Urea

Aim of the study: To determine the possibility of using saliva as a diagnostic and prognostic tool for screening and monitoring kidney function. Methods: This study included 32 patients with different stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and 20 healthy examinees for the control group. Saliva was collected using the spitting method, and on the same day blood was also drawn from the examinees to determine serum concentrations of urea and creatinine. The salivary values of uric acid, urea, creatinine and albumin were determined with a spectrophotometer, as well as the serum concentrations of urea and creatinine. Results: Our results showed a statistically significant positive correlation between salivary and serum levels of urea and creatinine in patients with CKD (Pearson’s correlation coefficient for urea was r =0.6527, p = 0.000, while for creatinine it was r = 0.5486, p = 0.001). We detected a statistically significant positive correlation between the salivary levels of urea and ...

Spectroscopic, calorimetric, and proteolytic methods were utilized to evaluate the stability of the kinetically stable, differentially glycosylated, dimeric serine protease milin as a function of pH (1.0-11.0), temperature, urea, and GuHCl denaturation in presence of 8 M urea at pH 2.0. The stability of milin remains equivalent to that of native at pH 1.0-11.0. However, negligible and reversible alteration in structure upon temperature transition has been observed at pH 2.0 and with 1.6 M GuHCl. Irreversible and incomplete calorimetric transition with apparent T m [ 100°C was observed at basic pH (9.0 and 10.0). Urea-induced unfolding at pH 4.0, and at pH 2.0 with GuHCl, in presence of 8 M urea also reveals incomplete unfolding. Milin has been found to exhibit proteolytic resistant in either native or denatured state against various commercial proteases. These results imply that the high conformational stability of milin against various denaturating conditions enable its potential use in protease-based industries.

Cissampelos sympodialis is a plant to northeastern Brazil region used by populace for treating diseases respiratory. Several studies have shown that the ethanol extract of the leaves have immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities. The infusion is an ancient popular technique widely used in traditional medicine using as extracting means just hot water. This study aims to investigate the acute toxicological potential administering a dose of 2000mg/kg in Rattus norvegicus combined with in silico study of 117 alkaloids present in Cissampelos genre. In silico, 5 we can determine which molecules have a high toxicity (21, 8, 93, 32 and 88) and low toxicity (57, 77, 28, 25 and 67) and their percentage metabolizing liver. The toxicological evaluation in vivo showed that there was a decrease in water consumption in males only and feed intake in both sexes. However, these numbers were not statistically sufficient to change the weight gain of the animals. As for the biochemical paramete...

The one-step synthesis of two C 2-symmetric receptors including two b-cyclodextrin cores or two disaccharidyl units connected by urea linkers to a diazacrown ether organizing platform is reported. The X-ray structure of the peracetylated bis-ureidocellobiosyl podand could be determined. These molecular systems, long thought to be potent selective carriers for chiral/achiral organic guests at the supramolecular level, were found to be efficient complexing tools toward the Busulfan anticancer agent but also toward L-arginine and L-lysine basic aminoacids.

Field experiment was conducted with the objective of evaluating the effects of blended (NPSB) fertilizer rates on yield and yield components of Barley at Cheguarkudo in Tsegedie Wereda of Tigray Ethiopia during the main rainy seasons of 2019 and 2020. The experiment was carried out on farmers' field with three replications using randomized complete block design (RCBD), comprised of 8 treatments 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300 kg/ha NPSB and recommended NP 64kg/ha N and 46 kg P2O5/ha. Composite soil samples were also initially collected from 0-20 cm depth of the fields and analyzed. The blended fertilizer rates were applied at the time of sowing while N was applied in split into two applications. Phosphorus di ammonium phosphate (DAP) was also applied at planting time. Plant height, spike length, straw yield, grain yield data were collected. Soil analyses of the experimental fields revealed sandy loam soil textural classes, strongly acid soil reaction (pH), low organic matter (OM), low total N and low Olsen P. Application of different rates of NPSB fertilizers significantly (P≤0.05) and positively influenced most of the crop parameters. Highest result was obtained at 300 kg/ha blended. Partial budget analysis showed highest and profitable yield at 150 kg NPSB/ha was recorded for Barley. This profitable rate could be recommended for the experimental area.

İn this studyı the effecets of rations1 which were prepared by treated straw with HCl (20 % HCl), HCl + Urea (20 % HCl + 4 % Urea) and Urea (4 %) on the digestibility of crude feedstuff, dry matter intake1 ruminal fermentation and microbial protein synthesis capability were investigated in classical experimental design using four Merinos rams. Nutrient digestibility increased in all treated groups especially crude fibre and cell wall components (P<0.05) but varied according to rate of straw in the ration and method of treatment. Dry matter intake in the respective groups was not found to be significant (P>0.05). The average pH values of ruminal liquid were found in normallimits in all treated groups and the difference between the groups was not significant (P>0.05). İn the total buffer capacity and NH3-N similar situations were observed. The amount of nitrogen which was kept in the body was found higher in the groups treated with HCl and HCl + Urea (P<0.001). Changes in daily amount of microbial nitrogen reaching the intestine were observed according to treating method. The amount of total volatile fatty acids (P<0.01), and acetic acid were higher in the groups fed with treated straw (P<0.05).

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Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have received much attention as a potential extracting agent in recent years due to favorable characteristic such as low cost, non-toxic, non-flammable and availability. In this research, the solubility of different gases including CO 2 , CO, CH 4 , H 2 and N 2 in Choline Chloride/Urea as a deep eutectic solvent at the temperature ranging from 308 and 333 K and pressure up to 5 MPa is determined. Furthermore, the effect of different molar ratios of Choline Chloride to Urea (1:1.5, 1:2.0 and 1:2.5) on the solubility of CO 2 is elucidated. In this regard, two thermodynamic models (NRTL and COSMO-RS) are used. The performance of the proposed models is validated with the experimental data. The adjustable parameters of NRTL model are computed by local optimization. In order to comprise the results of two thermodynamic models precisely, the absolute relative errors (ARDs) are computed. The results indicate that NRTL model predicts the solubility data superior than COSMO-RS model. This is rationalized because COSMO-RS model does not use any adjustable parameters in solubility calculation.

