Theoretical High Energy Physics and Particle Physics

The golden ring to which most physicists aspire is a unified field theory that incorporates all of modern and classical physics. Some scientists and others call this a TOE or ‘theory of everything’, but it is no more than false hubris to believe that humans could possibly know and explain everything about the universe at this time. Einstein chased this goal for the last three decades of his life, basing his theoretical research on his general theory of relativity. Meanwhile, the vast majority of scientists supporting the other major accomplishment of the Second Scientific Revolution were investing all of their time and efforts to advancing the quantum theory and their quest has been extremely successful. They originally had no interest in a unified field theory. After Einstein died in 1955, his efforts were all but abandoned because of his philosophical stance against the prevalent Copenhagen Interpretation of quantum theory even though he had been one of quantum theory’s founders. During the 1970s the tables started to turn and quantum theorists became interested in unifying physics, although not from the foundational principles of relativity theory. They claimed that quantum theory was more fundamental than relativity so they began the same quest from a totally different direction despite their claims to be continuing Einstein’s quest.  Throughout the development of the ensuing standard quantum model, superstring theory and many other theoretical schemes, quantum theorists have remained resolute in their conviction that the quantum and relativity are mutually incompatible so the quantum must completely do away with and replace relativity once and for all. However, the quantum theory and relativity are not actually incompatible and, in fact, say the some of the same things about the nature of physical reality. When the similarities are fully defined and studied and the basic assumptions behind each of the theories are altered to reflect the similarities instead of the incompatibilities, only then can the point of their compatibility be determined and act as a unifying principle resulting in a completed unified field theory of the type that Einstein once sought. The development of this physical model of reality is not without irony. Not only is the quantum theory incomplete as Einstein argued in EPR, but Einstein’s general relativity is also seriously incomplete and true unification cannot be rendered complete at any level of reality until all the theoretical models being unified are themselves complete.

We review the Schwinger's mechanism and explain its theoretical and experimental importance. We expose shortly the current status of the experimental searches and revisit the main formulae, concepts and the right interpretation of this non-perturbative effect in 4d QED. The generalizations to lower and higher dimensional QED formulae are also provided and discussed in terms of polylogarithms.

In this article, we propose different background models of extended theories of gravity, which are minimally coupled to the SM fields, to explain the possibility of genesis of dark matter without affecting the SM particle sector. We modify the gravity sector by allowing quantum corrections motivated from (1) local f(R) gravity, (2) non local ghost free theory of gravity, and (3) non-minimally coupled gravity with SM sector and dilaton field. Next we apply conformal transformation on the metric to transform the action back to the Einstein frame. We also show that an effective theory constructed from these extended theories of gravity and SM sector looks exactly the same. Using the relic constraint observed by Planck 2015, we constrain the scale of the effective field theory (ΛUV) as well as the dark matter mass (M). We consider two cases- (1) light dark matter (LDM) and (2) heavy dark matter (HDM), and deduce upper bounds on thermally averaged cross section of dark matter annihilating to SM particles. Finally, we propose some different UV complete models from a particle physics point of view, which can give rise to the same effective theory that we have deduced from extended theories of gravity.

We review the Schwinger's mechanism and explain its theoretical and experimental importance. We expose shortly the current status of the experimental searches and revisit the main formulae, concepts and the right interpretation of this non-perturbative effect in 4d QED. The generalizations to lower and higher dimensional QED formulae are also provided and discussed in terms of polylogarithms.

The QCD phase diagram in the temperature vs quark chemical potential plane is studied in the presence of a magnetic field, using the linear sigma model coupled to quarks. It is shown that the decrease of the couplings with increasing field strength obtained in this model leads to the critical temperature for the phase transition to decrease with increasing field intensity (inverse magnetic catalysis). This happens provided that plasma screening is properly accounted for. It is also found that with increasing field strength the location of the critical end point in the phase diagram moves toward lower values of the critical quark chemical potential and larger values of the critical temperature. In addition, the critical end point approaches the temperature axis for large values of the magnetic field. We argue that a similar behavior is to be expected in QCD, since the physical impact of the magnetic field, regardless of strength, is to produce a spatial dimension reduction, whereby virtual quark-antiquark pairs are closer on average and thus the strength of their interaction decreases due to asymptotic freedom.

