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    Files 3-Handouts Lecture 8

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    Pravish Sainath
    The document summarizes logical, shift, and rotate instructions for the 88/86 processors. Logical instructions perform bitwise logic operations like AND, OR, XOR on operands. Shift instructions move bits within a register in a specific direction by a count, filling vacant bits with zeros or sign bits. Rotate instructions similarly move bits within a register, but rotate bits out of one end back into the other end. Examples are provided to demonstrate how these instructions work.

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    Files 3-Handouts Lecture 8

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    Pravish Sainath
    24K views15 pages
    The document summarizes logical, shift, and rotate instructions for the 88/86 processors. Logical instructions perform bitwise logic operations like AND, OR, XOR on operands. Shift instructions move bits within a register in a specific direction by a count, filling vacant bits with zeros or sign bits. Rotate instructions similarly move bits within a register, but rotate bits out of one end back into the other end. Examples are provided to demonstrate how these instructions work.

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    The document summarizes logical, shift, and rotate instructions for the 88/86 processors. Logical instructions perform bitwise logic operations like AND, OR, XOR on operands. Shift instructions move bits within a register in a specific direction by a count, filling vacant bits with zeros or sign bits. Rotate instructions similarly move bits within a register, but rotate bits out of one end back into the other end. Examples are provided to demonstrate how these instructions work.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    24K views15 pages

    Files 3-Handouts Lecture 8

    Uploaded by

    Pravish Sainath
    The document summarizes logical, shift, and rotate instructions for the 88/86 processors. Logical instructions perform bitwise logic operations like AND, OR, XOR on operands. Shift instructions move bits within a register in a specific direction by a count, filling vacant bits with zeros or sign bits. Rotate instructions similarly move bits within a register, but rotate bits out of one end back into the other end. Examples are provided to demonstrate how these instructions work.

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    of 15

    Lecture on Logical & Shift Instructions

    Logical instructions: The 88/86 processors has instructions to perform bit by bit logic operation on the specified source and destination operands. Mnemonic
    AND OR XOR NOT

    Meaning
    Logical AND Logical Inclusive OR Logical Exclusive OR LOGICAL NOT

    Format
    AND D,S OR D,S XOR D,S NOT D

    Operation
    (S) (D) (D) (S)+(D) (D) (S) + (D)(D) _ (D) (D)

    Flags Affected
    OF, SF, ZF, PF, CF AF undefined OF, SF, ZF, PF, CF AF undefined OF, SF, ZF, PF, CF AF undefined None

    Destination Register Register Memory Register Memory Accumulator

    Source Register Memory Register Immediate Immediate Immediate Destination Register Memory Allowed operand for NOT Operation

    Allowed operands for AND, OR, and XOR operations

    Logical Instructions
    AND
    Uses any addressing mode except memory-to-memory and segment registers Especially used to clear certain bits (masking) xxxx xxxx AND 0000 1111 = 0000 xxxx (clear the first four bits) Examples: AND BL, 0FH AND AL, [345H] OR Used to set certain bits xxxx xxxx OR 0000 1111 = xxxx 1111 (Set the upper four bits)

    XOR
    Used to invert certain bits xxxx xxxx XOR 0000 1111 = xxxxxxxx
    -Example: Clear bits 0 and 1, set bits 6 and 7, invert bit 5 of register CL: AND CL, 1111 1100B ; clear bits 0 and 1 OR CL, 1100 0000B; set bits 6 and 7 XOR CL, 0010 0000B; invert bit 5.