Effect of partially substituting improved grasses – Napier ( Pennisetum purpureum ) and Guinea grass ( Panicum maximum ) combination – with 50% corn or sorghum silages on dry matter intake (DMI), milk production and body condition scores of nine Holstein-Friesian x Sahiwal cows were determined in a 23-day feeding trial. Cows were grouped and distributed following a 3x3 Latin Square Design based on 10-100, 101-200 and &gt;200 days-in-milk (DIM.) No sig­nificant differences were observed on all of the response variables for 10-100 and 101-200 DIM fed with the three treatments. Morning DMI (7.07 kg) and total DMI (13.68 kg) of cows at &gt;200 DIM was greatest ( P =0.03) on animals fed 100% improved grass. Corn silage substitution at 50% of total DMI had the highest ( P =0.05) afternoon milk yield (3.13 L/day) compared to the other two dietary treatments. In conclusion, corn or sorghum silage can replace im­proved grasses at 50% DM requirement without any general effect on milk producti...

Immunization of entire males against gonadotrophin releasing factor (GnRF) is an alternative to physical castration (Dunshea, 2009). It involves immunization with an incomplete analog of GnRF conjugated to a carrier protein in a low reactogenic-adjuvant system (Dunshea et al., 2001). The pig

Tolbutamide (1) is a sulfonurea agent used to stimulate insulin secretion in type 2 diabetic patients. Its analogue 1‐(4‐(2‐[18F]fluoroethoxy)benzenesulfonyl)‐3‐butyl urea (3) was synthesized in overall radiochemical yields of 45% as a potential β‐cell imaging agent. Compound 3 was synthesized by 18F‐fluoroalkylation of the corresponding hydroxy precursor (2) with 2‐[18F]fluoroethyltosylate in DMF at 120°C for 10 min followed by purification with HPLC in a synthesis time of 50 min. Insulin secretion experiments of the authentic 19F‐standard compound on rat islets showed that the compound has a similar stimulating effect on insulin secretion as that of tolbutamide (1). The partition coefficient of compound 3 between octanol/water was determined to be 1.3±0.3 (n=5). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Arrowroot able to be alternative food because it has high enough carbohydrate content. The increase of productivity of arrowroot can be reached by using plant spacing and fertilization. This study aims to determine the effect of plant spacing and fertilization, also their interaction on growth and yield of arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea L.). This research was held from March to November 2016 in the experimental land, Faculty of Agriculture, Sebelas Maret University. This research arranged in Completely Randomized Block Design (CRBD) consisted of 2 factors; dosage of N,P,K fertilizer (with 3 levels) and plant spacing (with 2 levels). Each treatment was repeated 4 times. The data obtained analyzed with analysis of variance and followed with Duncan Multiple Range Test at 5% level if any significant influences. The results showed that the interaction between plant spacing of 30x40 cm and urea, Sp36 and KCl 300Kg-1 ha significantly increased the number of tillers and diameter of arrowroot respectively. The use of plant spacing 30x40 cm tends to increase growth and better yield. The use of 300 Kg-1 ha Urea, SP36 and KCl fertilizer significantly increased plant height, while 150 Kg/ha urea, SP36 and KCl fertilizer significantly increased the number of tuber crops.

The agricultural sector uses fertilizers such as urea to add more nutrients to the soil needed for plant growth. Although it is cost-effective in crop production, indiscriminate use of nitrate-based fertilizer may result in behavioural, morphological, and physiological alterations on non-target organisms. This study determined the angiogenesis activity in the chorioallantoic membrane of urea-exposed duck embryos. It also investigated the weight, morphometries, and liver histopathology to gather more information on urea fertilizer&#39;s toxicity. It was observed that urea promoted angiogenesis in the CAM of duck embryos, especially at higher concentrations (P&lt;0.05). Embryos treated with urea resulted in an alteration of the head-beak length (P&lt;0.05). However, weight, crown-rump length, forelimb length, and hind limb length were not affected. The developing liver of urea-treated embryos showed distortion of the central vein shape and had larger sinusoidal spaces. The presence of...

The objective of this study was to evaluate dry matter (DM) production of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu and ammonia volatilization in response to rates and sources of enhanced-efficiency N fertilizers. Methods The experiment was installed in a pasture area, evaluated over two growing seasons. A randomized block design with four replications was used, in a 4x2+1 factorial arrangement, consisting of four N sources (Urea-UrConv; Ammonium nitrate-AN; Ureia+NBPT-UrNBPT; Urea+Duromide-UrDuromide) and two nitrogen rates (100 and 200 kg ha-1 year), plus a treatment without nitrogen fertilization (control). Results At both N rates, ammonia volatilization from UrConv100/200 was highest. Ammonia volatilization was lower after UrNBPT and UrDuromide application, with values similar to AN. Ammonia losses from UrDuromide tend to be lower than from UrNBPT. The N use efficiency in dry matter production of Marandu was influenced by the N sources and rates. At both N rates, the efficiency of UrDuromide and UrNBPT was greater than that of UrConv. With regard to total DM and leaf percentage in response to N rates, DM production increased after 200 kg N ha-1 rates in response to all sources, in both years. Conclusions The UrDuromide reduce N losses by volatilization compared to UrNBPT and Urconv, and resulted in greater total DM production and relative leaf production of Marandu, in comparison to UrNBPT, AN and Urconv.

would significantly help to alleviate the huge economic burden of haemophilia care. Moreover, the need for weight reduction is becoming increasingly important as the prevalence of overweight and obesity increases in the haemophilia population. A report of a recent nationwide survey in the Netherlands described obesity as a Ônew disasterÕ for haemophilia patients. In our previous study, we found that the prevalence of obesity in our adult (‡20 years old) haemophilia patients in Mississippi was 36% and there was a prevalence (21%) of obese young haemophiliacs (aged 2-19.9 years) comparable to the national average ($21%) [4]. In conclusion, the growing risk of obesity in haemophilia is associated with a much higher cost for prophylactic treatment. It is thus imperative that preventive measures are taken to identify haemophilia patients at risk for obesity and to institute appropriate intervention at an early stage to help reduce weight in such patients. Such an approach will ultimately have a significant economic impact in reducing the burden of treating this expensive disease.