We present a model independent analysis of custodial corrections to the S parameter. The negative contributions coming from direct corrections, i.e. the corrections associated to eects of new physics in the fermionic sector, can be used to eliminate unwanted positive oblique contributions to S. By means of such an ideal cancellation among oblique and direct corrections the electroweak physics can be made insensitive to custodial new physics. The Lagrangian analysis of the ideal cancellation reveals a possible sizable redenition of the eective electroweak energy scale with respect to models with only oblique corrections. We then infer from general principles the full expression for the eective custodial operator responsible in the gauge sector for the contribution to S. We show that the ideal cancellation exactly eliminates all the custodial corrections, including those in

Science from History to Future CONTENTS 1. INERTIA 2. Form of Intensity of the Moving Charge Electric Field is Asymmetrical. 3. Form of the Interference Field is Non-Linear 4. CORRECTED Maswell's equations 5. Corrected Newton´s Laws of Motion 6. Kinetic energy of a charge moving at the velocity of v has two different values: Kinetic energy against direction of motion as wave Tkin ad = mc2 [ln |1+v/c|- (v/c)/(1+v/c)] Kinetic energy in direction of motion as particle Tkin id = mc2 [ln|1-v/c|+ (v/c)/(1-v/c)] 7. Physics is Easy 8. Particles, Waves and Trends in Physics 9. Physics is Beautiful 10. Great Table of Elementary Particles 11. Movement Principles of the Fast-Spinning Bodies 12. Nuclear Fusion

In this paper we consider the Universe at the late stage of its evolution and deep inside the cell of uniformity. At these scales, the Universe is filled with inhomogeneously distributed discrete structures (galaxies, groups and clusters of galaxies). Supposing that a small fraction of colored objects escaped hadronization and survived up to now in the form of quark-gluon nuggets (QNs), and also taking into account radiation, we investigate scalar perturbations of the FRW metrics due to inhomogeneities of dustlike matter as well as fluctuations of QNs and radiation. In particular, we demonstrate that the nonrelativistic gravitational potential is defined by the distribution of inhomogeneities/fluctuations of both dustlike matter and QNs. Consequently, QNs can be distributed around the baryonic inhomogeneities (e.g., galaxies) in such a way that it can solve the problem of the flatness of the rotation curves. We also show that the fluctuations of radiation are caused by both the inhomogeneities in the form of galaxies and the fluctuations of quark-gluon nuggets. Therefore, if QNs exist, the CMB anisotropy should contain also the contributions from QNs. Additionally, the spatial distribution of the radiation fluctuations is defined by the gravitational potential. All these results look physically reasonable.

The Standard Model (SM) has well known deficiencies, and there is clearly need for new physics beyond the SM. The particles manifesting the new physics would interact at most weakly with the SM particles, and hence they are termed dark. The Higgs boson is potentially a favourable route for the production of the dark particles. There are a large class of theories where couplings or mixings at the Higgs level leads to exotic Higgs decays, which nonetheless do not significantly disturb the known physics below the Higgs level. This is therefore a significant potential discovery opportunity. We present the motivation and progress made in the studies which have been carried out as part of designing the search for the exotic decay of the SM Higgs which proceeds via a dark force back to SM four leptons, H → Z d Z d → 4l from the LHC run 1 data using the ATLAS detector.

As shown recently, one can obtain additional information from the measured charged particle multiplicity distributions, P(N), by investigating the so-called modified combinants, C j , extracted from them. This information is encoded in the observed specific oscillatory behaviour of C j , which phenomenologically can be described only by some combinations of compound distributions based on the Bino-mial Distribution. So far this idea has been checked in pp and e + e − processes (where observed oscillations are spectacularly strong). In this paper we continue observation of multiparticle production from the modified combinants perspective by investigating dependencies of the observed oscil-latory patterns on type of colliding particles, their energies and the phase space where they are observed. We also offer some tentative explanation based on different types of compound distributions and stochastic branching processes.

We investigate the classical gravitational tests for the six-dimensional Kaluza-Klein model with spherical (of a radius a) compactification of the internal space. The model contains also a bare multidimensional cosmological constant \Lambda_6. The matter, which corresponds to this ansatz, can be simulated by a perfect fluid with the vacuum equation of state in the external space and an arbitrary equation of state with the parameter \omega_1 in the internal space. For example, \omega_1=1 and \omega_1=2 correspond to the monopole two-forms and the Casimir effect, respectively. In the particular case \Lambda_6=0, the parameter \omega_1 is also absent: \omega_1=0. In the weak-field approximation, we perturb the background ansatz by a point-like mass. We demonstrate that in the case \omega_1>0 the perturbed metric coefficients have the Yukawa type corrections with respect to the usual Newtonian gravitational potential. The inverse square law experiments restrict the parameters of the model: a/\sqrt{\omega_1}\lesssim 6\times10^{-3}\ {{cm}}. Therefore, in the Solar system the parameterized post-Newtonian parameter \gamma is equal to 1 with very high accuracy. Thus, our model satisfies the gravitational experiments (the deflection of light and the time delay of radar echoes) at the same level of accuracy as General Relativity. We demonstrate also that our background matter provides the stable compactification of the internal space in the case \omega_1>0. However, if \omega_1=0, then the parameterized post-Newtonian parameter \gamma=1/3, which strongly contradicts the observations.

