X-Ray Studies

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit Röntgenfotografie und ihrer Verwendung in Werken ausgewählter Künstler*innen seit den 1960er-Jahren. Der Fokus liegt dabei auf der Frage, welche Rolle der Röntgenfotografie in diesen Werken zukommt, welche Themen die Künstler*innen damit vermitteln und wie diese mit den spezifischen Eigenschaften und Zuschreibungen von Röntgenbildern in Zusammenhang stehen. Am Beginn der Arbeit steht eine Beschäftigung mit den verfahrenstechnischen Eigenschaften, den Darstellungsmöglichkeiten und -grenzen sowie den Zuschreibungen als Wissenschafts- und Technikbild. Danach folgt eine Auseinandersetzung mit der kulturellen Rezeption, die die Röntgentechnik in den Jahren nach ihrer Erfindung begleitete und sowohl gesellschaftliche Sehgewohnheiten änderte als auch voyeuristische Schaulust sowie Fortschrittsoptimismus und -ängste nährte. Dann beleuchtet die Arbeit den Einfluss auf die Kunst in der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts, wofür Künstler*innen, Positionen und Werke der Avantgarde, insbesondere im Umfeld der Dada-Bewegung und des Bauhauses, vorgestellt und diskutiert werden. Der Hauptteil der Arbeit widmet sich Künstler*innen ab den 1960er-Jahren, die in ihren Werken Röntgenaufnahmen verarbeiten bzw. die Röntgenfotografie anwenden. Die Untersuchung erfolgt anhand drei zentraler Kategorien: die Röntgenfotografie als Instrument der Sichtbarmachung, als unsicheres Kontroll- und Erkenntnisinstrument sowie als Metapher für Krankheit, Vergänglichkeit und Tod. Diese Kategorien versuchen wiederkehrende und präsente Themen bzw. Funktionen, die die Röntgenbilder einnehmen, zu fassen und herauszuarbeiten. Es wird gezeigt, wie diese Themen und Funktionen sowohl in den verfahrenstechnischen Besonderheiten der Röntgentechnik als auch in ihrer kulturellen Rezeption seit Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts wurzeln und wie diese mit der spezifischen Ästhetik dieser Bilder in Zusammenhang stehen.

This article focuses on the early history of X-rays. It argues that, during the first years after their discovery in 1895 by German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, they were regarded as a technological attraction and a visual medium. While their application in medical practice was not yet fully established, the possibility of seeing into the realm of the invisible encouraged pioneers of this technology to actively exploit their visual powers. By using a media-history framework, and relying on primary and secondary sources in English, German, French, and Italian, the article takes into account three aspects of the rays’ early display: its character of technological attraction; its association with photography; and its connection to beliefs in the supernatural and the occult.

Votive mummies of cats were offered at the shrines of particular gods, to whom these animals were sacred. They played an important role in Egyptian religion during the Late and Greco-Roman periods and represent an important source on the popular beliefs and practices of ordinary Egyptians at the twilight of their civilisation. For many years, this subject was neglected and a large number of animal mummies were simply destroyed. However, many specimens of unknown origin are still preserved in collections around the world, which allows further research to be conducted upon them.
After the Second World War, the National Museum in Warsaw received five such artefacts. Their exact provenience, archaeological context and the precise time of their execution is unknown. In April 2011, an x-ray examination of the artefacts was conducted by Łukasz Przewłocki, Wojciech Ejsmond (students at the Institute of Archaeology, Warsaw University) and Dr. Monika Dolińska (curator of the Egyptian collection at the National Museum in Warsaw).
This paper presents an interpretation of these objects in the wider context of animal mummies and also provides a description of the results of their recent examination. All the specimens can be dated to the Greco-Roman period (332 BC-AD 390) with the exception of one, which probably dates to an earlier time. There are some unusual aspects to the group, such as the presence of a human tooth in one specimen and traces of restoration carried out at an unknown date in other one.