Cotton is an important commercial crop that supports the world economy by serving as a source of raw materials for the textile sector. It is grown in various regions of the world and is subjected to diverse environmental or nutritional constraints that affect its growth and productivity. Among these constraints, NPK deficiency is a major nutritional constraint in alkaline-calcareous soils. The problem of NPK deficiency in cotton has been addressed by the application of different NPK fertilizers; however, their efficacy in alkaline soils is not well understood. This experiment was carried out to look into the comparative effect of NPK fertilizers, such as DAP, Urea, SOP, CAN, and NP on the growth of cotton. The aim of the findings was to assess the impact of different NPK fertilizers on the growth and productivity of cotton in alkaline-calcareous soils. Five different treatments were used in the experiment, which was carried out using a randomized complete block design, a control treatment and three replications. The results showed that the treatment with NP+CAN+SOP (T5) had the highest number of bolls (46.75), followed by T3 (42.25) with DAP+CAN+SOP, and T4 (36.55) with NP+ Urea + SOP. The highest plant height (163.48 cm) and fresh stalk weight (290 g) were observed in T5. Similarly, the maximum yield (2350 kg/ha) was observed in T5 followed by T3 (2081 kg/ha). T5 also showed highest relative water content (94.7%) and staple length (27.4 mm)). In conclusion, the application of NP+CAN+SOP (T5) had a significant optimistic impact on the growth and productivity of cotton in alkaline-calcareous soils. The findings of this investigation offer insightful information on the efficacy of NPK fertilizers for cotton production in these soils and can be used to make informed decisions for future fertilizer management practices.

This study was focused on a by-product (i.e., belly muscle) resulting from the commercial processing of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). In it, n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) concentrates were obtained from the belly oil by optimization of the urea-complexation process variables. Thus, the effect of urea:fatty acids (FA) ratio (0 to 6, w/w), crystallization temperature (-30 to 30 °C), crystallization time (3.0 to 48.0 h) and stirring speed (0 to 1,000 rpm) on the eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3) contents in concentrates was analyzed by response-surface methodology. As a result, high values were obtained for total FA yield recovered, and contents on LCPUFA, EPA and DHA in the non-urea complexing fraction, as well as a great retention of saturated and monounsaturated FA in the urea-crystal adducts. After validation of the model obtained, the combination of process variables levels that maximizes the desirability function (0.91 score) for response variables was 4.21,-15 ºC, 24 h and 1,000 rpm, respectively. In agreement with the great significance and availability of farmed rainbow trout, belly muscle by-product confirmed to be a profitable source of n-3 LCPUFA to be commercialized as an added-value component.

Objective: Purpose was to determine the effects of grazing system and floor type on concen trations of blood metabolites, activity of creatine kinase, body weight and carcass characteristics of castrated Nguni goats. Methods: Forty eight, 7 month old goats were randomly allocated to herding and tethering treatments from 0800 to 1300 hours and accommodated on slatted and earth floors daily. Blood samples were collected by jugular venipuncture every fifteenth day for metabolite analysis. Slau ghter was done at a commercial abattoir following 5 months of monitoring. Results: Tethered goats had significantly higher concentrations of urea (5.19 mmol/L) (p< 0.001), creatinine (55.87 μmol/L) (p<0.05), total protein (64.60 g/L) (p<0.01), and globulin (49.79 g/L) (p<0.001), whereas herded goats had higher glucose (3.38 mmol/L) (p<0.001), albumin (15.33 g/L) (p<0.05), albumin/globulin ratio (0.34) (p<0.01), and body weight (24.87 kg) (p< 0.001). Slatted floors caused higher (p<0.01) albumin at 15.37 g/L. The interaction of grazing system and floor type affected creatinine, total protein, globulin at (p<0.01) and albumen/globulin ratio at (p<0.01). The least creatinine concentration and albumin/globulin ratio was in herded and tethered goats that were accommodated on earth floors, respectively. The highest total protein and globulin concentrations were in serum of tethered goats that were accommodated on earth floors. The highest (p<0.05) dressing percentage (45.26%) was in herded goats acco mmodated on slatted floors. Conclusion: Herding of goats lowered globulin concentration, improved estimated feed intake, blood glucose and albumin concentrations, albumin globulin ratio, increased body weights and weight related carcass characteristics. Floor type had very little effects on metabolites where earth floors only reduced albumin concentration. Tethering and housing goats on earth floors resulted in double stress that increased chronic infections.

Objective: Purpose was to determine the effects of grazing system and floor type on concen trations of blood metabolites, activity of creatine kinase, body weight and carcass characteristics of castrated Nguni goats. Methods: Forty eight, 7 month old goats were randomly allocated to herding and tethering treatments from 0800 to 1300 hours and accommodated on slatted and earth floors daily. Blood samples were collected by jugular venipuncture every fifteenth day for metabolite analysis. Slau ghter was done at a commercial abattoir following 5 months of monitoring. Results: Tethered goats had significantly higher concentrations of urea (5.19 mmol/L) (p< 0.001), creatinine (55.87 μmol/L) (p<0.05), total protein (64.60 g/L) (p<0.01), and globulin (49.79 g/L) (p<0.001), whereas herded goats had higher glucose (3.38 mmol/L) (p<0.001), albumin (15.33 g/L) (p<0.05), albumin/globulin ratio (0.34) (p<0.01), and body weight (24.87 kg) (p< 0.001). Slatted floors caused higher (p<0.01) albumin at 15.37 g/L. The interaction of grazing system and floor type affected creatinine, total protein, globulin at (p<0.01) and albumen/globulin ratio at (p<0.01). The least creatinine concentration and albumin/globulin ratio was in herded and tethered goats that were accommodated on earth floors, respectively. The highest total protein and globulin concentrations were in serum of tethered goats that were accommodated on earth floors. The highest (p<0.05) dressing percentage (45.26%) was in herded goats acco mmodated on slatted floors. Conclusion: Herding of goats lowered globulin concentration, improved estimated feed intake, blood glucose and albumin concentrations, albumin globulin ratio, increased body weights and weight related carcass characteristics. Floor type had very little effects on metabolites where earth floors only reduced albumin concentration. Tethering and housing goats on earth floors resulted in double stress that increased chronic infections.