There is a background of matter/radiation/electric charge/color charge and geometry on which both quantum mechanics and general relativity rely. Quantum mechanics focuses on measuring the state functions of this background matter (e.g. in the form of a particle such as an electron), radiation, electric charge, and color charge within this background geometry. General relativity on the other hand focuses on measuring the curvatures that this background matter (e.g. in the form of a cosmological object such as a star), radiation, and electric charge causes within this background geometry.

An important key step towards the unification of quantum mechanics and general relativity is to revisit this geometro-matter/radiation/electric charge/color charge background and redefine the relationship between matter/radiation/electric charge/color charge and geometry. I’ll introduce a new notion of spacetimematterradiationcharge where matter, radiation, electric charge, and color charge are baked into geometry itself as new geometrical dimensions.

State functions are no longer the state functions of locations of matter, radiation, electric charge, and color charge within background spacetime geometry. They are instead the state functions of space, time, matter, radiation, electric charge, and color charge themselves. In other words, space, time, matter, radiation, electric charge, and color charge themselves have quantum behavior and consequently state functions.

I’ll show that these geometrical state functions manifest themselves in the form of geometrical stress tensor components that cause curvatures in spacetimematterradiationcharge.

I’ll propose that a given physical constant (e.g. Planck mass, Planck length, Planck time, light speed, Planck constant, or gravitational constant) is a quantity that can be quantized where each quantum is associated with a specific value of a physical constant quantum number.

I’ll also propose that a given piece of geometry can be in any of the possible physical constant quantum states, which means that they can be associated with different values of physical constants. I’ll propose that the portions of geometry with the same physical constant quantum state form the universe of their own. The Universe is structurally multi-universe where all its constituent universes share the same geometry and spacetimematterradiationcharge.

I’ll then present my new quantum and general relativity field equations that together unify quantum mechanics and general relativity and the four fundamental forces of nature.

My approach to quantum gravity has a significant consequence, i.e., the matter, radiation, electric charge, and color charge content of the Universe is composed of not only ordinary matter, radiation, electric charge, and color charge that portions of the spacetimematterradiationcharge with the zero value of physical constant quantum number contribute but also non-ordinary matter, radiation, electric charge, and color charge that portions of the spacetimematterradiationcharge with non-zero values of physical constant quantum number contribute. I propose that these non-ordinary matter, radiation, electric charge, and color charge contributions constitute what is known as the dark matter and dark energy. My approach to quantum gravity therefore provides a new approach to the physics of the dark matter and dark energy.

I’ll show the classical limit at which my new quantum and general relativity field equations recover the classical Schrodinger and general relativity field equations. I’ll then use my approach to quantum gravity to derive Hawking entropy and temperature, to add higher order corrections to them, and to extend them to non-black hole spacetimematterradiationcharge regions in addition to black holes.

I’ll use actual cosmological data and the ordinary physical constants (e.g. light speed, Planck constant, Planck length, Planck mass, Planck time, etc.) to derive the physical constants (e.g. light speed, Planck constant, Planck length, Planck mass, Planck time, etc.) associated with the physical constant quantum number one. This will show that these physical constants are different from their ordinary counterparts.

I’ll also provide quantum mechanism for the main characteristics of black holes. I’ll also show how my new approach to quantum gravity resolves the black hole information paradox.

In deep-inelastic processes the heavy flavor Wilson coefficients factorize for $Q^2 \gg m^2$ into the light flavor Wilson coefficients of the corresponding process and the massive operator matrix elements (OMEs). We calculate the $O(\alpha_s^2)$ and $O(\alpha_s^3)$ massive OME for the flavor non-singlet transversity distribution. At $O(\alpha_s^2)$ the OME is obtained for general values of the Mellin variable $N$, while at $O(\alpha_s^3)$ the moments $N = 1$ to 13 are computed. The terms $\propto T_F$ of the 3--loop transversity anomalous dimension are obtained and results in the literature are confirmed. We discuss the relation of these contributions to the Soffer bound for transversity.