Professionally, radiographers are accountable for their practice. Available literature highlights the ramifications of not using anatomical side markers within the primary beam. It was thought by the authors that the installation of a computed radiography (CR) system could potentially cause a change in practice due to the ease of adding anatomical side markers manually/electronically during post-processing. This study assessed anatomical marker use within the primary beam at a district general hospital in East Anglia, oneyear pre-CR installation and one-year post-CR installation. 100 abdominal images were evaluated from each time period and the presence of anatomical side markers was recorded and compared to establish any significant change. The study showed that although there was a decline in use of anatomical side markers used within the primary beam post-CR installation (from 32% to 25%), the changes were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). However, the agreed standard of 100% images having the primary beam side marker present was not met. There is a conflict of opinion about the necessity for anatomical side markers to be used within the primary beam. However, the researchers believe there is a case for recommending alterations and improvements to practice to comply with "best practice" requirements.

Paleoanthropological material was studied using digital microfocus X-ray imaging for pathological changes of the bone tissue in syphilis, tuberculosis, and traumatic injuries among the ancient people. A comparative study of the results of microfocus X-ray imaging and spiral computed tomography was conducted. Microfocus X-ray imaging was shown to be the method of choice in the diagnosis of bone disease in ancient people, exceeding the opportunities of spiral computed tomography.

The optical design of a soft x-ray beamline on the bending magnet of Indus-2 synchrotron source is presented. A Varied Line Spacing Plane Grating Monochromator (VLS-PGM) was adopted with Hettrick type optics. The VLS-PGM consists of a spherical mirror and three interchangeable gratings of line densities 1200 l/mm, 400 l/mm and 150 l/mm to efficiently cover the energy region 50-1500 eV. The VLS groove parameters were obtained by minimizing defocus aberration, coma and spherical aberration. The overall performance of the beamline was estimated by detailed raytracing calculations. The beamline design, results of the raytracing calculations and the expected performances are presented.

The formation and growth of Palladium Oxide (PdO) onto ultra thin Pd foil by thermal oxidation (TO) is discussed. TO is a flexible method to study the theory of volumetric Pd oxidation, considering the interfaces O 2 -PdO and PdO-Pd phenomena. The kinetic of the PdO growth on ultra thin Pd foil, clearly shows that oxidation process is governed by a parabolic law, which is directly related to temperature and oxidation time parameters.

A B S T R A C T This paper presents results of a detailed X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) characterization of complex changes at a polyimide surface resulting from Ar + ion beam modification. The changes in chemical composition in the surface layer lead to formation of a layer that can act as an alignment layer for liquid crystals. The goal of this paper is to report on the result of a combination of spectral subtraction and multivariate analysis for analysis of XPS spectra. Principal component analysis (PCA), applied to curve-fitting results of difference spectra and multivariate curve resolution (MCR), applied to raw spectra, provided consistent results, and allowed for extraction of chemical anisotropy, defining factor in the ion beam (IB) alignment mechanism. This study demonstrated that more detailed chemical information about complex systems can be obtained through application of multivariate analysis to XPS spectra and curve-fits. Further, this approach can be effectively used in the characterization of various complex materials to link chemical structure to their properties. ß (J.E. Fulghum).

The synthesis of Ni-filled multi-walled carbon nanotubes was performed by atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition with propane on Si at 850 °C using a simple mixture of (N, N'-bis(salicylidene)-ethylenediiminato) nickel(II), commonly known as Ni(salen), and a conventional photoresist. Analysis of the carbon nanotubes using scanning electron microscopy together with high-resolution transmission electron microscopy show that the nanotubes have grown by a tip-growth mechanism and exhibit a multi-walled structure with partial Ni filling. The high quality of the Ni-filled nanotubes is evidenced by Raman spectroscopy. The magnetic properties of Ni-filled nanotubes were analyzed using a superconducting quantum interference device which revealed their ferromagnetic behavior with large coercivity. A scalable as well as site-selective growth of high quality Ni-filled carbon nanotubes is achieved by a simple photolithographic method.