Background: The 13 C-urea breath test (13 C-UBT) is an accurate means of Helicobacter pylori diagnosis. However, proton pump inhibitors may suppress H. pylori and cause false negative results. Aim: To study the kinetics of H. pylori suppression by omeprazole during and after short-term use. Methods: Volunteers underwent a baseline 13 C-UBT (13 C-urea 100 mg). H. pylori-positive subjects took omeprazole 20 mg daily for 14 days. Those who remained 13 C-UBT positive (d 13 CO 2 ³ 5) continued omeprazole for a further 14 days. 13 C-UBTs were performed weekly on omeprazole and then every second day after it was stopped. False negatives occurred when d 13 CO 2 fell to < 5. Results: In 25 H. pylori-positive subjects (mean age 43.9 2.4 years; 21 females, 4 males) the mean baseline d 13 CO 2 was 28.1 3.4. False negative breath tests occurred in three subjects after 7 days of omeprazole and in a further four subjects after 14 days. A further six subjects developed negative tests between Days 14 and 28. Following cessation of omeprazole, the 13 C-UBT became positive again in 12/13 subjects within 4 days and in all within 6 days, with a mean recovery to 99.9 18.6% of baseline d 13 CO 2. Conclusions: False negative 13 C-UBTs are common during treatment with omeprazole and occur after as little as 7 days. Return to positive test results is rapid after cessation of omeprazole. These ®ndings are relevant to the timing of testing in clinical practice.

Macrotyloma uniflorum Linn. (Fabaceae) seeds are widely used for their diuretic and urolithiatic effects in India. The present study investigated the effect of aqueous extract of Macrotyloma uniflorum seeds (AEMU) on ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis in rats. To induce urolithiasis, 0.75% v/v ethylene glycol was administered orally for 14 days. The curative doses of 400 and 800 mg/kg were administered from 15 th to 28 th day. On 28 th day, 24 hr urine, serum was collected and various biochemical parameters were estimated in urine, serum and kidney homogenate along with histology of kidney. Co-administration of AEMU with ethylene glycol has significantly (p<0.001) increased the urine volume and the level of calculus inhibitors like magnesium, citrate and decreased the level of calculus promoters like calcium, oxalate, uric acid and urea also decreased in crystallria in urine. AEMU supplement also prevented the pathological changes in kidney and increased the glomerulus activity of the kidney. These results indicate that AEMU showed significant activity in urolithiasis which might be due to its diuretic, calcium oxalate crystal formation inhibitory effects and its ability to increase the levels of inhibitors and decrease the level of promoters of urolithiasis.

Macrotyloma uniflorum Linn. (Fabaceae) seeds are widely used for their diuretic and urolithiatic effects in India. The present study investigated the effect of aqueous extract of Macrotyloma uniflorum seeds (AEMU) on ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis in rats. To induce urolithiasis, 0.75% v/v ethylene glycol was administered orally for 14 days. The curative doses of 400 and 800 mg/kg were administered from 15 th to 28 th day. On the 28th day, 24 h urine, serum was collected and various biochemical parameters were estimated in urine, serum and kidney homogenate along with histology of kidney. Co-administration of AEMU with ethylene glycol has significantly (p < 0.001) increased the urine volume and the level of calculus inhibitors like magnesium, citrate and decreased the level of calculus promoters like calcium, oxalate, uric acid and urea also decreased in crystalluria in urine. AEMU supplement also prevented the pathological changes in the kidney and increased the glomerulus activity of the kidney. These results indicate that AEMU showed significant activity in urolithiasis which might be due to its diuretic, calcium oxalate crystal formation inhibitory effects and its ability to increase the levels of inhibitors and decrease the level of promoters of urolithiasis.

Macrotyloma uniflorum Linn. (Fabaceae) seeds are widely used for their diuretic and urolithiatic effects in India. The present study investigated the effect of aqueous extract of Macrotyloma uniflorum seeds (AEMU) on ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis in rats. To induce urolithiasis, 0.75% v/v ethylene glycol was administered orally for 14 days. The curative doses of 400 and 800 mg/kg were administered from 15th to 28th day. On 28th day, 24 hr urine, serum was collected and various biochemical parameters were estimated in urine, serum and kidney homogenate along with histology of kidney. Co-administration of AEMU with ethylene glycol has significantly (p&lt;0.001) increased the urine volume and the level of calculus inhibitors like magnesium, citrate and decreased the level of calculus promoters like calcium, oxalate, uric acid and urea also decreased in crystallria in urine. AEMU supplement also prevented the pathological changes in kidney and increased the glomerulus activity of...

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are highly recalcitrant compounds and difficult to degrade. Therefore in this work, using a bioremediation approach, mixed bacterial cultures (ASPF) was developed and enriched from polluted marine sediments capable of degrading 400 mg/L of phenanthrene and fluoranthene in Bushnell Hass medium. ASPF consists of 22 bacterial genera dominated by Azoarcus and Chelativorans. The biostimulation effect of three water soluble fertilizers (NPK, urea, and ammonium sulfate) showed that NPK and ammonium sulfate have enhanced the degradation, whereas urea has decreased their degradation. ASPF was also able to degrade phenanthrene and fluoranthene in the presence of petroleum hydrocarbons. But degradation was found to decrease in the presence of pathway intermediates (phthalic acid and catechol) due to enzymatic feedback inhibition. Optimum degradation of both PAHs was observed under room temperature, suggesting the practical applicability of ASPF.

