Tumuli

This monograph provides a comprehensive analysis of the main types of fibulae from Ancient Thrace, spanning the 5th to the 1st century BC. It explores their origins, evolution, chronology, distribution, production, and usage, featuring over 650 fibulae, with 623 included in the catalog. The first two chapters focus on the most prevalent brooches in Thrace: the so-called Thracian type fibulae and the fibulae with a bilateral spring, which are recognized in literature as La Tène fibulae. The third chapter examines hybrid fibulae, which combine the Thracian type construction with La Tène elements. The fourth chapter is dedicated to hinged fibulae, organized according to a systematization for specimens from the Central Balkans. The final group comprises diverse fibulae that do not fit into any of the previous categories. The catalog is thematically structured and follows immediately after the text for each typological unit. At the end of the book, three appendices present the results of interdisciplinary studies: metallographic analysis, ICP-AES analysis, and X-ray fluorescence analysis.

The study aims to present previously unpublished metal pieces from Roman-era horse ammunition, from the collection of Rousse Museum. This is the first part of several publications on the topic. The pieces, presented in this article, are functional elements from Roman horse harness sets.
The primary goals are to determine their exact placement within these sets through comparison with published examples and to date them more accurately using existing research. Most artifacts are
stray finds from the museum’s collection. The first part of the research focuses on the composition of Roman horse ammunition sets, while the second part categorizes elements into horse bridle components, strap distribution elements (such as fasteners, junction loops, phalerae, and strap distributors), and items with both decorative and functional purposes. The conclusion indicates that most pieces relate to cavalry equipment rather than draft ammunition, with many analogies drawn from Roman military camps. Their discovery in the Rousse district is linked to the region’s militarization and continuous army presence.

Se presentan los resultados del estudio topográfico, antropológico-tafonómico y arqueoastronómico de Bocapucheros, un nuevo complejo monumental tumular del Bronce de La Mancha de la comarca Campo de Calatrava, muy próximo al poblado fortificado de La Encantada (Granátula de Calatrava). Los primeros análisis sobre restos humanos identifican a un varón adulto joven y a una probable mujer del Bronce Medio. Restos de ovejas y cerámica de la Edad del Bronce han sido recuperados junto al varón. La orientación de los corredores de entrada a las diferentes cámaras funerarias sugiere su posible relación simbólica con el orto, ocaso y culminación de las estrellas de la Cruz del Sur, al igual que la orientación de la cara hacia el Sur de los enterramientos del Cerro de la Encantada. Es una tradición ritual diferente a la de Castillejo del Bonete (Terrinches, Ciudad Real), en la comarca de Campo de Montiel, que es de marcado carácter solsticial.

Located on the fringes of the Eastern Hallstatt culture, the tumulus cemetery at Érd/ Százhalombatta is one of the earliest identifi ed archaeological sites in Hungary. The fi rst map of the site was drawn in 1847; the number of mounds registered at the time (122) did not change substantially until the end of the 20th century. The aerial archaeological investigations from 2001 and the magnetometer geophysical survey from 2012 led to the identifi cation of another 103 ring ditches. In the framework of the Iron-Age-Danube project aerial archaeological and geophysical research were continued and complemented with systematical fi eld walkings. Not only the Early Iron Age tumulus fi eld but also the Iron Age settlement area was investigated. The results presented in this paper aim at giving an overview on the land use in the periods of the Bronze, Iron and Roman Ages.

En la Formación Gijón del Jurásico asturiano se han definido dos acuíferos carbonatados que presentan características hidroquímicas diferentes manifestadas por las distintas concentraciones en iones sulfato y fuertes contrastes en los valores de conductividad eléctrica. La clara relación existente entre la litología y el quimismo del agua constituye un ejemplo de gran interés didáctico que, junto con el valor paisajístico de los parajes donde se ubican algunas surgencias, llevan a proponer que se declaren como puntos de interés hidrogeológico cuatro drenajes de estos acuíferos donde se manifiestan con claridad los aspectos mencionados y son lugares de fácil accesibilidad.