    Shift Instructions
    Mnemonic
    SAL/SHL

    Meaning
    Shift arithmetic Left/shift Logical left

    Format
    SAL/SHL D, Count

    Operation
    Shift the (D) left by the number of bit positions equal to count and fill the vacated bits positions on the right with zeros Shift the (D) right by the number of bit positions equal to count and fill the vacated bits positions on the left with zeros Shift the (D) right by the number of bit positions equal to count and fill the vacated bits positions on the left with the original most significant bit

    Flags Affected
    CF,PF,SF,ZF AF undefined OF undefined if count 1 CF,PF,SF,ZF AF undefined OF undefined if count 1 CF,PF,SF,ZF AF undefined OF undefined if count 1

    SHR

    Shift logical right Shift arithmetic right

    SHR D, Count

    SAR

    SAR D, Count

    Destination Register Register Memory Memory 1 CL 1 CL

    Count

    CF SHL CF SAL

    Target register or memory 0

    0 CF

    SHR

    0 CF

    SAR

    Sign bit

    Note that the amount of shift specified in the source operand can be defined Explicitly if it is one bit or should be stored in CL if more than 1. EX: SHL AX, 1 causes the 16-bit register to be shifted 1-bit position to the left Where the vacated LSB is filled with zero and the bit shifted out of the MSB is saved in CF Register AX before instruction SHL AX, 1

    x
    CF

    0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0

    Shift arithmetic left SAL is exactly the same as SHL

    EX:

    MOV CL, 2H SHR AX, CL The two MSBs are filled with zeros and the LSB is thrown away while the Second LSB is saved in CF.

    0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0

    x
    CF

    In Arithmetic shift to the right SAR the vacated bits at the left are filled with The value of the original MSB of the operand. Thus the original sign of the Number is maintained. Ex: Assume (CL)= 2 and (AX)= 091AH. Determine the new contents of AX And CF after the instruction SAR AX, CL is executed.

    0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0

    0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0

    1
    CF

    This operation is equivalent to division by powers of 2 as long as the bits shifted out of the LSB are zeros.

    Ex.

    Multiply AX by 10 using shift instructions SHL AX, 1 MOV BX, AX MOV CL,2 SHL AX,CL ADD AX, BX SAR CL, 1 if CL initially contains B6H? DBH SHL AL, CL if AL contains 75H and CL contains 3? A8H

    Ex. What is the result of Ex. What is the result of

    Rotate Instructions
    Mnemonic
    ROL

    Meaning
    Rotate left

    Format
    ROL D, Count

    Operation
    Rotate the (D) left by the number of bit positions equal to Count. Each bit shifted out from the left most bit goes back into the rightmost bit position. Rotate the (D) right by the number of bit positions equal to Count. Each bit shifted out from the rightmost bit goes back into the leftmost bit position. Same as ROL except carry is attached to (D) for rotation. Same as ROR except carry is attached to (D) for rotation.

    Flags Affected
    CF OF undefined if count 1

    ROR

    Rotate right

    ROR D, Count

    CF OF undefined if count 1

    RCL

    Rotate left through carry Rotate right through carry

    RCL D, Count

    CF OF undefined if count 1 CF OF undefined if count 1

    RCR

    RCR D, Count

    Destination Register Register Memory Memory 1 CL 1 CL

    Count

    Allowed Operands for rotate instruction

    CF RCL CF ROL

    CF RCR

    ROR Ex. What is the result of ROL BTRE PTR [SI], 1 if SI is pointing to a memory location that contains 41H? (82H)

    CF

    EX: Assume (AX) = 1234H What is the result of executing the instruction

    ROL AX, 1

    0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0

    0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0

    The original value of bit 15 which is 0 is rotated into CF and bit 0 of AX. All other bits have been rotated 1 bit position to the left. Rotate right ROR instruction operates the same way as ROL except that Data is rotated to the right instead of left.

    In rotate through carry left RCL and rotate through carry right RCR the bits rotate through the carry flag.

    Rotation caused by RCL instruction

    Rotation caused by RCR instruction

    Example
    Write a program that counts the number of 1s in a byte and writes it into BL
    DATA1 DB 97 ; 61h SUB BL, BL ; clear BL to keep the number of 1s MOV DL, 8 ; Counter MOV AL, DATA1

    AGAIN: ROL AL,1 ; rotate left once


    JNC NEXT ; check for 1 INC BL ; if CF=1 then add one to count NEXT: DEC DL ; go through this 8 times JNZ AGAIN ; if not finished go back NOP

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