, victim, viktimo, oferao.

victory, venko, triumfo, sukceso. view, vidao; perspektivo. vigilant, vigla. vine, vinberujo. violate, malrespekti, malvirtigi. violence, perforto. violet, violo. violin, violono. viper, vipero, kolubro. virago, megero. virgin, virgulino, virga. virile, vira. virtue, virto. virus, veneno, viruso. viscid, glueca. vision, vizio, vidado. visit, viziti. vocabulary, vortaro. voice, voo. void, eleti, nuligi. volcano, vulkano. volley, salvo. volume, volumo; volumeno, amplekso. voluntary, memvola, propravola. voluptuous, volupta. vote, vodoni. vow, solene promesi, dedii. vowel, vokalo. vulgar, vulgara. vulture, vulturo. W wadding, vato. waddle, ancelii. wade, vadi, akvotrairi. wages, salajro. waggon, arveturilo, vagono waist, talio, (-coat) veto. wait, atendi, (-on) servi. waiter, kelnero. wake, vek'i, -ii; ippostsigno. walk, piediri, mari, promeni. wallflower, keiranto. walnut, juglando. walrus, rosmaro. waltz, valso. wander, vagi, deliri. want, bezoni; seneco, manko; mizerego. ward, zorgato.

wardrobe, vestotenejo; vestaro. warehouse, tenejo, provizejo. wares, komercao. war, milito. warm, varma, fervora. warn, averti, admoni. wart, veruko. wasp, vespo. waste, malpari. watch, observi; spioni; pohorloo. water, akvo; surveri. waterproof, nepenetrebla. wave, ondo; flirt'i, -igi. wax, vakso. way, vojo, maniero, kutimo. wean, debrustigi, demamigi. weapon, batalilo, armilo. wear, porti; (out) eluzi; (away) konsumii. weary, laca. weather, vetero. -cock, ventoflago. weave, teksi, plekti. wedding, edzio. wedge, kojno. weed, sarki; malbonherbo; sea-, fuko, algo. weep, plori. weigh, (ascertain the weight) pesi; (have weight) pezi. weight, pezo, pezilo. welcome, bonvenigi; bonvenu! weld, kunfori. well, bone; nu!; puto. west, okcidento. whale, baleno. wharf, kajo, el(en)ipejo. wheat, tritiko. wheel, rado. wheelbarrow, puveturilo. whelk, bukceno. whey, selakto. whim, kaprico. whip, vip'i, -o. whirl, turnii, kirlii. -pool, turnakvo. whisk, (eggs, etc.), kirli. whiskers, vangharoj. whisper, murmuri; subparoli, flustri. whistle, fajfi, sibli. whist, visto. whiting, merlango. Whitsuntide, Pentekosto.

whole, tuta, tuto. wholesale, pogrande. whooping-cough, kokluo. wick, meo. wicker, salikaa. widower, vidvo. wig, peruko. wild, sovaa, nedresita. wilderness, dezerto. will, vol'o, -i. willingly, volonte. willy-nilly, vole-nevole. win, gajni. wince, ektremi. wind, volvi, (clock) strei windpipe, traeo. wing, flugilo, flankao. wink, palpebrumi. winnow, ventumi. wipe, vii. wire, metalfadeno. wish, deziri, voli. witch, soristino. withdraw, elii. wither, velki, sensukii. withstand, kontrastari. witness, atest'i; -anto. witty, sprita. woe, malojo; veo wolf, lupo. wonder, mir'i, -o; (a ) mirindao. woo, amindumi, sin svati. wood, ligno; arbaro. woodcock, skolopo. woodpecker, pego. word, vorto. work, labor'i, -o; (mental) verk'i, -o; funkcii. worm, vermo. wormwood, absinto. worn (out), eluzita. worry, maltrankvil'igi, -ii; agrenadi, enadi. worship, adori; Diservo; kulto. worth, ind'o, -eco, valoro. wound, vundi. wrap, faldi, envolvi. wreath, girlando. wreck, (ship-), ippereo; periigi. wren, regolo.

