e-commerce and E-payment Systems

Der Markt für Payment Service Provider (PSP) in Deutschland ist in der Breite weitgehend unbekannt und folglich sind dessen Merkmale und Wettbewerbsstruktur selbst bei branchenfremden Finanzexperten nur eingeschränkt bekannt. Dies ist u.a. darauf zurückzuführen, dass es sich um einen B2B-Markt handelt mit einer, im Vergleich zu anderen Finanzdienstleistungen, eher kurzen Historie. Das PSP-Geschäft hat allerdings in den letzten Jahren stark an wirtschaftlicher Bedeutung gewonnen, nicht zuletzt aufgrund des rasanten Wachstums des internetbasierten Handels. Diese neu gewonnene Stärke wurde für jedermann durch den Aufstieg des vermeintlichen Marktführers Wirecard AG in den DAX im September 2018 dokumentiert.

Mit der publikationsträchtigen Aufwertung der Wirecard AG verband sich die Erwartung, dass PSPs eine zunehmend wichtige Rolle im Markt für Finanzdienstleistungen spielen werden. Dem mittlerweile insolventen Unternehmen wurde zeitweilig gar der Status der Systemrelevanz zugesprochen, z.B. dokumentiert durch das mit ebensolchem begründete Leerverkaufsverbot durch die BaFin.  Die schleppende Aufarbeitung des Wirecard-Skandals und die damit einhergehende Diskussion, ob das Unternehmen tatsächlich jemals systemrelevanten Charakter erlangt hat, dokumentiert die Intransparenz des deutschen PSP-Marktes. Wenn über Jahre die Herkunft fiktiver Umsätze durch sogenannte Marktexperten nicht hinterfragt wird (trotz deutlicher Hinweise aus dem Ausland), dann belegt dies auch mangelndes Grundverständnis des PSP-Geschäftes an sich. Diese Mankos sollen durch den vorliegenden Beitrag adressiert werden.

Dabei geht es auch um die Frage, ob doch Hidden Champions im deutschen PSP-Markt zu finden sind. In einem ersten Schritt konkretisiert dieser Beitrag die Organisationsform PSP. Die Ausführungen sollen verdeutlichen, wie die Besonderheiten des eCommerce-Handels Entstehung und Wachstum des PSP-Marktes bis heute fördern und prägen. Daran anknüpfend werden in einem zweiten Schritt die Geschäftsmodelle der PSPs und deren wesentliche Werttreiber analysiert. Darauf aufbauend wird, drittens, die aktuelle Marktstruktur anhand der Umsätze der von PSPs betreuten Händler beschrieben. Dies ermöglicht Aussagen bezüglich Marktkonzentration und Wettbewerbsintensität. Dadurch kann dann, viertens, die übergeordnete Fragestellung zu möglichen Hidden Champions adressiert werden.

The Malaysian market consists of a large consumer-base carrying mobile phones. However, the adoption and proliferation of mobile (m-) payments remain dismal. Evidence from the literature necessitates the need for elucidating the adoption barriers and drivers from multiple perspectives. There has been much research on consumer adoption and usage of mobile payment systems, but there is a lack of research on this subject from the merchants' perspective. Taking into account the critical role merchants play in promoting a sustainable m-payment ecosystem, this work elucidates the perspective of merchants in Malaysia vis-à-vis m-payment systems. In-depth interviews with merchants from multiple retail categories were conducted to gain insight into their motivational drives, barriers, and challenges in the context of the adoption and implementation of m-payment systems in Malaysia. The results confirmed that the relative advantage of decreasing payment processing time and fees, convenience, and enhanced payment security features are some of the factors motivating merchants to adopt m-payment, while technological incompatibility, complexity, the cost of investment, and the lack of critical mass and knowledge are some of the factors discouraging merchants from doing so. Our findings further expand the limited knowledge of m-payment systems in the context of Malaysian merchants, which is valuable for industries and policymakers. The results of this study can be generalised to other m-payment systems in other countries-Apple Pay, Samsung Pay, and Android Pay, with Apple Pay, Alipay, and WeChat.

Article about problems of Institutionalization of the payment environment of e-commerce. The author analyzes tendencies of development of payment institutes and prospect of creation of the International financial Centre in Russia on the basis of primary development of e-commerce in spheres B2C and C2C. The author proves that in the conditions of globalization of the consumer markets the analysis of a role and a place of transboundary private payments in structure of National payment system of the Russian Federation become especially current.
Статья о проблемах институционализации платёжной среды электронной коммерции. Автор анализирует тенденции развития платёжных институтов и перспективы создания международного финансового центра в России на основе преимущественного развития электронной коммерции в сферах B2C и C2C. Автор доказывает, что в условиях глобализации рынков потребительских товаров анализ роли и место трансграничных частных платежей в структуре Национальной платежной системы Российской Федерации становятся особенно актуальными.

Modern society is determined not only with a high level of development, but also a lot of social and economic problems. In the last years more and more popular became the meaning, that a lot of these problems could be solved with the canceling of cash. Experts and usual people are thinking that a new society will be more fair and transparent with less of criminal, drugs, economic fraud, unmotivated preference for individual categories, where everybody is paying less of tax and where is a high level of wealth protection. But in the real situation seems not so optimistic.
In Life privacy. Canceling of cash mean total control against all financial operations of each person, their interests and tastes by banks and government. Besides that, using most mobile payment systems need geolocation – as result everybody will be all the time trecked in all senses of this word. In psychological sphere using electronic money will increase money spendings because using cash is combined with the feeling of pain, when people are spending them and e-money are for most of people something not so important, especially for young people (like money in PC game). In social shpere the cashless society will make problems for disabled people, people with mental problems and also can influence dementia by older people. Criminal. even if we will live in the cashless society with the modern trends, the level of financial fraud will reduce maximal on 15%, and P. Schmidt considered, that all the criminals will find another way for their activity. Besides that e-money and society are stimulating the growth of cybercrime and it is always growing and the companies, who had lost against cybercrime had spent more money for investigation of that cases, then they have lost. Unemployment. First of all, the system of cash circulation is huge. A lot of people are creation, designing, proofing, printing, gathering, retailing cash and also working each day in banks, cashier's offices, shops and so on. Also many companies are producing stuff combined with cash. From wallets to cash machines. All these brunches will not exist anymore and all the people will lose their jobs. Economy. One of the main reasons to cancel cash was that in the cashless society will be impossible to set a negative rate and with the same it will be less of economic crises. But german economists have studied and proofed that it is possible and in this situation it will be more difficult to combat the crisis and cost much more for the government and people because all existing financial instruments that the government can use to fix situation are created only for cash and are working with it.
Technical. Electronic systems could be crushed. Besides of that in case of wore or other conflicts people can ruin Internet connection all over the country and inhabitants will lose everything and have no possibility even get home.
In general, e-payments are part of our life and they are very comfortable nowadays. But the canceling of cash will make more problems for people and organizations. This means that this could not be the right choice in the nearest future.