We present the results of the uniform analysis of 46 XMM-Newton observations of six BAL and seven mini-BAL QSOs belonging to the Palomar-Green Quasar catalogue. Moderate-quality X-ray spectroscopy was performed with the EPIC-pn, and allowed to characterise the general source spectral shape to be complex, significantly deviating from a power law emission. A simple power law analysis in different energy bands strongly suggests absorption to be more significant than reflection in shaping the spectra. If allowing for the absorbing gas to be either partially covering the continuum emission source or to be ionised, large column densities of the order of 1e(22−24) cm^{−2} are inferred. When the statistics was high enough, virtually every source was found to vary in spectral shape on various time scales, from years to hours. All in all these observational results are compatible with radiation driven accretion disk winds shaping the spectra of these intriguing cosmic sources.

We report combined soft and hard x-ray scattering studies of the electronic and lattice modulations associated with stripe order in La1.875Ba0.125CuO4 and La1.48Nd0.4Sr0.12CuO4. We find that the amplitude of both the electronic modulation of the hole density and the strain modulation of the lattice is significantly larger in La1.875Ba0.125CuO4 than in La1.48Nd0.4Sr0.12CuO4 and is also better correlated. The in-plane correlation lengths are isotropic in each case; for La1.875Ba0.125CuO4, ξhole=255±5 Å, whereas for La1.48Nd0.4Sr0.12CuO4, ξhole=111±7 Å. We find that the modulations are temperature independent in La1.875Ba0.125CuO4 in the low temperature tetragonal phase. In contrast, in La1.48Nd0.4Sr0.12CuO4, the amplitude grows smoothly from zero, beginning 13 K below the LTT phase transition. We speculate that the reduced average tilt angle in La1.875Ba0.125CuO4 results in reduced charge localization and incoherent pinning, leading to the longer correlation length and enhanced periodic modulation amplitude.

Die Untersuchung von archäologischen Gegenständen erfordert große Behutsamkeit, um nicht den künstlerischen und den kommerziellen Wert des Gegenstands zu vermindern. Daher sind zerstörungsfreie Verfahren, die seit Jahren erfolgreich in der industriellen Material- und Bauteilprüfung eingesetzt werden, hervorragend geeignet, um damit auch archäologische Objekte zu untersuchen. Die Einsatzgebiete in der Archäologie erwachsen aus Fragen im Zusammenhang mit
• Herkunft, • Datierung, • Echtheit, • Materialzusammensetzung, • Entstehensweise oder Herstelltechnik, • Qualität bzw. Korrosionsgrad
• Analyse vor der Restaurierung, • Archivierung, Digitalisierung bzw. Duplizierung, von archäologischen Gegenständen.

Radiografische Methoden wie Radioskopie und medizinische Computertomografie werden seit vielen Jahren für archäologische Objekte genutzt. Es wurden Skulpturen, Vasen, Mumien, Schwerter, Bronzen und diverse andere Fundstücke untersucht [Hughes 1993, Goebbels 1994, Rossi 1998]. Viele Anwendungen haben aber unter der eingeschränkten Auflösung von ca. 0,5 – 1 mm von medizinischer CT gelitten.
Die relativ neue Methode der µ-Röntgen-Computertomografie (µ-CT) wurde allerdings bis jetzt relativ wenig für archäologische Anwendungsfälle genutzt. µ-CT ist eine zerstörungsfreie Methode, um Bauteil- und Werkstoffdetails in drei Dimensionen mit sehr guter Auflösung zu lokalisieren und zu vermessen. Ein CT-Scanner mit einer Mikrofokusröntgenröhre und einem Matrixdetektor erzeugt eine Reihe von Röntgen-Absorptionsmessungen, die benutzt werden, um ein rekonstruiertes 3D-Bild des Objektes zu erzeugen. Im Herbst 2004 wurde am FH OÖ Campus Wels Österreichs erster µ-Röntgen-Computertomograf für industrielle Anwendungen[Kastner 2005, Kastner 2006] in Betrieb genommen..........

