Thiol

P otentiometric titration using silver nitrate for determination of sulfide and mercaptide ions, as defined by the UOP Method 209, has been widely used for quality control of Spent Caustic Neutralization Unit in petroleum industries. However, it has been found this procedure does not provide accurate results for samples taken from units based on Wet Air Oxidation (WAO) technology. Therefore, possible sources of error, such as concominant species, between-analytes interference and titration solvent, were investigated and adjustments in the method were proposed. Aqueous media should be used to prepare the titration solution instead of the recommended alcoholic solvent which was found to be related to the quite low analyte recoveries in WAO unit samples. The modified method can be successfully applied to samples with different chemical compositions which is the main advantage over the reference procedure. Limit of detection and relative standard deviation of 0,5 mg.L -1 and 5,2% for sulfide and 0,6 mg.L -1 and 5,5% for mercaptide were achieved.

A sequential ligand addition to the aluminum (III) cation has been studied using the B3LYP functional and a combined allelectron/pseudopotentials basis set. The aluminum complexes are compared with analogous magnesium (II) complexes. Different thermodynamical data, such as incremental binding energies, enthalpies, entropies and free energies, are presented for these addition reactions. While the magnesium (II) cation can only accommodate three negatively charged ligands, aluminum (III) accommodates four even after including bulk solvent effects. The main differences between both cations complexing with the neutral ligands, is that aluminum (III) is not able to form complexes with methanol until the number of methanol ligands is equal to 3. Magnesium (II) prefers to bind methanol and formamide when the number of ligands is small, while aluminum prefers formamide. For the largest complexes both cations prefer to bind water.

The synthesis and physico-chemical characteristics of thiol-functionalized mesoporous silicates MCM-41 and SBA-15 are described. The sorption properties of the materials with respect to noble metal ions, in particular palladium(II) from hydrochloric acid solutions have been studied. The materials obtained have been characterized using a complex of physical and chemical methods before and after functionalization. The evaluation of the sorption capacity of the obtained sorbents with respect to Pd(II) ions has been performed. Experimental results show high sorption activity of thiol-functionalized mesoporous silica.

Cysteine, the predominant biological thiol, was identified in 1884. Its presence in living organisms and the biochemistry of reduction and oxidation as well the importance of the redox state for protein function was elucidated in the first half of the 20th century. In the second half, proteins regulating the thiol redox state were identified, especially proteins facilitating or maintaining thiols reduced. Numerous posttranslational thiol modifications are described. This chapter provides a brief overview of the research on thiol redox regulation and is intended to remind researchers that knowledge of the history of a research field is helpful in pointing out that observations considered novel may already have been described years ago.

The effectiveness of combinations of additives as brighmess stabilizers for hardwood and softwood BCTMP (bleached chemithermomechanical pulp) was examined. Certain additive combinations exhibit a synergistic interaction effect that provides a substantial brightness stabilization activity. Experimental results suggest that designing specific additive combinations is an effective approach to improve the brightness stability of mechanical pulps and to lower _e overall charge of additives.

Glutathione is a small redox-active molecule existing in two main stable forms: the thiol (GSH) and the disulphide (GSSG). In plants growing in optimal conditions, the GSH:GSSG ratio is high in most cell compartments. Challenging environmental conditions are known to alter this ratio, notably by inducing the accumulation of GSSG, an effect that may be influential in the perception or transduction of stress signals. Despite the potential importance of glutathione status in redox signaling, the reactions responsible for the oxidation of GSH to GSSG have not been clearly identified. Most attention has focused on the ascorbate-glutathione pathway, but several other candidate pathways may couple the availability of oxidants such as H2O2 to changes in glutathione and thus impact on signaling pathways through regulation of protein thiol-disulfide status. We provide an overview of the main candidate pathways and discuss the available biochemical, transcriptomic, and genetic evidence relating to each. Our analysis emphasizes how much is still to be elucidated on this question, which is likely important for a full understanding of how stress-related redox regulation might impinge on phytohormone-related and other signaling pathways in plants.

Glutathione is a small redox-active molecule existing in two main stable forms: the thiol (GSH) and the disulphide (GSSG). In plants growing in optimal conditions, the GSH:GSSG ratio is high in most cell compartments. Challenging environmental conditions are known to alter this ratio, notably by inducing the accumulation of GSSG, an effect that may be influential in the perception or transduction of stress signals. Despite the potential importance of glutathione status in redox signaling, the reactions responsible for the oxidation of GSH to GSSG have not been clearly identified. Most attention has focused on the ascorbate-glutathione pathway, but several other candidate pathways may couple the availability of oxidants such as H2O2 to changes in glutathione and thus impact on signaling pathways through regulation of protein thiol-disulfide status. We provide an overview of the main candidate pathways and discuss the available biochemical, transcriptomic, and genetic evidence relatin...

Glutathione is a small redox-active molecule existing in two main stable forms: the thiol (GSH) and the disulphide (GSSG). In plants growing in optimal conditions, the GSH:GSSG ratio is high in most cell compartments. Challenging environmental conditions are known to alter this ratio, notably by inducing the accumulation of GSSG, an effect that may be influential in the perception or transduction of stress signals. Despite the potential importance of glutathione status in redox signaling, the reactions responsible for the oxidation of GSH to GSSG have not been clearly identified. Most attention has focused on the ascorbate-glutathione pathway, but several other candidate pathways may couple the availability of oxidants such as H2O2 to changes in glutathione and thus impact on signaling pathways through regulation of protein thiol-disulfide status. We provide an overview of the main candidate pathways and discuss the available biochemical, transcriptomic, and genetic evidence relatin...

A sequential ligand addition to the aluminum (III) cation has been studied using the B3LYP functional and a combined allelectron/pseudopotentials basis set. The aluminum complexes are compared with analogous magnesium (II) complexes. Different thermodynamical data, such as incremental binding energies, enthalpies, entropies and free energies, are presented for these addition reactions. While the magnesium (II) cation can only accommodate three negatively charged ligands, aluminum (III) accommodates four even after including bulk solvent effects. The main differences between both cations complexing with the neutral ligands, is that aluminum (III) is not able to form complexes with methanol until the number of methanol ligands is equal to 3. Magnesium (II) prefers to bind methanol and formamide when the number of ligands is small, while aluminum prefers formamide. For the largest complexes both cations prefer to bind water.