Malnutrition and muscle loss are common in bed-ridden elderly nursing home residents. Supplementation of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) has been shown to prevent muscle loss in several catabolic conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of HMB supplementation on body composition and protein metabolism in bed-ridden elderly nursing home residents receiving tube feeding. The subjects were randomly assigned to HMB (n=39, 2 g/d) or control group (n=40). Anthropometry measurements, blood sampling, and 24-hr urine collection were performed on the day before and 14 days after the start of the study. A subgroup of subjects (HMB: n=19, control: n=20) continued the study for another 14 days. Changes in body weight and BMI were not significantly different between the groups after 14 or 28 days after controlling for baseline BMI. Blood urea nitrogen significantly decreased in the HMB group, while it remained unchanged in the control group after 14 days. Urinary ure...

This study examined potential benefits of coal through improved and efficient technology life cycle in supporting sustainable development in most developing parts of the world. The aim of this study was to reveal various products that can be obtained from coal and its sustainability property. The need for coal to clean transportation fuel will not seize as long as the pressure on oil price remains high. In addition, the location of the world's oil and gas resources and their availability to consumers is a major concern, and import dependency is a considerable part. Coal on the other hand offers security of supply benefits and possesses a particularly broad geographic resource distribution where it is present in more than 70 countries worldwide and currently mined in 50 of those countries. Coal users can benefit from utilising their own indigenous resources, or by accessing affordable coal in a well-established market from a wide variety of countries and suppliers. Even taking into account the costs of transformation, coal-derived fuels can provide a hedge against the volatility of oil prices and facilitate greater economic independence through the stabilisation of demands on foreign currency reserves. This study revealed that coal can produce products such as ammonia & Urea, methanol, olefin, natural gas, and dimethyl ether in commercial quantities. In addition, since, the carbon dioxide produced in the coal chemical processing is of high concentration and high pressure, it was found to be helpful in capturing and utilization of other products such as urea, acetic, potassium carbonate and underground fire extinguisher. Hence, giving priority to deploying captured carbon dioxide to the coal chemical industry and power plants for boasting electricity generation will aid economic and environmental development. These findings explore the benefit of effective and efficient product life cycle engineering in encouraging sustainable development around the globe.

Drug Ionic Liquids (ILs) have been broadly studied in Medicine and Industrials for the replacement of VOCs in organic chemistry for the synthesis of biologically active compounds including Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs). ILs and antimicrobial or antibacterial activity, antibiofilm activity, ILs and antitumor activity, biotechnology and toxicity of ionic liquids, and biomedical applications (use of ILs to boosting MRI), all these are important for Medical applications. We investigated functions of temperature, densities (), dynamic viscosities (η), surface tension (σ), ionic conductivity (κ), refractive indices (n D), and thermal conductivity (λ) for the binary systems of the DMSO with ionic liquids as pharmaceutical salts over the whole composition range at temperature from 298.15 to 363.15K under atmospheric pressure. The ILs investigated in this study comprised [Bu 3 NBn]Cl-2(MCl m), (MCl m = AlCl 3 , CuCl 2 , FeCl 3 , SnCl 4 , ZnCl 2) which we synthesized in our laboratory. By using TLC, CHNS, FT-IR and Mass Spectroscopy, the temperature influence on the thermophysical properties on the 106

A field experiment was conducted during the Rabi season of 2022 at the Rajoula Agriculture farm, of Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidyalaya Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.). The present experiment having 13 treatment combinations replicated thrice in a randomized block design. Mustard variety Pusa Mahak was grown with recommended agronomic practices. Based on the results emanated from present investigation, it could be concluded that application of T12 [½ of RDN + (I st nano-urea spray + 2 nd nano-urea spray + 1.25 kg B)] significantly recorded maximum growth parameters such as plant height (198.8 cm), number of branches plant-1 (8.7) and maximum yield attributing characters such as number of siliqua plant-1 (166.8), number of seed siliqua-1 (13.4) and 1000 seed weight (5.1 g). The result showed the highest grain yield (1523.81 kg ha-1) and straw Original Research Article

Purpose Long-term manure applications can prevent or reverse soil acidification by chemical nitrogen (N) fertilizer. However, the resistance to re-acidification from further chemical fertilization is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of urea application on nitrification and acidification processes in an acid red soil (Ferralic Cambisol) after long-term different field fertilization treatments. Materials and methods Soils were collected from six treatments of a 19-year field trial: (1) non-fertilization control, (2) chemical phosphorus and potassium (PK), (3) chemical N only (N), (4) chemical N, P, and K (NPK), (5) pig manure only (M), and (6) NPK plus M (NPKM; 70 % N from M). In a 35-day laboratory incubation experiment, the soils were incubated and examined for changes in pH, NH 4 + , and NO 3 − , and their correlations from urea application at 80 mg N kg −1 (−80) compared to 0 rate (−0). Results and discussion From urea addition, manure-treated soils exhibited the highest acidification and nitrification rates due to high soil pH (5.75-6.38) and the lowest in the chemical N treated soils due to low soil pH (3.83-3.90) with no N-treated soils (pH 4.98-5.12) fell between. By day 35, soil pH decreased to 5.21 and 5.81 (0.54 and 0.57 unit decrease) in the NPKM-80 and M-80 treatments, respectively, and to 4.69 and 4.53 (0.43 and 0.45 unit decrease) in the control-80 and PK-80 treatments, respectively, with no changes in the N-80 and NPK-80 treatments. The soil pH decrease was highly correlated with nitrification potential, and the estimated net proton released. The maximum nitrification rates (K max) of NPKM and M soils (14.7 and 21.6 mg N kg −1 day −1 , respectively) were significantly higher than other treatments (2.86-3.48 mg N kg −1 day −1). The priming effect on mineralization of organic N was high in manure treated soils. Conclusions Field data have shown clearly that manure amendment can prevent or reverse the acidification of the red soil. When a chemical fertilizer such as urea is applied to the soil again, however, soil acidification will occur at possibly high rates. Thus, the strategy in soil N management is continuous incorporation of manure to prevent acidification to maintain soil productivity. Further studies under field conditions are needed to provide more accurate assessments on acidification rate from chemical N fertilizer applications.