Tickets: £5 (£4 concs.) Natasha Demkina is known internationally as The Girl with X-ray Eyes. A Russian medical student, she is purported to have the ability to look directly inside bodies. Using a form of supplementary vision or second sight, she produces detailed medical diagnoses. Last summer, artist Phillip Warnell went to Moscow and offered up his own body as the subject for Natasha's scrutiny before a series of witnesses. The resulting 23 minute artist's film reveals his extraordinary encounter with The Girl with X-ray Eyes. It will be screened at Warwick Arts Centre this May then at London 's BFI Southbank in June.

KAROLAK-WOJCIECHOWSKA, J.; SCHUMACHER, B.; SCHIEDEL, A.; YUZLENKO, O.; KIEC-KONONOWICZ*, K.; Bioorg. Med. Chem. 15 (2007) 14, 5003-5017; Dep. Technol. Biotechnol. Drugs, Fac. Pharm., Med. Coll., Jagiellonian Univ., PL-30-688 Krakow, Pol.; Eng.) -Mischke 43-152

Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is used to demonstrate the presence of density fluctuations in ambient water on a physical length-scale of ≈1 nm; this is retained with decreasing temperature while the magnitude is enhanced. In contrast, the magnitude of fluctuations in a normal liquid, such as CCl4, exhibits no enhancement with decreasing temperature, as is also the case for water from molecular dynamics simulations under ambient conditions. Based on X-ray emission spectroscopy and X-ray Raman scattering data we propose that the density difference contrast in SAXS is due to fluctuations between tetrahedral-like and hydrogen-bond distorted structures related to, respectively, low and high density water. We combine our experimental observations to propose a model of water as a temperature-dependent, fluctuating equilibrium between the two types of local structures driven by incommensurate requirements for minimizing enthalpy (strong near-tetrahedral hydrogen-bonds) and maximizing entropy (nondirectional H-bonds and disorder). The present results provide experimental evidence that the extreme differences anticipated in the hydrogen-bonding environment in the deeply supercooled regime surprisingly remain in bulk water even at conditions ranging from ambient up to close to the boiling point.

This paper presents results of a detailed X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) characterization of complex changes at a polyimide surface resulting from Ar + ion beam modification. The changes in chemical composition in the surface layer lead to formation of a layer that can act as an alignment layer for liquid crystals. The goal of this paper is to report on the result of a combination of spectral subtraction and multivariate analysis for analysis of XPS spectra. Principal component analysis (PCA), applied to curve-fitting results of difference spectra and multivariate curve resolution (MCR), applied to raw spectra, provided consistent results, and allowed for extraction of chemical anisotropy, defining factor in the  ion  beam  (IB)  alignment  mechanism.  This  study  demonstrated  that  more  detailed  chemical information about complex systems can be obtained through application of multivariate analysis to XPS
spectra and curve-fits. Further, this approach can be effectively used in the characterization of various complex materials to link chemical structure to their properties.

NICER 1 will use full shell aluminum foil X-ray mirrors, similar to those that are currently being developed for the optics to be used for the XACT 2 sounding rocket mission. Similar X-ray optics have been produced at Goddard Space Flight Center since the late 1970's. The mirror geometry used in the past and on some present missions consists of concentric quadrant shell mirrors 3 with a conical approximation to the Wolter 1 geometry. For XACT, we are developing the next generation of these optics. Two innovations introduced in the mirrors are complete shells with a curve is in the reflectors' profile to produce a sharper focus than a conical approximation. X-ray imagers, such as those of Suzaku, ASCA, GEMS, and Astro-H require two reflections. 4 Since XACT and NICER are using the optics as X-ray concentrators rather than full imaging optics, only one set of reflections is necessary. The largest shell in the NICER concentrator is 10cm diameter. Small diameter optics benefit from the rigidity of the full shell design. Also, the simplified support hardware reduced mass, which increases the effective area per unit mass. With 56 optics on NICER, each consisting of 24 full shell mirrors, an effective production process is needed for efficient manufacture of these mirrors. This production process is based on heritage techniques but modified for these new mirrors. This paper presents the production process of the innovative full shell optics and also results of optical and X-ray tests of the integrated optics. Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 10/16/2012 Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms Proc. of SPIE Vol. 8450 845052-6 Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 10/16/2012 Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms § Kα line is at 5.4 keV and Kβ line is at 5.9 keV ¶ The focal plane takes into consideration the length of the beam and does not assume a source at an infinite distance. The energy is measured in pulse height and converted to the correct energy in keV. Proc. of SPIE Vol. 8450 845052-7 Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 10/16/2012 Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms

