The Crucible

This paper aims to concretize this notion of literary theories being in dialogue by exploring the intertwining of the Marxist theory, mainly depending on Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin’s theories, and Freudian psychoanalytic theory, based on Sigmund Freud’s writings, in Arthur Miller’s play “The Crucible” with focus on Reverand Parris as a representative of the Bourgoise and John Proctor, Abigail Williams and the people of Salem as representatives of the Proletariats. “The Crucible” portrays the Marxist ideology of class division, yet more importantly, it traces religion, a concept long debated among the Marxists, as the trigger to the class struggle. The characters in the play have taken to 2 extreme measures for power attainment; Hysteria, triggered by the Id, and revolution, triggered by the Superego. This is what this paper aims to explore further with taking

In 1692, 20 people are executed and more than 200 are imprisoned for witchcraft in the colonial town of Salem, Massachusetts. Over time, the only organized witch trials in American history have not only become a strong metaphor for mass hysteria and scapegoating, as ‘the Halloween capital of the world’, the town today feeds on its contested past. Moreover, the Salem witch trials have generated innumerable cultural works – films, tv series, and, most prominently, books. To this day, more than 70 works of fiction tell and retell the ‘Salem story’. This talk explores not only what happened in 1692 as well as its touristic exploitation, but why and how this dark chapter is remembered in the American cultural memory, from classics such as Arthur Miller’s The Crucible to a growing corpus of contemporary fiction.

In 1952, Arthur Miller wrote The Crucible – a fictionalised staging of the 1692 Salem witch trials. As an allegory of McCarthyite anti-communist hysteria in 1950s America, the play could itself be considered a form of sublimation: firstly, of course, in the way that all creative works can be understood, in the Freudian context, as a diversion of the drives (1916-17). But secondly, and as allegory specifically, we could consider it a sort of sublimated political gesture: Miller’s protest against a modern-day witch hunt finding its expression in an alternative form. However, for the purposes of this paper what I want to identify is the socio-political mechanism of sublimation at work both in the context of the production of The Crucible and within its narrative and staging.

Specifically, I intend to explore The Crucible in relation to Slavoj Žižek’s theory of the “sublime object of ideology” (1989). To this end, I will address Miller’s own adaptation of his stage play in Nicholas Hytner’s 1996 film, for the ways in which its formal strategies emphasise the key features of social conflict that drive persecution. And while it might, at first face, seem almost an error of category to examine the “sublime” in the context of a symposium on sublimation, it is worth noting that both Freud (1930) and Lacan (1992) emphasised the social function of sublimation. Moreover, Žižek’s theory relies specifically on Lacan’s most succinct definition of sublimation, as the elevation of the object “to the dignity of the Thing” (1992: 134), which we can understand here as the raising of something quotidian to a privileged position within the social fabric. Reflecting the terrible fascination of the Thing, such an object may be venerated or, indeed, denigrated, like the totemic animal that is both worshipped and sacrificed in order to ensure the cohesion of the tribe or clan (Freud 1913). In this paper, I will focus on what Žižek calls the sublime object as “negative magnitude” (1997: 81) to explore the logic of scapegoating – where the internal contradictions or antagonisms of a particular society are ideologically displaced onto an external figure of the Other – that we can chart from (at least) the Salem witch trials to the present day refugee crisis.

A group of devout Christians later known as Puritans, deeming that the religious landscape in Europe was full of heresy, migrated to the New World in the early seventeenth century. These Puritans advocated for an immaculate community within and without Church. Nevertheless, in America, the realities of their day-today life relegated this tenet to the dream world. Grounded on new criticism and semiotics, this essay examines how both Arthur Miller and Nathaniel Hawthorne debunk such a credo respectively in The Crucible and The Scarlet Letter.

A piece written during a chaotic period in American history, Arthur Miller's The Crucible, set in Salem, Massachusetts during the seventeenth century, is a reflection of the terror and injustice inflicted upon America by the Red Scare in the 1950s. The reviews, however, following the initial production of the play, were not very receptive to Miller's message.

This dissertation is a discussion of fictional literary interpretations of McCarthyism in 1950s America.  Focusing on three of the period's most renowned pieces of political fiction, this study analyses how the political consensus of the era shaped the ideologies of each author and their works.  By studying the origins of the authors and each text's specific interpretations of 1950s anti-Communism, this dissertation investigates how the books were received by both state and public immediately after their release, and how these receptions affected their impact on US culture. It argues that the contradiction or correspondence of each author's political ideals with the popular political consensus of the time denoted the failure or success of their works.

