Transnational Crimes

Resumo: A Tríplice Fronteira, situada no Cone Sul da América do Sul, é uma região com diversas etnias, dentre as quais podemos citar árabes, indianos, coreanos, chineses, etc. A região se destaca por estar situada na junção de dois importantes rios, o Rio Paraná e o Rio Iguaçu, tendo como cidades vizinhas, Ciudad del Leste (Paraguai), Foz do Iguaçu (Brasil) e Puerto Iguazú (Argentina). A população da região gira em torno de um milhão de habitantes aos quais se somam anualmente um contingente de pessoas em trânsito. Dentre estas, em geral atraídas pelo comércio paraguaio, muitas vivem da informalidade e de atividades ilícitas voltadas ao contrabando e descaminho. Considerando este contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho é analisar alguns aspectos da criminalidade transnacional e da cooperação policial internacional na Tríplice Fronteira.

Today, the boundaries of international crime involving states and transnational organized crime are slowly blurring, and as a result, the number of international crimes is steadily growing. The article analyzes two key groups of crimes: crimes indicated in the Rome Statute and transnational crimes under international conventions. This article is based on the analysis of the main groups of crimes: the first group of international crimes committed with state actors, which includes crimes against humanity, war crimes, crimes of aggression, crimes of genocide; and the second group, crimes committed by criminal groups organized in more than one country with the "international" or "transnational" character of such acts. The authors emphasize the norms of international law, according to which the International Criminal Court, together with international criminal tribunals, have jurisdiction over a small range of key international crimes, including genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity, aggression, committed by state officials. The main objective of this research is to compare the mechanism for investigating crimes in the jurisdiction of international criminal tribunals and the International Criminal Court, together with the national procedure for investigating transnational crimes, through the ratification of international conventions and the establishment of the International cooperation. The article was made with the following methods: induction, deduction, analogy, as well as historical, dialectical and formal legal methods.

ABSTRACT

Crime, as a phenomenon, has been committed throughout the almost
all along of history of humanity in the local geographical borders of
a country. One of the major reasons compelling crime to be mostly a
local phenomenon was primitive possibility of transportation; on the
other hand, major factors transforming this local phenomenon to
trans-border phenomenon are, in parallel of technological progress,
the advancements of the transportation and communication means
and the means used in committing crimes, especially weapons industry.
Thus, that paves the way for perpetrators to reach the victims
in another country or for the object of the crime to be conveyed beyond
national borders. Moreover, in conjunction with using the developments
in weapons industry as a mean to solve the national or international
politic crisis in the different regions of the 20th century world or in order to reach certain ideological purposes together with the fact that it has caused to mass killings based on race, language, color, nationality, political opinion and denominational differences, etc., attention of the international community has been aroused to criminalize and severely punish those kind of grave crimes and impose sanctions on it. This study attempts to explain the notion of transnational crimes for the first and international crimes for the latter examples by mentioning root, history, similarities and differences of these notions in the light of national, international and comparative law regulations. Lastly, the element of foreignness will be dealt with in terms of genuine links which criminal jurisdiction principles need to be exercised in prosecuting international and transnational crimes. 

ÖZET

Suç olgusu insanlık tarihinin geneli boyunca bir ülkenin yerel coğrafi
sınırları içerisinde kalacak şekilde işlenegelmiştir. Suç olgusunu çoğunlukla yerel nitelikte bir fenomen olmaya mecbur eden sebeplerin
başında ulaşım imkanlarının ilkel olması gelmekte iken, bu olguyu
sınıraşan bir fenomene dönüştüren başlıca etkenler teknolojinin gelişmesiyle doğru orantılı olarak ulaşım ve komünikasyon araçları ile
suçta kullanılan araçların, özellikle silah endüstrisinin gelişmesi olmuştur.
Bu sayede suç failinin başka bir ülkede bulunan suçun mağduruna ulaşması ya da suç konusunun sınır ötesine ulaştırılması kolaylaşmıştır.
Diğer yandan silah endüstrisindeki gelişmelerin 20. yüzyıl dünyasının farklı coğrafyalarındaki ulusal ve uluslararası politik krizlerin çözümünde ya da bir takım ideolojik amaçlara ulaşılmasında araç olarak kullanılmasıyla birlikte ırk, dil, renk, milliyet, siyasi düşünce, mezhep farklılığı gibi temellere dayanan kitlesel ölümlere neden olması uluslararası toplumu bu tür ağır suçları en şiddetli şekilde bastırmaya yönelik bir takım kurallar oluşturmaya sevk etmiştir. Bu iki farklı suç tipolojisini belirtmek üzere kullanılan sınıraşan suç ve uluslararası suç kavramlarını ele alacağımız bu çalışmamızda kavramların kökenini, izahını, benzerlik ve farklılıklarını ulusal, karşılaştırmalı ve uluslararası hukuk düzenlemeleri ışığında ortaya koymaya çalışacağız. Son olarak uluslararası suçların ve sınıraşan suçların kovuşturulmasında uygulanacak yetki kurallarının ihtiyaç duyduğu özgün bağlama noktaları bakımından yabancılık unsuru kavramı ele
alınacak olup, bir suça yabancılık unsuru katan etkenlerin neler olduğuna değinilecektir.

Illegal wildlife trade is one of the major transnational crimes. Transnational Crime, by its very nature, is problematic as it surpasses national jurisdictions, as well as the parameters of information systems and law enforcement agencies. Illegal wildlife trade networks increasingly operate like global multinational businesses, connecting local markets to the global markets through complex and interlinked networks. Against this background, CITES was entered into, multinational environmental agreement to which 183 nations are parties to it and India, being a member of CITES, in compliance with the guidelines, has enacted an umbrella of 8 legislation for the protection of wildlife in India. But despite this austere legislation, India is progressively becoming a hub of illegal wildlife trade. The illegal laundering of wild-caught animals via legal pathways is subject to increased scrutiny. It appears that illegal wildlife traders are rampantly using other covert methods to smuggle these animals into the territories of target consumer countries, such as China. Once they enter into the jurisdiction of destination countries that permit legal trade in this species, it becomes arduous for the relevant enforcement agencies to distinguish between the wild-caught and captive-bred animals. The author undertakes to carry out a comparative analysis of the existing legislation of China concerning India to understand whether the legislation is robust enough for the protection of the wildlife and how the enforcement mechanism can be strengthened for the advancement of the endangered species.

The article considers the mechanisms for fighting transnational crime and international cooperation in accordance with the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and identifies the main factors that complicate international cooperation processes to combat transnational crime. The authors emphasize that international cooperation in the fight against crime is key to the success and guarantee of international security. The main objectives of the article are to carry out a comprehensive analysis of the concept of "organized crime" in accordance with the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, to determine the corpus delicti, as well as to improve International Law to combat transnational crime. In the article the following methods are used: induction, deduction, analogy, as well as historical, dialectical, formal-legal methods. The article provides us with the complex results related to the key mechanisms of international cooperation according to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime.

My presentation at the Faculty of Law at the KU Leuven in Belgium covered problems of researching economically motivated crimes which have been carried out on behalf the North Korean government and by state employees which embezzle, steal or misuse government property and resources.