VSP

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La convergencia mediática recomienda homogeneizar el marco normativo aplicable a los diferentes prestadores de servicios de comunicación audiovisual: televisiones lineales, televisiones a la carta y plataformas de compartición de vídeos en Internet (VSP, por sus siglas en inglés). Consciente de ello, la nueva Directiva audiovisual europea se propone equilibrar las reglas del juego para las distintas formas de prestación de servicios audiovisuales, como son la televisión lineal y la televisión a la carta. Además, y de forma novedosa, la Directiva 2018/1808/UE extiende por primera vez su ámbito de aplicación a las VSP, en aquello que se refiere a la protección de los menores y a la lucha contra contenidos discriminatorios y el discurso del odio. Con motivo de esta reforma normativa, en la presente comunicación nos cuestionamos cómo pueden salvaguardarse en el nuevo entorno audiovisual convergente y colaborativo los intereses públicos que tradicionalmente han configurado la regulación del sector audiovisual: la protección de los menores, el orden público, la veracidad de las informaciones, la protección de consumidores y usuarios, el pluralismo comunicativo y la diversidad cultural. Para ello, y junto con una cumplida mención a cómo se garantizan dichos intereses públicos en los servicios de televisión lineales y a la carta, se discute en detalle la forma en la que dichos bienes e intereses pueden ser garantizados en las VSP, cuya naturaleza colaborativa pone en jaque las formas más tradicionales de regulación.
Palabras clave: plataformas de compartición de vídeo (VSP), regulación audiovisual, convergencia mediática, corregulación.

Klinički centar Srbije, *Institut za neurohirurgiju, † Institut za ortopedsku hirurgiju i traumatologiju, Beograd, Srbija; Medicinski fakultet, ‡ Institut za histologiju i embriologiju, § Institut za sudsku medicinu, Beograd, Srbija; Medicinski fakultet, ║ Institut za anatomiju, Priština, Kosovska Mitrovica, Srbija Apstrakt Uvod/Cilj. Klasični udžbenici anatomije ne opisuju vaskularizaciju distalnog, odnosno intrakranijalnog i intrakanalikularnog dela vidnog živca, već se opisi odnose samo na proksimalni, odnosno intraorbitalni segment nerva. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se prouči šema arterijske vaskularizacije intrakranijalnog i intrakanalikularnog dela (distalni deo) vidnog živca kod čoveka. Metode. Proučavanje je obuhvatilo 25 preparata intrakranijalnih i intrakanalikularnih delova humanih vidnih živaca i oftalmičnih arterija (OA). Korišćene su tri metode istraživanja: makroskopska disekcija, mikroanatomsko proučavanje pod stereomikroskopom i analiza preparata histološkim tehnikama. Na preparatima vidnog živca i OA u intrakranijalni segment unutrašnje karotidne arterije i početni deo OA injicirana je 10% mešavina rastopljenog želatina i tuša. Histološki preparati su pripremljeni i bojeni histohemijskim metodama: trihromno bojenje prema Massonu, Van Giesonu, Azanu i toluidin plavim. Rezultati. Oftalmična arterija, po svom nastanku, iz lobanjske duplje ulazi u optički kanal, kroz koji nastavlja sadržana u duralnom omotaču vidnog živca. Oftalmična arterija bila je na 44% preparata u nivou ulaska

Background/Aim. Thermodynamical and cryobiological parameters responsible for cell damages during cryopreservation (cryoinjuries) have not yet been completely explained. Thus, freezing procedures should be revised, exactly optimized to obtain an enhanced structural and functional recovery of frozen-thawed cells. The aim of this study was to compare microprocessor-controlled (controlled-rate) with the compensation of the released fusion heat and "dump-freezing" (uncontrolled-rate) of the platelet and lymphocyte cryopreservation efficacy. Methods. Platelet quantitative recovery (post-thaw vs. unfrozen cell count), viability (using hypotonic shock response -HSR), morphological score (PMS), ultrastructural (electron microscopy) properties and expression of different surface antigens were investigated. In lymphocyte setting, cell recovery and viability (using trypan blue exclusion test) as well as functionality (by plant mitogens) were determined. Controlled-rate freezing and uncontrolled-rate cryopreservation were combined with 6% (platelets) and 10% (lymphocytes) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Results. Platelet recovery and functionality were superior in the controlled-rate system. The majority of surface antigen expression was reduced in both freezing groups vs. unfrozen cells, but GP140/CD62p was significantly higher in controlled-rate vs. uncontrolled-rate setting. Controlledrate freezing resulted with better lymphocyte recovery and viability (trypan blue-negative cell percentage). In mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferative response no significant intergroup difference (controlled-rate vs. uncontrolled-rate) were found. Conclusion. The data obtained in this study showned the dependence of cell response on the cryopreservation type. Controlled-rate freezing provided a superior platelet quantitative and functional recovery. Lymphocyte recovery and viability were better in the controlled-rate group, although only a minor intergroup difference for cell proliferative response was obtained.