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The Colosseum : Flavian Amphitheatre

Figure 2. Colosseum Intersection

Figure 3. Colosseum Interior

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The heavily armed samnite carried a sword or lance and a shield (Quennell, 1997:45) The netweilder was the least armed gladiator (Quennell, 1997:45) Myrmillo or fishman he carried a fishshaped crest he was normally chosen to fight the fourth type of gladiator the net-weilder (Quennell, 1997:45) The thracian carried curved sword or buckler (Quennell, 1997:45)
Figure 1. Gladiator Types. (2000).

Figure 2. Gnaeus, Spartacus. (2010).

Figure 3. Gannicuss, Spartacus.

Figure 4. In The Arena, Spartacus.

Roman gladiator corps include many lesser types of combatants: boxers, archers, horsemen, men who fought from chariotsand the highly trained bestiarii who only appeared in the popular wild beast hunts (Quennell, 1997:45)

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Figure 1. Fighting Animals

Figure 2. Fighting Animals

Figure 3. Fighting Animals

Gladiators, criminals and animals were pitted against each other, in order to fight to the death for public entertainment. During the Damnatio ad Bestias, the condemned was generally tied to a pole and exposed to ferocious animals that had been kept fasting, so they would be more aggressive. Occasionally, small beasts were used to provide a longer torture. Types of Games Damnatio ad Bestias Execution technique, where the condemned were devoured by animals. Hunts Gladiators hunt wild animals in the arena for the publics entertainment. Ludi Circenses Chariot racing. Silvae/Venatio A staged animal hunt in the arena. According to a great historian of Rome, Livy, the first Hunts occurred during the foundation of the city in 185B.C. (also known as the year 568a.U.C). Several years after the initial hunt, there were many shows, involving lions being let loose in the forum in 660a.U.C, a hippopotamus and five crocodiles in 695a.U.C, and the slaughter of 500 lions in 698a.U.C for the publics entertainment. Seeing as it was the only way to see strange beasts and wild animals at the time, these shows became very popular with the public, who gained extra entertainment from witnessing them being chased and killed. The Ludi Circenses, chariot races, were the most popular events of the games. Created due to the Roman interest in fake and imitation, the Silvae and Venatio, staged hunts, often featured animals of many types, surrounded by scenery, such as fake trees and bushes, and, in the cases of the Silvae, occasionally portrayed mythological tales. The Venatio, on the other hand, would occasionally entail the executions of condemned criminals as part of the performances.

Representations in Film & Television Alien Vs. Predator Outlander Primeval Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones

Many films and television programmes seem to contain several similarities or specific scenes that appear to resemble or are clearly inspired by the gladiatorial conflicts of the colosseum. A common feature in such scenes and films include the involvement or appearance of an animal or beast-like creature. They can appear in all manner of genres, but the main genres they appear in are sciencfiction, fantasy, and historical dramas. For science-fiction genres, a common technique of including a beast for a colosseum style scene is to design an alien creature, such as the Acklay, Reek and Nexu in Star Wars Episode II or the Moorwen in Outlander, and place it in the scenario, instead of an actual creature, keeping with the science-fiction genre. Another technique for science-fiction films is utterly dependent on the storyline, for example, the television series Primeval is about a team of scientists who must prevent and protect prehistoric, and future, creatures from entering gateways in time to the modern world. In one particular episode, the team is captured by their nemesis and offered up to a carnivorous prehistoric creature, similarly to criminals being executed in the colosseum.

Figure 4. Outlander

Figure 5. Star Wars Episode II

Figure 6. Alien vs. Predator

Figure 7. Primeval

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Mixed Martials Arts (MMA) Fastest Growing combat sport world wide Mixed Martial Arts is the art of combat combining the most effective and sufficient fighting methods from various cultures combined to compete for titles in large arenas in front of thousands, sometimes millions of spectators. The discipline of MMA transformed over the years from being an underground sport, that was considered illegal by many countries, to become a fully resolved sport that now has a case to part of the future Olympics games.
Figure 1. Knockout

MMA has same match-ending methods as gladiatorial competition; Submission: a fighter clearly taps the mat or his opponent, verbally submits, or clearly communicates being in pain (such as by yelling) to a degree that causes the referee to stop the fight. Also, a technical submission may be called when a fighter either loses consciousness or is on the verge of serious injury while in a hold.

Figure 2. Submission

Knockout: a fighter is put into a state of unconsciousness resulting from any legal strike. Forfeit: a fighter fails to compete or intentionally and prematurely ends the bout for a reason besides injury, resulting in the opponent's victory. Judges' Decision: Depending on scoring

However, from the similarities with traditional combat, rules have been developed with combat sports for a better safety for competitors. Vicious attacks to the back of the head or spine are classed illegal, and other attacks such as biting, eye gouging, small joint manipulation, head-butts, and groin assault have all been acknowledged to be too dangerous.