The site of Lugovi–Bent, located in Moјsinje, consists of five tumuli, where burials were practised for over a thousand years, starting from the Late Bronze Age to the Iron Age. The archaeological excavations were carried out in 1997, 1998, and 2000, followed by an anthropological analysis. The results were published in 2002. In October 2023, while collecting samples
for a joint project between the Max Planck Society and the National Museum Čačak, it was discovered that the previous anthropological analysis was incorrect. Hence, it was decided that the material needed to be restudied. The new anthropological analysis was limited by the poor preservation level of the material. However, the importance of the repeated analysis is reflected in the discovery of a series of  inconsistencies in the previous anthropological work done almost 25 years ago, and the fact that many of the conclusions drawn at that time were unfounded. It seems that the previous analysis was done hastily,
without a detailed delving. For example, permanent teeth with broken roots were misidentified as deciduous, which led to adult individuals being mistaken for children. Additionally, incorrect sex determinations were made in many cases. Finally, sutures on the temporal bone were mistakenly identified as evidence of trepanation. Physical anthropology is a young discipline, and methodologies are still being refined. This article aims to highlight the significance of proper preserving procedures of the osteological material for future analyses.

Gabrova Mogila and Shekerdzha Mogila burial mounds were excavated near Kamen (Sliven Region,
southeastern Bulgaria) in 2011. Numerous Early Bronze Age graves were discovered there, forming
complex stratigraphic systems. Thirteen radiocarbon dates were obtained within the frame of the
National Science Centre (Cracow, Poland) project ‘From the steppes to the Balkans. Yamnaya culture
in Thrace’. Ten dates for Gabrova Mogila allow the construction of a taxonomic and chronological
model covering the Pre-Yamna, Early Yamna, and Late Yamna phases. However, developing a model
for Shekerdzha Mogila poses difficulties. In this case, obtaining more dates and revising some results is
necessary.

Der Beitrag stellt die Zielsetzung und die Grundstruktur des deutschen Sozialbudgets dar. Sodann werden die Aussagekraft des Sozialbudgets diskutiert und mögliche Perspektiven aufgezeigt. Ziel von möglichen Weiterentwicklungen des Sozialbudgets muss es sein, dessen Informationshilfefunktion für die Politik und die interessierte Öffentlichkeit zu stärken.

A kötet a támogatásával valósult meg A kötet az Árpád-ház Program támogatásával készült (IV.1. Keleti örökség-Keleti kapcsolatok. Írott források és kiadványok IV.2. Az Árpád-ház elődeinek keleti kapcsolatrendszere) A kötet szerkesztése az MTA Bolyai János Kutatási Ösztöndíj támogatásával készült.

En esta monografía se aborda el estudio exhaustivo de los restos conocidos y conservados de las necrópolis tumulares de incineración de la Edad del Hierro, situadas a lo largo del río Huecha, entre las localidades de Cortes de Navarra y Vera de Moncayo, en el extremo occidental de la provincia de Zaragoza, colindante con Navarra. Dicho trabajo ha permitido abordar en profundidad su cultura material, su arquitectura funeraria o los rituales relacionados con el depósito del difunto y su incineración. Su situación geográfica, junto al análisis de las cerámicas, de los ajuares metálicos o de las estructuras tumulares, han permitido asimilar este grupo de cementerios protohistóricos al Grupo I de necrópolis de la denominada como “Cultura de los Campos de Urnas” del valle medio del Ebro. Su estrecha relación con las necrópolis del Hierro I de la Navarra media, de las Cinco Villas, del valle del Jalón o el río Huerva, demuestra su relación con el ritual y la cultura material de esta zona, así como la generalización del enterramiento tumular desde el Bronce Final en toda el área tratada. Como consecuencia del análisis de los materiales
fechados en el Hierro I y de su contexto, se ha planteado un desarrollo cronológico de las necrópolis del río Huecha que se sitúa entre los inicios del siglo VII y el siglo IV a.C. En cuanto a las necrópolis celtibéricas de Carraveruela y la Oruña, los restos estudiados apuntan a un periodo situado entre los siglos IV y III a.C