To this day, Salem, Massachusetts, is synonymous with the witch trials of 1692. Their unique pace and structure has not only made the infamous town a strong cultural metaphor, but has generated countless novels, short stories, and plays over the past 200 years. This book marks the first comprehensive analysis of literary Salem and its historical as well as contemporary significance, from Nathaniel Hawthorne’s literature of the 19th century to Arthur Miller’s The Crucible to a growing corpus of contemporary fiction.

Mohammad ben Mansur wrote the manuscript Goharnāme for the ruler Ozun Hasan Āq Qoyonlu in the 9th century hijra where Ben Mansur also mentions the name of the son of Sultan Ozun Hasan Āq Qoyonlu, namely Sultan Xalil as well (see Sotude, 1975, p. 185). Ozun Hasan Āq Qoyonlu ruled from 871-883 hijra (1466-1478 C.E.) or 1457-1478. Gŏharnāme for the ruler Uzun Hasan Āq Qoyonlu in the 9th century Hegira and ibn Mansur also mentions the name of the son of Sultan Uzun Hasan Āq Qoyonlu, namely Sultan Xalil as well. Different names are used to refer to this manuscript such as Goharnāmeh, Joharnāmeh, and Javāhernāmeh.

The first swords human made in Bronze Age were straight. To our knowledge, the oldest slightly curved sabers dated to 6th to 8th C.E. are attributed to central Asian tribes and within 3 to 4 centuries the idea of making the slightly curved sabers as a more effective weapon, was adopted by Indians, Chinese, Ottomans, Arabs, Europeans and Iranians. Each nation designed and developed its own saber according to their conditions; Byzantines developed Paramerion, Cossacks developed Shashka, Indians developed Talwar, Chinese made Peidao, Polish used Szabla, Germans made messer, and Iranians developed their Shamshir

M. Helfert/A.R. Furger 2017:  Archäometrische Untersuchungen in Augusta Raurica: Schmelztiegel, Schmelzgrube in situ und Gusskerne von Großbronzen. In: Römische Großbronzen am UNESCO-Welterbe Limes (Darmstadt 2017).
Das Hauptaugenmerk unserer Untersuchungen1
lag bei der Tiegelkeramik und ihrer Herkunftsbestimmung,
auf der als lutum bezeichneten äußeren
Lehmbeschichtung der Tiegel sowie auf
den Nachweisen der oft nur in geringen Spuren
noch vorhanden Metalle auf den verschiedensten
Objekten. Hinsichtlich der Tiegel müssen
Macharten, Formen, Größen und die einstige
funktionale Bestimmung (Schmelzen, Kupellation
usw.) unterschieden werden.

During this workshop on archaeometallurgy the participants will learn the basics about the properties of metals and their production from prehistoric times onwards. Material analytical methods such as metallography, determination of the chemical and isotopic composition as well as phase analysis will be treated during the workshop. The event is rounded off by numerous practical courses, which teach the participants the fundamental principles of the analytical methods and the preparation of samples.

An investigation into the life and work of playwrightof Arthur Miller with respect to Wilfred Bion's understanding of the "messiah personality."  Miller's play "The Crucible"  provides a view to the ways in which the elements of Miller's psyche intersect with the political realities Miller was confronted with in the McCarthy era.

... The archaeology of prehistoric trans-Asiatic exchange: technological and settlement evidence from Khao Sam Kaeo. Auteur(s) / Author(s). PRYCE Thomas Oliver (1) ; BELLINA-PRYCEBérénice (2) ; BENNETT Anna TN (3) ; Affiliation(s) du ou des auteurs / Author(s) Affiliation(s). ...

In this work a Ti-48Al alloy was induction melted in a CaO crucible using different superheating temperatures. In the first stage, samples were allowed to cool to room temperature inside the crucibles, in order to simulate a low cooling rate, and in the second stage samples were centrifugally poured into a steel mould, in order to study the effect of the melting operation on the alloy contamination with oxygen. The effect of superheating temperature on the metal-crucible interaction, alloy chemical composition, microstructure and microhardness is evaluated. The CaO crucible was found to be slightly dissolved by the molten alloy and the extent of that dissolution depends on the superheating temperature. A relationship was found between oxygen concentration and microhardness profiles of the a 2 þ g microconstituent, from the surface to the inside of samples, which depends on the superheating temperature and cooling rate. Intermetallics j o u r n a l h o m e pa g e : w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c a t e / i n t e r m e t 0966-9795/$ -see front matter Ó

... The archaeology of prehistoric trans-Asiatic exchange: technological and settlement evidence from Khao Sam Kaeo. Auteur(s) / Author(s). PRYCE Thomas Oliver (1) ; BELLINA-PRYCEBérénice (2) ; BENNETT Anna TN (3) ; Affiliation(s) du ou des auteurs / Author(s) Affiliation(s). ...