Purpose Long-term manure applications can prevent or reverse soil acidification by chemical nitrogen (N) fertilizer. However, the resistance to re-acidification from further chemical fertilization is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of urea application on nitrification and acidification processes in an acid red soil (Ferralic Cambisol) after long-term different field fertilization treatments. Materials and methods Soils were collected from six treatments of a 19-year field trial: (1) non-fertilization control, (2) chemical phosphorus and potassium (PK), (3) chemical N only (N), (4) chemical N, P, and K (NPK), (5) pig manure only (M), and (6) NPK plus M (NPKM; 70 % N from M). In a 35-day laboratory incubation experiment, the soils were incubated and examined for changes in pH, NH 4 + , and NO 3 − , and their correlations from urea application at 80 mg N kg −1 (−80) compared to 0 rate (−0). Results and discussion From urea addition, manure-treated soils exhibited the highest acidification and nitrification rates due to high soil pH (5.75-6.38) and the lowest in the chemical N treated soils due to low soil pH (3.83-3.90) with no N-treated soils (pH 4.98-5.12) fell between. By day 35, soil pH decreased to 5.21 and 5.81 (0.54 and 0.57 unit decrease) in the NPKM-80 and M-80 treatments, respectively, and to 4.69 and 4.53 (0.43 and 0.45 unit decrease) in the control-80 and PK-80 treatments, respectively, with no changes in the N-80 and NPK-80 treatments. The soil pH decrease was highly correlated with nitrification potential, and the estimated net proton released. The maximum nitrification rates (K max) of NPKM and M soils (14.7 and 21.6 mg N kg −1 day −1 , respectively) were significantly higher than other treatments (2.86-3.48 mg N kg −1 day −1). The priming effect on mineralization of organic N was high in manure treated soils. Conclusions Field data have shown clearly that manure amendment can prevent or reverse the acidification of the red soil. When a chemical fertilizer such as urea is applied to the soil again, however, soil acidification will occur at possibly high rates. Thus, the strategy in soil N management is continuous incorporation of manure to prevent acidification to maintain soil productivity. Further studies under field conditions are needed to provide more accurate assessments on acidification rate from chemical N fertilizer applications.

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) with Mg/Co/Al and Ni/Co/Al were synthesized for the first time by the urea hydrolysis method. The experimental conditions promoted aluminum rich and crystalline materials. The formation of LDHs was investigated by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), chemical analysis, solid state nuclear magnetic resonance with magic angle spinning (27 Al-MAS-NMR), simultaneous thermogravimetric/differential thermal analysis (TGA/DTA), FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and N 2 adsorption-desorption experiments. A single phase corresponding to LDH could be obtained in all the investigated compositions. Thermal calcination of these LDHs at 500 °C resulted in the formation of solid solutions in which Al 3+ was dissolved. All the calcined materials have rock-salt like structures and high surface areas.

A study was conducted on twenty indigenous goat kids allocated into two different groups. All animals were offered ad libitum rice straw and berseem hay (40:60). Group I (T 1) was fed concentrate mixture (100 g/d). Group II (T 2) was supplemented with urea molasses mineral block (200 g/d). The experiment lasted for 90 days. There was significant decrease in serum sodium (60.68 mEq/L), increase in serum potassium (34.50 mEq/L) and increased activity of AST (340.42 U/L) and ALT (164.96 U/L) was observed in kids of group T 2 in comparison to the controls (T 1). On histopathological examination mild degenerative changes in kidney of group T 2 with congestion in intertubular vessel, granular cytoplasm of the epithelial cells in PCT and DCT, necrosis and swelling of the epithelial cells, congestion of vessels and cloudy swelling was observed in PCT and DCT. Albuminious mass was also present in tubule. On histopathological observation of liver of kid of group T 2 oedema in liver parenchyma and proliferation of fibrious tissue in periportal area was observed.

The development of a new class of antibiotics to fight bacterial resistance is a time-consuming effort associated with high-cost and commercial risks. Thus, modification, conjugation or combination of existing antibiotics to enhance their efficacy is a suitable strategy. We have previously reported that the amphiphilic cyclic peptide [R 4 W 4 ] had antibacterial activity with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 2.97 µg/mL against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Herein, we hypothesized that conjugation or combination of the amphiphilic cyclic peptide [R 4 W 4 ] with levofloxacin or levofloxacin-Q could improve the antibacterial activity of levofloxacin and levofloxacin-Q. Fmoc/tBu solid-phase chemistry was employed to synthesize conjugates of [R 4 W 4 K]-levofloxacin-Q and [R 4 W 4 K]-levofloxacin. The carboxylic acid group of levofloxacin or levofloxacin-Q was conjugated with the amino group of β-alanine attached to lysine in the presence of 2-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HBTU) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) for 3 h to afford the products. Antibacterial assays were conducted to determine the potency of conjugates [R 4 W 4 K]-levofloxacin-Q and [R 4 W 4 K]-levofloxacin against MRSA and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Although levofloxacin-Q was inactive even at a concentration of 128 µg/mL, [R 4 W 4 K]-levofloxacin-Q conjugate and the corresponding physical mixture showed MIC values of 8 µg/mL and 32 µg/mL against MRSA and Klebsiella pneumonia, respectively, possibly due to the activity of the peptide. On the other hand, [R 4 W 4 K]-levofloxacin conjugate (MIC = 32 µg/mL and MIC = 128 µg/mL) and the physical mixture (MIC = 8 µg/mL and 32 µg/mL) was less active than levofloxacin (MIC = 2 µg/mL and 4 = µg/mL) against MRSA and Klebsiella pneumoniae, respectively. The data showed that the conjugation of levofloxacin with [R 4 W 4 K] significantly reduced the antibacterial activity compared to the parent analogs, while [R 4 W 4 K]-levofloxacin-Q conjugate was more significantly potent than levofloxacin-Q alone.