The monumental tumulus Yı gma Tepe is an important part of the cityscape of the ancient city of Pergamon. The tumulus construction is estimated in the Hellenistic period, the internal structure and exact purpose have been unknown so far. Its height of 32 m and diameter of 158 m make the deep interior of the tumulus practically inaccessible for excavations. Therefore, we applied a combination of geophysical measurements and archaeological sondages to explore the structure of the Yı gma Tepe. The investigations centre on P-wave refraction soundings. They were carried out to clarify the stratigraphic structure and soil composition as a prerequisite for a better understanding of construction techniques, building history and soil deposition. Interactive seismic raytracing, traveltime tomography and visco-elastic forward modelling were applied to derive a three-dimensional seismic velocity model, which was validated by excavations and soil analysis, historical records and additional geoelectric measurements. Our results reveal that the tumulus is composed of three layers, each about 10 m thick, separated by first-order seismic discontinuities which were locally verified. These layers form a stack of conical disks, the interfaces of which define two internal plateaus. The analysis of soil samples showed that the seismic velocity increase at the interfaces is likely to be caused by anthropogenic compaction applied to soils showing increased fractions of silt and clay. By combining topographic data with results from seismic and geoelectric sounding on the tumulus, the surrounding trench and the unaltered surrounding area, we show that the tumulus was built almost completely from the surrounding soils and that 17% of its original volume was displaced by destruction and erosion. Based on this mass balance the strongly destroyed and eroded original surface of the tumulus and its surrounding trench is reconstructed.

The Schwerin Burial-Mound was located on the southern shore of the Streltsy Bay at a distance of about 6,4 km west of the Chersonessos (fig. 1 2). It was excavated in 1872 to extract building stone from the mound and later in 1890 and 1908 in a fruitless search for a rich burial (fig. 3 7). The Schwerin Burial-Mound was completely destroyed during the construction of a coastal battery in 1910. The excavation materials make it possible to reconstruct the construction process and architectural features of the Burial-Mound, as well as the burial ritual. An on-site cremation rite was performed at the selected site. The remains of the cremation were buried in a bronze urn set in a stone box or in a hollow in the rock with a gable slab. An outer wall of the consisting of two rows of massive rusticated rectangular blocks enclosing the cremation site was Schwerin Burial-Mound was built around the burial site. Behind the outer wall, which functioned as a decorative fence of the foundation. Behind the outer wall was the location of the second retaining wall. It bore the main weight of the mound. At present it is impossible to establish what was the reason for the construction of such a large-scale funerary monument. It can be assumed that one of the Oikists, who played an important role in the founding and establishment of the colony, was buried in the Schwerin Burial-Mound. It should also be pointed out that there is a possible connection between the Burial-Mound and the starting of the development of the near chora of the chersonesos and the emergence of a fortified settlement on the Mayachny Peninsula.

The samples originate from the funerary cache of a cremation burial mound dating from the Late Bronze Age (according to the Reinecke chronological system, Bronze D-Hallstatt A, according to absolute chronology ca. 1200 cal BC), discovered within the Susani-Grămurada de la Jupani mound (Timiș County, Romania). The pieces are sphere-shaped; however, many show signs of fire from the cremation of the buried person/persons. Together with bronze and gold pieces, they were part of composite necklaces and/or bracelets. Complementary techniques were used in the analysis: TG/DTA, FTIR, XRD, SEM and EDX to determine composition. All the techniques used in the present paper argued that the jewelry analyzed underwent a second burn at temperatures between 500 and 800 °C.

Para el análisis tipológico que abordamos en esta primera fase se ha realizado el inventario y descripción de cada pieza atendiendo a los criterios de forma y composición. A partir de esta información se definen los tipos y se establece su relación con otros similares de idéntica cronología, centrándonos esencialmente en la zona de estudio, el valle de la Huecha, y ampliando el marco de referencia al valle medio del Ebro. Hemos identificado un conjunto fabricado en el propio yacimiento, de carácter doméstico y tipología reducida, con pocas armas y predominio de objetos de adorno, con escasos elementos singulares. Coincide con los aparecidos en poblados