Two different in situ experiments using high energy X-ray diffraction from synchrotron source were performed in order to understand carefully the phase transformation in nanostructured Al-15%BN mechanically alloyed powder. After milling at room temperature for 10 h, a solid solution of Al, B and N was achieved. During the heating, the formation and the evolution of the metastable trigonal Al 2 B 3 and a very fine precipitation of hexagonal AlN (d < 8 nm) within Al grains were detected quantitatively. We found a stabilization of Al 2 B 3 between 225 • C and 550 • C and, only around 600 • C the hexagonal AlB 2 starts to form. A detectable decreasing of the Al crystallite size between 420 • C and 470 • C was attributed to the precipitation of AlN nanoparticles that reduce the Al volume fraction and, at the same time, hinder the grain boundary propagation. The powder loses the nanostructure above 600 • C exhibiting an exceptional thermal stability at temperatures close to 0.9T m .

One of the most intensely studied scenarios of high-temperature superconductivity (HTS) postulates pairing by exchange of magnetic excitations [1]. Indeed, such excitations have been observed up to around optimal doping in the cuprates [2-7]. In the heavily overdoped regime neutron scattering measurements indicate that magnetic excitations have effectively disappeared [8-10], and this was argued to cause the demise of HTS with overdoping [1, 8, 10]. Here we use resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS), which is sensitive to complementary parts of reciprocal space, to measure the evolution of the magnetic excitations in La2-xSrxCuO4 across the entire phase diagram, from a strongly correlated insulator (x = 0) to a non-superconducting metal (x = 0.40). For x = 0, well-defined magnon excitations are observed [11]. These magnons broaden with doping, but they persist with a similar dispersion and comparable intensity all the way to the non-superconducting, heavily overdoped metallic phase. The destruction of HTS with overdoping is therefore caused neither by the general disappearance nor by the overall softening of magnetic excitations; other factor(s), such as the redistribution of spectral weight, must be considered.

We report a combined experimental and theoretical study of the unusual ferromagnetism in the quasi-one-dimensional copper-iridium oxide Sr3CuIrO6. Utilizing Ir L3 edge resonant inelastic x-ray scattering, we reveal a large gap magnetic excitation spectrum, and show that it is well described by the S=1/2 Heisenberg model with an Ising-like ferromagnetic exchange anisotropy. We present a microscopic derivation of this model and find an unexpected effect, namely the ferromagnetic anisotropy arises from the antiferromagnetic superexchange interaction, driven by the alternating strong and weak spin-orbit coupling on the Ir and Cu magnetic ions, respectively. Our results point to the unusual magnetic behavior to be expected in mixed 3d-5d transition-metal compounds via exchange pathways that are absent in pure 3d or 5d compounds.

The electronic structure of Sr3CuIrO6, a model system for the 5d Ir ion in an octahedral environment, is studied through a combination of resonant inelastic x-ray scattering and theoretical calculations. Resonant inelastic x-ray scattering spectra at the Ir L3 edge reveal an Ir t2g manifold that is split into three levels, in contrast to the expectations of the strong spin-orbit-coupling limit. Effective Hamiltonian and ab inito quantum chemistry calculations find a strikingly large noncubic crystal field splitting comparable to the spin-orbit coupling, which results in a strong mixing of the jeff=1/2 and jeff=3/2 states and modifies the isotropic wave functions on which many theoretical models are based.

The electronic structure of Sr3CuIrO6, a model system for the 5d Ir ion in an octahedral environment, is studied through a combination of resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS) and theoretical calculations. RIXS spectra at the Ir L3-edge reveal an Ir t2g manifold that is split into three levels, in contrast to the expectations of the strong spin-orbit-coupling limit. Effective Hamiltonian and ab inito quantum chemistry calculations find a strikingly large non-cubic crystal field splitting comparable to the spin-orbit coupling, which results in a strong mixing of the j eff = 1 2 and j eff = 3 2 states and modifies the isotropic wavefunctions on which many theoretical models are based.