A major concern with the identification of renal toxicity using the traditional biomarkers, urea and creatinine, is that toxicity signal definitions are not sensitive to medically important changes in these biomarkers. Traditional renal signal definitions for urea and creatinine have not adequately identified drugs that have generated important medical issues later in development. Here, two clinical trial databases with a posteriori known drug induced renal impairment were analyzed for the presence of a renal impairment biomarker signal from urea (590 patients; age 26-92, median 65) and creatinine (532 patients; age 26-97, median 65). Data was analyzed retrospectively using multiple definitions for the biomarker signal to include values outside stratified reference intervals, values exceeding twofold increases from baseline, values classified by the 2009 NIAID renal toxicity table, change from baseline represented as a Z-score based on intra-individual biological variations, and an ...

Ammonia volatilization from surface-applied urea fertilizer reduces N fertilizer use efficiency by crops. Beneficial formation of NH4 over NH3 leading to reduction of NH3 loss may be possible through addition of zeolite and acidic materials. The objective of this laboratory study was to evaluate the effect of four different urea-triple superphosphate (TSP)-zeolite mixtures on NH3 volatilization and NH4 and NO3 contents in soil, compared with surfaceapplied urea without additives. The soil was a sandy clay loam Typic Kandiudults (Bungor Series). The mixtures significantly reduced NH3 loss by 34 to 49% compared with urea (straight urea, 46% N) and larger reductions were obtained with higher rates of zeolite (0.75 and 1 g kg−1 of soil). All the mixtures of acidic P fertilizer and zeolite with urea significantly increased soil NH4 content but not NO3 content. The mixtures with acidic P fertilizer and zeolite also significantly increased soil-exchangeable Ca, K and Mg, and benefited the formation of NH4 over NH3 compared with urea without additives. The increase in soilexchangeable cations, and temporary reduction of soil pH, might have impeded urea hydrolysis in the microsite immediately around the fertilizer. It could be possible to improve the efficiency of urea surface-applied to high value crops by addition of TSP and zeolite.

Seventeen serum chemistry analyses were performed on blood collected from captive diamond-backed water snakes. Means, standard deviations, and ranges were calculated for each assay. There was no correlation between the chemistry values and sex or size. The reported values for sodium, potassium, glucose, and total protein fell within the ranges found in the present study, but the values for chloride and blood urea nitrogen were higher, and calcium, bicarbonate, arid osmolality were lower. Some snakes had unexpectedly very low serum glucose values which could not be explained by technique or methodology. There was a wide range in enzyme measurements which could be partly due to handling prior to death.

The use of goats for meat production faces challenges from environmental and nutritional factors. Urea is an affordable non-protein nitrogen source commonly utilized in ruminant nutrition. The objective of this study was to investigate nitrogen utilization in goats fed low-quality hay supplemented with molasses blocks containing urea. Twenty Anglo-Nubian doelings were individually housed in metabolic cages and provided with chopped Buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris) hay ad libitum. Goats were randomly assigned to four urea levels (0, 2, 4, and 6%; n = 5 per treatment) in molasses blocks for a duration of 30 days. A negative nitrogen balance (−2.458 g/day) was observed in doelings consuming blocks without urea, compared with a positive balance (0.895 g/d) for those consuming the 6% urea blocks. Block nitrogen intake significantly increased with urea level, but urea supplementation did not affect dry matter (DM) or neutral detergent fiber (NDFom) intake or digestibility. A minimum crude ...

This proof of concept pilot study was performed to determine whether vibration can increase solute clearance when applied to an in vitro dialysis model. Urea, creatinine, gentamicin, and vancomycin transmembrane clearances were calculated at a blood flow rate of 200 ml/min, dialysate flow rates of 2 and 8 L/hr, and no concurrent ultrafiltration at various vibration intensities. Dialyzer integrity was determined by measuring transmembrane pressure, filter drop pressure, and albumin clearance, and by visually inspecting the dialysate. Comparing the highest vibration modality with no vibration, the median percentage increase in urea, creatinine, gentamicin, and vancomycin clearance was 18% (all p < 0.005). The transmembrane clearance of albumin was negligible for all experiments. When measuring transmembrane pressure and filter drop pressure, no significant differences were found between nonvibration and vibration dialysis. The addition of vibration during dialysis increased transmembrane clearance for solutes with molecular weights of 60-1450 Daltons.

Actuellement, l’agriculture africaine est confrontée à des nombreux défis dont le climat caractérisé par une irrégularité tant quantitative que qualitative des pluies, la pauvreté des sols en éléments nutritifs ce qui se traduit par le niveau moins fertiles de sols suite à l’érosion du sol, causant leur détérioration et la perte d’éléments nutritifs. Cette dernière s’exprime à son tour par une diminution brusque ou graduelle de rendement selon le type de sol. En effet, il apparaît nécessaire d’utiliser pour l’agriculture les techniques pouvant apporter les nutriments disponibles aux sols et à un faible coût (la Commission économique pour l&#39;Afrique, 2001 ; Kasongo.E et al, 2013, Tejada et al. 2008). L’utilisation des amendements minéraux et organiques est une option possible pour renverser cette tendance de perte de rendement et donc pour améliorer la sécurité alimentaire. Dans le cadre de l&#39;approvisionnement de façon durable des sols en éléments fertilisants, à partir de l&#...

Effets de doses croissantes des composts de fumiers de poules sur le rendement de chou de Chine installé sur un sol acide de Lubumbashi. 6509 Effets de doses croissantes des composts de fumiers de poules sur le rendement de chou de Chine (Brassica chinensis L.) installé sur un sol acide de Lubumbashi