wrestle, lukti. wretched, mizer(eg)a. wring, tordi. wrinkle, sulketo, sulkigi. wrist, manradiko. wry, torda. Y yacht, jato, ipeto. yard, korto, (measure) jardo; velstango. yarn, fadeno, rakont(a)o. yawn, oscedi. year, jaro. -ly, iujara. yeast, fermentilo. yellow, flava. yew, taksuso. yield, cedi, kapitulaci; produkti. yoke, jungi; ( of egg) ovoflavo. young, juna, junularo; ido, idaro. youth, junulo, juneco, junularo. Z zeal, fervoro, diligenteco. zealot, zeloto, fanatikulo. zebra, zebro. zero, nulo. zigzag, zigzag'a, -o, zinc, zinko. zone, (ter)zono. INDEX.

[Most index entries in the original listed both page and lesson numbers. Since page numbers are useless for this etext, they have been removed. Entries that originally appeared with page numbers only, have nothing after them here.]
A, an ... 1 Accent Accusative ... 5 Adjective ... 2 Adverb ... 12 " showing Direction ... 12 " of Degree ... 12 " of Comparison ... 12 ajn ... 20 Alphabet Arrangement of words i ... 20 Common Useful Expressions Comparison ... 12 " ... 20

Complete Grammar of Esperanto Compound Words Conjunctions Consonants Correlative Words (Table) ... 20 ia ... 20 ial ... 20 iam ... 20 ie ... 20 iel ... 20 ies ... 20 ie ... 20 iom ... 20 iu ... 20 u ... 1 Days of Week ... 3 Endings of Words: -a ... 2 -anta ... 16 -as ... 1 " ... 6 -ata ... 15 -e ... 12 -i ... 10 -inta ... 16 -is ... 6 -ita ... 15 -j ... 3 -n ... 5 -o ... 1 -onta ... 16 -os ... 6 -ota ... 15 -u ... 10 -us ... 11 Exclamations Infinitive Mood ... 10 Key to Exercises La ... 1 " instead of Pronoun ... 4 Letters, Beginnings ", Endings Manner of Using the Book Mem ... 7 Months ... 8 n ... 5 Nouns ... 1 Numbers, Cardinal ... 8

", Ordinal, etc. ... 8 Oni ... 4 Origin and Aim of Esperanto Participles ... 15 " Active ... 16 " Passive ... 16 " as Nouns ... 16 " as Adverbs ... 17 Plural ... 3 Prefixes: bo- ... 43 dis- ... 45 ek- ... 14 ge- ... 43 mal- ... 13 pra- ... 43 re- ... 14 Prepositions ... 26 " with Accusative ... 26 " Omission of ... 26 al ... 27 anstata ... 39 anta ... 33 apud ... 28 e ... 28 irka ... 34 da ... 9 " ... 35 de ... 35 dum ... 34 ekster ... 30 el ... 30 en ... 29 is ... 34 inter ... 30 je ... 40 kontra ... 39 krom ... 39 kun ... 36 la ... 38 malgra ... 40 per ... 36 po ... 40 por ... 37 post ... 33 preter ... 32 pri ... 38 pro ... 37

sen ... 36 spite ... 40 sub ... 31 super ... 31 sur ... 31 tra ... 32 trans ... 32 Pronouns ... 4 Pronoun-Adjectives ... 4 Pronunciation Selections for Reading Si ... 7 Subject ... 5 Suffixes : Lesson -a- ... 45 -ad- ... 14 -a- ... 41 -an- ... 23 -ar- ... 24 -j- ... 43 -ebl- ... 44 -ec- ... 41 -eg- ... 21 -ej- ... 42 -em- ... 44 -er- ... 24 -estr- ... 23 -et- ... 21 -id- ... 43 -ig- ... 19 -i- ... 19 -il- ... 22 -in- ... 13 -ind- ... 44 -ing- ... 42 -ist- ... 18 -nj- ... 43 -obi- ... 9 -on- ... 9 -op- ... 9 -uj- ... 42 -ul- ... 25 -um- ... 45 The ... 1 Verbs ... 6 " ... 10 " ... 11 " ... 15

Words used with the Object