During archaeological excavations of the Castle of Middelburg (Belgium), a 16th century ceramic vessel containing a greasy substance was found. A wide range of chemical techniques was applied on what was presumed to be an ointment to reveal its nature and function. The organic fraction, constituting about 24 wt.%, was analyzed by chromatography and mass spectrometry and consists of beeswax next to smaller amounts of a triglyceride lipid source. Infrared analyses indicated the presence of calcium carboxylate soaps. The inorganic ingredients represent about 30% of the total mass. While calcium, lead and iron were detected by elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction revealed calcium sulfate (gypsum) and lead sulfate as major minerals. Detailed study by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the presence of lead as a divalent species. Altogether, these results point to a medicinal formulation of a lead plaster, used for treating bruises, mixed with beeswax, which was added for easy application on the skin. It is further assumed that lead carboxylates, originally present in the sample, reacted with gypsum, resulting in the formation of calcium carboxylates and lead sulfate. Gypsum could have been added to whiten or to strengthen the plaster. Hence, the analyses confirm the presumed medicinal nature of the find and add it to the list of very rare finds of preserved historical ointments.

Electronic functionalities in materials from silicon to transition metal oxides are, to a large extent, controlled by defects and their relative arrangement. Outstanding examples are the oxides of copper, where defect order is correlated with their high superconducting transition temperatures. The oxygen defect order can be highly inhomogeneous, even in optimal superconducting samples, which raises the question of the nature of the sample regions where the order does not exist but which nonetheless form the "glue" binding the ordered regions together. Here we use scanning X-ray microdiffraction (with a beam 300 nm in diameter) to show that for La 2 CuO 4þy , the glue regions contain incommensurate modulated local lattice distortions, whose spatial extent is most pronounced for the best superconducting samples. For an underdoped single crystal with mobile oxygen interstitials in the spacer La 2 O 2þy layers intercalated between the CuO 2 layers, the incommensurate modulated local lattice distortions form droplets anticorrelated with the ordered oxygen interstitials, and whose spatial extent is most pronounced for the best superconducting samples. In this simplest of high temperature superconductors, there are therefore not one, but two networks of ordered defects which can be tuned to achieve optimal superconductivity. For a given stoichiometry, the highest transition temperature is obtained when both the ordered oxygen and lattice defects form fractal patterns, as opposed to appearing in isolated spots. We speculate that the relationship between material complexity and superconducting transition temperature T c is actually underpinned by a fundamental relation between T c and the distribution of ordered defect networks supported by the materials. granular superconductors | multiband superconductivity in density wave metals | scale-free heterogeneity | imaging phase separation | X-ray illumination

Abstract: Au nanoparticles with near perfect monodispersity in shape and size self-assemble, very slowly and at room temperature, on polystyrene films for film thickness&lt; 4R_ {g} $, R_ {g} being unperturbed polymer gyration radius. Nanoparticle shape and size can be tuned, without sacrificing monodispersity, by changing polymer film thickness. Self-assembly is caused by enhanced two-dimensional diffusion of sputter-deposited Au clusters on a distribution of surface energy variations, sharply defined and with tunable ...

Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs4.0 International Public License (CC BY-NC-ND). This license allows others to download the articles and share them with others as long as they credit you, but they can't change them in any way or use them commercially. A 21-year-old male patient was admitted to our emergency service with the complait of pain on his left elbow after slipping and falling on his palm a few hours ago. Significant sensitivity and edema were present on his left antecubital region through the proximal radius without any open wound. Radial and ulnar pulses were palpable and there were no motor or sensory deficits. Elbow movements in flexion and extension were limited and painful. In antero-posterior radiography, radial head fracture was hardly seen (figure 1a). Lateral radiography of the elbow showed fat pad sign which is highly suggestive of a hidden fracture (figure 1b).Computerized tomography showed vertical progression of a fissure line in the proximal radius extending from the neck to the interarticular region (figure 1c). The best elbow fat pad sign is radiographically seen in full lateral flexion of 90°, any obligation suppressing the view. It occurs due to the existence of an elbow joint effusion. In adult patients with trauma, clinicians should search for intracapsular radial head fractures. Bad position during shooting, extracapsular abnormalities or rupture of the capsules leads to a false negative fat pad sign. Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs4.0 International Public License (CC BY-NC-ND). This license allows others to download the articles and share them with others as long as they credit you, but they can't change them in any way or use them commercially. A 21-year-old male patient was admitted to our emergency service with the complait of pain on his left elbow after slipping and falling on his palm a few hours ago. Significant sensitivity and edema were present on his left antecubital region through the proximal radius without any open wound. Radial and ulnar pulses were palpable and there were no motor or sensory deficits. Elbow movements in flexion and extension were limited and painful. In antero-posterior radiography, radial head fracture was hardly seen (figure 1a). Lateral radiography of the elbow showed fat pad sign which is highly suggestive of a hidden fracture (figure 1b).Computerized tomography showed vertical progression of a fissure line in the proximal radius extending from the neck to the interarticular region (figure 1c). The best elbow fat pad sign is radiographically seen in full lateral flexion of 90°, any obligation suppressing the view. It occurs due to the existence of an elbow joint effusion. In adult patients with trauma, clinicians should search for intracapsular radial head fractures. Bad position during shooting, extracapsular abnormalities or rupture of the capsules leads to a false negative fat pad sign. Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs4.0 International Public License (CC BY-NC-ND). This license allows others to download the articles and share them with others as long as they credit you, but they can't change them in any way or use them commercially. A 21-year-old male patient was admitted to our emergency service with the complait of pain on his left elbow after slipping and falling on his palm a few hours ago. Significant sensitivity and edema were present on his left antecubital region through the proximal radius without any open wound. Radial and ulnar pulses were palpable and there were no motor or sensory deficits. Elbow movements in flexion and extension were limited and painful. In antero-posterior radiography, radial head fracture was hardly seen (figure 1a). Lateral radiography of the elbow showed fat pad sign which is highly suggestive of a hidden fracture (figure 1b).Computerized tomography showed vertical progression of a fissure line in the proximal radius extending from the neck to the interarticular region (figure 1c). The best elbow fat pad sign is radiographically seen in full lateral flexion of 90°, any obligation suppressing the view. It occurs due to the existence of an elbow joint effusion. In adult patients with trauma, clinicians should search for intracapsular radial head fractures. Bad position during shooting, extracapsular abnormalities or rupture of the capsules leads to a false negative fat pad sign.

Since their discovery in 1896, x-rays have had a profound impact on science, medicine and technology. Here we show that the x-rays from a novel tabletop source of bright coherent synchrotron radiation can be applied to phase contrast imaging of biological specimens, yielding superior image quality and avoiding the need for scarce or expensive conventional sources.

The construction characteristics and the performances of an x‐ray diode working at 200 Hz are described. The temporal behavior of both the plasma cathode emission and the diode discharge has been studied, including the measurements of vacuum effects on the repetition rate and lifetime capability, preionization versus electrical features, and ionization density versus dosage. This simple and low‐cost x‐ray diode has been used to uniformly preionize a half‐liter XeCl laser, delivering an output laser energy of 800 mJ/shot at a 100 Hz repetition rate.

The synthesis of Ni filled multi-walled carbon nanotubes was performed by atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition with propane on Si at 850 C using a simple mixture of (N,N’-bis(Salicyliden)-ethylenediiminato) nickel(II) popularly known as Ni(Salen) and conventional photoresist. Analysis of the carbon nanotubes using scanning electron microscopy together with high-resolution transmission electron microscopy show that the nanotubes have grown by tip-growth mechanism, exhibit a multi-walled structure with partial Ni filling. The high quality of the Ni filled nanotubes is evidenced by Raman spectroscopy. The magnetic properties of Ni-filled nanotubes were analyzed using a superconducting quantum interference device. A scalable as well as site-selective growth of high quality Ni filled carbon nanotubes is achieved by a simple photolithographic method.