This paper presents Bronze Age settlement remains, which were discovered at the Slivnica 1B site before the construction of the A1 highway near Maribor in 1996 and 1997. Based on the analysis of finds discovered in the settlement pits, it can be concluded that after the end of the Middle Copper Age, the plain in the foothills of Pohorje was first resettled in the Somogyvár-Vinkovci horizon and that it was more intensively settled from the Kisapostág cultural horizon (BA A1 phase) onwards. Settlement continued in the Litzen pottery cultural horizon (BA A2, A2/B1 phases, possibly also B1), to which a large number of pits and post-holes can be attributed, and then the area was resettled (to a smaller extent) in the Middle Bronze Age and the Early Urnfield Period (BA C – BA D phases; possibly also BA B). Houses built with posts were located in the central part of the site, while larger pits of irregular ground plan were discovered in the area north and south of the houses. The results of 14C AMS dating indicate that the pit of the Kisapostág culture is from the second half of the 3rd millennium BC, the pits of the Litzen pottery cultural horizon are tentatively from the first third of the 2nd millennium BC, and the only dated pit of the Oloris-Podsmreka horizon is from the 15th or 14th century BC.

A study of the Bronze Age kurgan group of Topdaghdaghan (Tovuz district, Republic of Azerbaijan) demonstrates some similarities between kurgans of Eurasia. These similarities are the tradition of “burying [of] sacralized wastes” (household tool fragments, e.g., of the type – oblong stone grain grinders) in the stone coverings of kurgans and the annular shaft of loam around the upper part of the burial chamber.
Analogies have been marked in the Srubna archaeological culture of the Southern part of the Middle-Volga region of the Middle and Late Bronze Age, the earlier Scythian kurgans of the Southern Urals and the Saka kurgans in southern Kazakhstan. The main problem is to find an explanation for these similarities.

The present book is an important documentary testimony, albeit selective, of the Tumuli and Megaliths in Eurasia Congress, which congregates 31 texts, by 74 authors, from 16 countries, corresponding to 14 of the 17 themes of the Congress, a representative set from a thematic and regional point of view. Included are contributions from 16 countries, namely Germany, Azerbaijan, Korea, Spain, France, Greece, India, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan, Portugal, United Kingdom, Russia and Serbia. https://www.cambridgescholars.com/product/978-1-0364-0749-0/

Населените места в Лудогорието с фокус към Средните векове са обект на изследване в други публикации 1. Целта на настоящата статия е да включи известните сведения за селищата в същата област, но в по-широки хронологически граници. Освен информацията за Средновековието, което е обичайно в резултат на археологически проучвания, са включени и сведения за периода на османска власт по българските земи (до 1878 г.). Систематизирането дава възможност за сравнение на известното за конкретно населено място и така се забелязват възможни грешки, интерпретации, възникват редица въпроси и се откриват закономерности. Разбира се, с времето могат да се допълнят още сведения за местната история от различни по тип извори. Настоящата работа няма претенциите за изчерпателност, но надеждата е да помогне в бъдещи изследвания. Включени са населени места, които са част от съвременната област Лудогорие, тъй като това дава възможност за ограничаване в определен географски район и подетайлното проучване на селищата. Разглеждат се сведенията за поселищния живот в областта в географските граници, определени от Борис Илиев 2. Съществуват и други мнения за нейния обхват, но аргументацията на автора дава достатъчно основания за 1 Аризанова, С. Проблеми на селищната мрежа в Лудогорието през ХІІІ-ХV век. // Българско царство.

Past and present cultures perceive their natural landscape as an integral and vital component of their complex worlds, while particular landscape features and associated monuments built in selected locales become sacred and revered through stories, legends and rituals embedded in mundane and ceremonial events. The hyper-arid Har Tzuriaz area in the southern Negev, Israel, offers a case study of culture-geographic continuities over a chronologically cumulative archaeological sequence. The large set of well-preserved structures located adjacent to water sources, a massive escarpment and a major desert crossroads includes campsites, cult sites, rock-art sites, cairn fields and one desert kite (a large game trap). Cultural continuities and change can be traced from the sixth millennium BCE through recent times, reflecting a dynamic system of meanings and interpretations of both the natural and the built landscape within one particular sacred area in the desert. These phenomena are exemplified in archaeological analyses of an open-air shrine, burial cairns, an isolated desert kite and a precise engraving of that kite dated 5000 years later, all in the general context of a dense concentration of surveyed sites.