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& Media
The Christian point of view With jaded crowds lusting for even more blood and death and with an evil or megalomaniac emperor presiding over refined tortures or, like commodus, making a spectacle of himself by fighting and killing in the arena. From this perspective, the coliseums very size and height are proof of Roman hubris (Winkler, 2004: 93) The Colosseum is remarkable for the complexity of meaning that reveal its cultural significance as a place as a place of fascination, of simultaneous attraction and repulsion. (Winkler, 2004: 87) our popular media can now imitate and death to such a degree of verisimilitude as to make distinctions between the real and the fake impossible. (Winkler, 2004: 87) Figure 1. Gladiator fight. (2000) (Gladiator 6/8 movie clipMaximus the merciful, 2000) The crowd would cheer for the opponents to live or die when they were fighting this violent sport was fueled by its spectators (Quennell, 1997:47)

Figure 2. Deadliest warrior still.(2010)

Figure 3. Conan the Barbarian. ( 1982)

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Phillips ,Alan .(1993). Who built that? London : Quintet Quennell,Peter. (1997).The colosseum .Italy Winkler, Martin.(2004).Gladiator Film and History.Australia: Blackwell Scott, Ridley. (2000) Gladiator 6/8 movie clipMaximus http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s66zFW3nogU (Accessed on 12.02.13) the merciful. [movie clip] At:

Hossain, Cluadia. (s.d). The Colosseum. At: http://www.personal.psu.edu/pis5090/Group%20project/Claudia/assignment7.html (Accessed on 02.02.2013) The-Colosseum. (s.d). The Colosseum.net: the resourceful site on the Colosseum. At: http://www.the-colosseum.net/idx-en.htm (Accessed on 02.02.2013) Roman Colosseum. (2008). Wild Animals at the Colosseum. At: http://www.roman-colosseum.info/colosseum/wild-animals-atthe-colosseum.htm (Accessed on 02.02.2013) Bravo, Tony. (2011). Top 10 Still Practiced Animal Bloodsports. At: http://thelistcafe.com/top-10-still-practiced-animalbloodsports (Accessed on 12.02.2013)

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Introduction Figure 1. The Colosseum. [Still]. at http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_AcBUSVxs82w/TIRybhm5rtI/AAAAAAAAhJs/A8advwXZz0w/s1600/Colosseum-Rebuilt.jpg (Accessed on 14.02.13) Figure 2. The Colosseum. [Still]. at http://library.thinkquest.org/22866/Dutch/Plaatjes/COLLOSEU.GIF (Accessed on 14.02.13) Figure 3. The Colosseum. [Still]. at http://templerome.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/img_6654.jpg (Accessed on 14.02.13)

Gladiatorial Archetypes Figure 1. Gladiator Types. (2000). [Image]. at http://www.vicus.org.uk/images/gladiators/gladiatortypes.jpg. (Accessed on 14.02.13) Figure 2. Gnaeus, Spartacus. (2010). From Gods of the Arena. Directed by DeKnight, Steven. [Film Still]. at http://www.crackingace.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/gnaeus-spartacus-gods-of-the-arena.jpg. (Accessed on 14.02.13) Figure 3. Gannicuss, Spartacus. (2010). From Gods of the Arena. Directed by DeKnight, Steven. [Film Still]. at http://images4.wikia.nocookie.net/__cb20120615022648/spartacus/images/e/e3/Gannicus11.jpg. (Accessed on 14.02.13) Figure 4. In The Arena, Spartacus. (2010). From Gods of the Arena. Directed by DeKnight, Steven. [Film Still]. at http://www.therpf.com/members/riceball/albums/spartacus/590-4376453913-aae63347df-b.jpg. (Accessed on 14.02.13)

The Beastly Games Figure 1. Fighting Animals. [Image] at http://bluejayblog.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/ludi-gladiators-fighting-animals.jpg (Accessed on 14.02.2013) Figure 2. Fighting Animals. [Image] at http://tribes.tribe.net/enterthelionsden/photos/f9b4576b-3ad1-4691-8e9f-43a70b86aa10 (Accessed on 14.02.2013) Figure 3. Fighting Animals. [Image] at (Accessed on 14.02.2013) http://www.personal.psu.edu/pis5090/Group%20project/Claudia/colosseum3.jpg

Figure 4. Outlander. (2008). From: Outlander, Virtual Films. Directed by: Howard McCain. [Film Still] France: Virtual Films. (Accessed on 14.02.2013) Figure 5. Star Wars: Epidode II Attack of the Clones. (2002). From: Star Wars: Episode II Attack of the Clones, Lucasfilm. Directed by: George Lucas. [Film Still] United States: Lucasfilm. (Accessed on 14.02.2013) Figure 6. Alien Vs. Predator. (2004). From: AVP: Alien Vs. Predator, Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation. Directed by: Paul W. S. Anderson. [Film Still] United States: Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation. (Accessed on 14.02.2013) Figure 7. Primeval: Series 2 Episode 7. (2008). From: Primeval: Series 2 Episode 7, ITV Productions. Directed by: Nick Murphy. [Film Still] Great Britain: ITV Productions. (Accessed on 14.02.2013)

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The Modern Gladiator Figure 1. http://www.rcspeck.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/edson-barboza-x-Terry-etim.jpg Figure 2. http://www.graciemag.com/pt/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/frank-mir1.jpg Interpretation in Film Figure 1. Gladiator fight. (2000). From Gladiator. Directed by: Scott, Ridley [Film http://www.smh.com.au/ffximage/2006/02/23/gladiator_thumb_wideweb__470x304,0.jpg (Accessed on 12.02.13) still]. At:

Figure 2. Deadliest warrior still.(2010). From Deadliest warrior . [poster] At: http://www.gogaminggiant.com/wpcontent/uploads/2010/07/Deadliest-Warrior-Spartan-vs-Apache.jpg (Accessed on 12.02.13) Figure 3. Conan the Barbarian. (1982). From Conan the Barbarian. Directed by: Marcus Nispel http://www.ferdyonfilms.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/Conan13.jpg (Accessed on 12.02.13) [Film still]. At:

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