RESUME Objectifs : Une expérimentation a été conduite sur un sol acide pour évaluer l'influence des composts et des engrais minéraux sur les propriétés chimiques de ce sol. Méthodologie et résultats : L'essai a été installé suivant un dispositif complètement randomisé avec six répétitions de six traitements: T0 (témoin non fertilisé); T1 (175 kg NPK+87 kg Urée par hectare); T2 (double de T1, soit 350 kg NPK+175 kg urée); T3 (15 t.ha-1 de compost), T4 (double de T3, soit 30 t.ha-1 de compost); T5 (quadruple de T3, 60 t.ha-1 de compost). Avant l'installation de l'essai, un compostage de fumier de poules a été effectué pendant 36 jours. A la fin de l'expérimentation, des analyses chimiques ont été réalisées sur des échantillons de sol et de compost de fumiers de poules. Les teneurs en cations échangeables semblent plus élevées par rapport aux valeurs de référence trouvées par d'autres auteurs dans la zone d'étude. Les valeurs élevées trouvées pour ces paramètres dans le site de la présente étude pourraient provenir de l'apport des fertilisants. Par contre, sur le témoin, l'on a noté une faible disponibilité des éléments nutritifs. En outre, les niveaux moyens de K, P, C et pH sont élevés dans les pots amendés avec de grandes quantités de composts. Les différences significatives ont été observées entre les différentes doses des composts utilisés et des engrais minéraux NPK sur les caractéristiques des sols étudiés. Conclusion et application : La valorisation des déchets comme source des matières organiques est une pratique à encourager en horticulture urbaine à Lubumbashi étant donné le coût élevé des engrais minéraux et le faible niveau de revenu des agriculteurs. Mots clés : Compost de fumiers de poules, engrais minéraux, sol acide, agriculture urbaine et périurbaine et Lubumbashi.

Increasing iron (Fe) concentration in food crops is an important global challenge due to high incidence of Fe deficiency in human populations. Evidence is available showing that nitrogen (N) fertilization increases Fe concentration in wheat grain. This positive impact of N on grain Fe was, however, not studied under varied soil and foliar applications of Fe. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to investigate a role of soil-and foliar-applied Fe fertilizers in improving shoot and grain Fe concentration in durum wheat (Triticum durum) grown under increasing N supply as Ca-nitrate. Additionally, an effect of foliar Fe fertilizers on grain Fe was tested with and without urea in the spray solution. Application of various soil or foliar Fe fertilizers had either a little positive effect or remained ineffective on shoot or grain Fe. By contrast, at a given Fe treatment, raising N supply substantially enhanced shoot and grain concentrations of Fe and Zn. Improving N status of plants from low to sufficient resulted in a 3-fold increase in shoot Fe content (e.g., total Fe accumulated), whereas this increase was only 42% for total shoot dry weight. Inclusion of urea in foliar Fe fertilizers had a positive impact on grain Fe concentration. Nitrogen fertilization represents an important agronomic practice in increasing grain Fe. Therefore, the plant N status deserves special attention in biofortification of food crops with Fe.

In order to examine the growth and yield response of bitter gourd to foliar applied urea at different concentrations and irrigation at various frequencies, the experiment was conducted during 2016 using 3 replicated Randomized Complete Block Design at Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam. Irrigation was applied at weekly interval (T1), Irrigation at 10 days interval (T2), T2+foliar urea @ 1.5% (T3), T2+foliar urea @ 3% (T4), Irrigation at 15 days interval (T5), T5 + foliar urea @ 1.5% (T6), T5 + foliar urea @ 3% (T7). The results revealed that Irrigation at 10 days interval + foliar urea at 3.0% conc.proved to be an optimum treatmentand resulted in 144.95 cm vine length, 19.96 cm fruit length, 17.45cm diameter of fruit, 79.95 g average fruit weight, 8.95 number of fruits vine-1 , 739.00 g weight of fruits vine-1 and 9199.7 kg ha-1 fruit yield. The irrigation at 10 days interval + foliar application of urea (1.5%)ranked 2 nd ; irrigation at 15 days interval + foliar urea (3.0%)ranked 3 rd ; irrigation at 15 days interval + foliar urea (1.5%)ranked 4 th ; while weekly (control), 10 days,15 days irrigation interval without foliar applied urea ranked 5 th , 6 th and 7 th respectively. The values for all the growth and productivity of bitter gourd were markedly increased with foliar application of urea, particularly at higher concentration. It was concluded that for acghieving desired yield performance of bittergourd the crop may be irrigted at 10 days interval + foliar application of urea at 3.0% conc.

The objective of this study was to examine the influence of various zeolite levels on NH3 volatilization from urea fertilizer applied to sandy and calcareous soils. A laboratory incubation experiment in a closed dynamic air flow system was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications. Four zeolite (clinoptilolite) levels of 0, 12.5, 25 and 50 g kg -1 soil and two urea levels of 250 and 500 kg urea fed -1 (wt/wt) were used. The treated soils was moistened with distilled water at field capacity level and incubated for 29 days. The volatilized NH3 from the soil chambers was collected and titrated every 24 hours during incubation period. The results indicated that zeolite applications reduced the average percentage of ammonia loss from 26.07 and 67.09% for the control treatment to 5.04 and 15.64% for the highest (50 g kg -1 ) level of zeolite added to the sandy and calcareous soils, respectively. Therefore, additions of zeolite as a soil conditioner reduce ammonia...

Optimizing the timing of nitrogen (N) enhanced efficiency fertilizers (EEFs) may maximize winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain yield, protein content, and N-use efficiency (NUE). From 2013 to 2018, experiments were conducted at two irrigated and six rain-fed sites across the Canadian Prairies (24 site-years) to evaluate winter wheat responses to N source and timing/placement effects of EEFs. Nitrogen sources included untreated urea, nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin treated urea, urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) plus nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD)-treated urea (NBPT + DCD), and polymer-coated urea (PCU). The N sources were all side-banded at planting, 30% side-banded at planting plus 70% broadcast in-crop late-fall (averaged 38 days after planting; split-applied late-fall), or 30% side-banded at planting plus 70% broadcast in-crop early-spring (averaged 224 days after planting; split-applied early-spring). Nitrous oxide and methane emissions were measured at one rain-fed site to test whether N source and timing/placement influenced CO 2-equivalents (CO 2-eq; nitrous oxide + methane). Under irrigation, NBPT + DCD consistently produced the highest yields regardless of timing/placement; however, the 80% of the recommended rate caused suboptimal protein responses (≤11%) unless split-application of N was adopted. Untreated urea produced the highest net CO 2-eq and yield-scaled CO 2-eq emissions, with the highest emissions when urea was split-applied early-spring. To optimize winter wheat production and NUE, we conclude that NBPT + DCD all-banded during seeding operations or split-applied early-spring provided similar and often superior results to other sources, including a more typical system of urea side-banded at the time of seeding.