Lien Atlas (MCC) : http://atlas.patrimoines.culture.fr/atlas/trunk/index.php? ap_theme=DOM_2.01.02&ap_bbox=1.467;44.384;1.525;44.432 La découverte en 2000 sur le tracé de l'autoroute A20 de la nécropole du Camp de l'Église Nord à Flaujac-Poujols renouvelle de manière spectaculaire nos connaissances sur le monde funéraire entre le VI e s. et la fin du V e s. av. J-C. Ce gisement, intégralement fouillé entre 2000 et 2013, rassemble 41 monuments à incinération en pierres, et s'impose déjà comme un site de référence pour l'étude de la fin du premier et du début du second âge du Fer dans le sud-ouest de la France. La dernière campagne de fouilles de 2013 a permis d'étudier trois nouveaux monuments funéraires à incinération : T.37, T.39 et MF 40. Les informations obtenues sont une nouvelle fois d'une très grande richesse. Elles permettent de cerner l'originalité et l'évolution des pratiques funéraires et cultuelles de la nécropole du Camp de l'Église nord et d'en souligner l'importance.

Résumé/Abstract Etude sur les statues de la Vierge dites" ouvrantes", composées d'un triptyque comportant des scènes diverses| les personnages sont généralement des pièces mobiles en bois ou en ivoire, rarement sculptées dans le support même. Trois types: la ...

The article contains with the archaeological excavations of the Deller Jayir kurgans at 322.700 km of the SCPX (South Caucasus Pipeline Expansion Project) pipeline corridor. These kurgans are located in the territory of Deller Jayir village of Shamkir district of Azerbaijan Republic. About 10 kurgans were recorded in the kurgan field located on a relatively high hill on the right bank of the river, about 100-150 m away from the Jayir River, only 2 of them fell into the pipeline corridor, excavated and explored. The surface of the Deller Jayir kurgans consists of stone formations with a clearly visible circular shape and a relatively concave center. They are located close to each other at a distance of 5-6 m. Preliminary analysis of the structures and burial rites in the Deller Jayir kurgans and the forms of the few pottery fragments found in these kurgans show that these kurgans date the transition stage from Middle Bronze Age to the Late Bronze Age, to be precisely, to the 15 th-14 th centuries BC.

Archeologische evaluatie en waardering van de drie Gallo-Romeinse tumuli van Grimde Gemeente Tienen (provincie Vlaams Brabant) RAAP-RAPPORT 1986 (HERZIENE EINDVERSIE) Archeologische evaluatie en waardering van de drie Gallo-Romeinse tumuli van Grimde Gemeente Tienen (provincie Vlaams Brabant)

A group of Roman graves was uncovered in 2006 in an area belonging to the SouthEastern cemetery of the ancient town of Potaissa during the archaeological researches for the construction of Transylvania Highway (PI. 1/1). Four of them are brick sarcophagi, while the other four are stone-made; one should also mention the fact that three other graves belonging to the Reihengrăber cultural group (horizon) of the Early Migration Age were found in the same area. Despite the fact that the grave-goods were missing, due to the looting of the graves since Antiquity, those inside the brick and stone sarcophagi are dated to the Roman Era. 1 The three graves in rows contained as grave goods two swords (of the Schmalsax type), two silver belt buckles and several arrow heads, which are dated to the second half of the fifth century-first half of the sixth century A.D. 2 Graves 2, 7 and 8 were graves in stone sarcophagi with an arca and operculum with acroteria. Grave 4 (PI. 1/2, 11/1), built from spolia, is an exception. For the construction of the arca its builders used one fragment from an older monument (a profiled funerary stela?), with a frame decorated with a vegetal ornament. Instead of an operculum with acroteria, they used a limestone slab. According with the main trends in the specialized literature of the topic in Romania, this sarcophagus was dated at the end of the third century and during the fourth century A.D., after the Roman withdrawal from Dacia. 3 Before tackling the issue of this small group of eleven graves from the SouthEastern cemetery, I have to explain why the sarcophagus of grave no. 4 is dated to the fourth century A.D. and not to the Roman Era, like the other six graves in sarcophagi, or to the fifth-sixth century A.D. like the three graves belonging to the Reihengrăberkreis horizon.

The contribution discusses the burial of a woman (Grave 20) in Tumulus IV at the Znančeve njive cemetery in Novo mesto, SE Slovenia. It was excavated in 1968 and found to contain a pair of simple gold wire earrings, a necklace of amber beads, fragments of glass beads, two decorated hollow spiral bracelets of thick sheet bronze, two ribbed bronze anklets and three embossed kernoi. Most of the goods are of types that only rarely occur in the graves of the Dolenjska Hallstatt group: the earrings have only few close parallels of bronze, large sub-spherical amber beads are rare, as are ceramic kernoi, while hollow bracelets of thick sheet bronze are only slightly more numerous. The grave also stands apart in that the goods are of different, in some cases considerably different dates. This is also the main cause for the varying dating of the burial. The deceased woman was indeed buried with earrings and bracelets dating to the Stična 2 phase, but they are believed to represent heirlooms a...

This article presents the anthropological data resulting from the analysis of the skeletons from the two graves investigated in a tumulus located in the north of the Pruto-Nistrean area, namely, tumulus 1 from Rogojeni in the Șoldănești district. Both graves date from the Early Bronze Age, being assigned to the Yamnaya migratory communities. The individual in grave 1 is an anthropologically male individual, with a biological age at death of 50-60 years, and the one in grave 2 is anthropologically female, with a biological age at death of 40-50 years. Both individuals had good dental health and degenerative changes characteristic of old age. Analysis of musculoskeletal stress markers shows terrestrial hypermobility and physical exertion through the upper limbs. Traces of ochre (cherry-red or brick-red) were identified relatively evenly distributed on the skeletal elements of the two individuals, being more intense on the cranial components. The observations resulting from the anthropological analysis highlight the phenotypic structure of these individuals being characteristic of Yamnaya.

La aplicación de nuevas tecnologías en el campo del patrimonio arqueológico está generando la incorporación de diferentes perspectivas con respecto a su proyección, puesto que por un lado permite recoger datos desde distintas lecturas y niveles, al tiempo que ofrece fórmulas novedosas en relacion a su valorización integral. En las siguientes líneas se va a efectuar una descripción pormenorizada de los diferentes trabajos llevados a cabo dentro de la actividad "Motilla Virtual". Este proyecto se desarrolla a partir de un conjunto de actuaciones que van desde la digitalización 3D de todo su recinto, el diseño de una visita a través de realidad virtual, estudios de termografía y geofísica de todo el conjunto, así como trabajos de reconstrucción virtual del asentamiento durante la Edad del Bronce. De igual manera, se presentan de forma detallada los métodos elegidos, recursos empleados y resultados obtenidos, describiendo todos los aspectos o utilidades que se han puesto en funcionamiento dentro de este proyecto. Estas herramientas han permitido avanzar en la investigación, documentación, conservación y valorización de este monumento prehistórico. Palabras Clave: patrimonio arqueológico, digitalización, reconstrucción virtual, realidad virtual, patrimonio digital, arqueología virtual.
[en] The application of new technologies in the field of archaeological heritage is generating a suite of new dialogues regarding its presentation. This is occurring because these technologies collect data that can be interpreted or read at many different levels, offering novel and unique formulas for conducting comprehensive valuations. Taking this approach, a detailed description of the developments and results carried out within the creation of the "Virtual Motilla" is reviewed in this paper. The project developed from a set of projects that begin with the 3D digitization of the entire site, and then progress to the design of a visit through Virtual Reality, thermography and geophysical studies of the entire complex, and ultimately, virtual reconstructions of the settlement during the Bronze Age. The chosen methods, resources used, and results are presented in detail, describing all the methods and technologies used in this project. These tools have made it possible to advance the research, documentation, conservation and valorisation of this important and unique prehistoric monument.