Em 1953, o dramaturgo estadunidense Arthur Miller escreveu The Crucible (As Bruxas de Salém), uma peça que revive a caça às bruxas na cidade de Salém em 1692-1693. Alegoricamente a trama oferta-se como metáfora da caça aos comunistas durante o Macarthismo, um período de perseguição política nos Estados Unidos, durante a Guerra Fria. Em ambos os momentos históricos, a peça-chave à dinâmica da perseguição era a “delação”. Face à histeria coletiva, ante ao terror de ser condenado, o suspeito, instado a acusar outras pessoas, passa a colaborar com o sistema. Em 1956, suspeito de simpatias
comunistas, o próprio Miller foi interrogado pelo Comitê de Atividades Anti_americanas (House of Un-American Activities Commitee). Miller negou-se a delatar outros supostos comunistas e foi condenado por desacato. A sentença foi anulada, mas o fato de ter sido submetido a mecanismos persecutórios, denunciados na peça, reforçou e consagrou a peça como alegoria da repressão política

For metallurgical processes in antiquity functional materials were required, which were sufficiently heat resistant. Commonly, ceramics were used for the production of furnaces, tuyères and crucibles. Because normal pottery usually could not withstand the extreme temperatures, which were needed for metallurgical operations, the ceramic production process had to be modified. An analytical case study will be presented on refractory ceramics from the Late Bronze Age copper smelting site Politiko-Phorades (Cyprus). Cyprus had a major role in copper production, starting from this period, and the selected site is the earliest primary smelting site discovered in Cyprus until now. Furnace and tuyère fragments were analysed chemically and mineralogically, in order to investigate ancient ceramic technology in view of heat resistance.

Adaptações Fílmicas da Obra de Arthur Miller: um caso de amor e ódio.
Esta pesquisa tem como objetivos descrever a teoria de adaptações fílmicas e a origem do preconceito contra adaptações, assim como a origem do preconceito de Arthur Miller, cujas peças A Morte um Caixeirio-Viajante (Death of a Salesman) de 1949, e As Bruxas de Salem (The Crucible) de 1953 servem como exemplo da aplicação e análise da teoria de adaptação fílmica.
Film Adaptations of Arthur Miller’s Works: a case of love and hate
This research aims to describe the theory of film adaptations and the origin of the prejudice against adaptations, as well as the origin of the prejudice of Arthur Miller, whose plays Death of a Salesman and The Crucible serve as an example of the application and analysis of film adaptation theory.

When melting reactive alloys, chemical composition and alloy homogeneity strongly depend on processing conditions, especially if melting is performed in ceramic crucibles. In this case, the nature of crucible materials, the melting stock composition and the melting parameters (atmosphere, pressure, superheating time and temperature) are critical processing variables. In this work, a Ti-48Al alloy was induction melted in a ZrO 2 ÁSiO 2 -based crucible with Y 2 O 3 inner layer using different superheating temperatures (1600 and 1650°C) and times (0, 60 and 90 s) and poured into a graphite mould. The influence of different temperature/time combinations in the alloy composition, Al loss by evaporation and metal/crucible interaction was studied for different melting pressures. Al loss was found to increase significantly for melting pressures below 10 -2 mbar and increases with increasing superheating time and temperature. The experimental results concerning to Al loss are in agreement with theoretical (and experimentally validated) models available for induction skull melting of TiAl. Metal/crucible interaction directly increased with melting pressure, superheating time and temperature, leading to alloy contamination with Y and O. For the experimental set-up used in this work, optimal temperature/superheating time/pressure combinations that lead to acceptable alloy composition have been identified.

Thermal analysis is primarily used in the field of materials science, but has a long history in the geosciences. Soil organic matter (SOM) has received a great deal of recent scientific interest because of its role in the global carbon cycle. Conventional methods of characterizing SOM quality are unsatisfactory because they do not adequately capture the complete quality continuum that SOM comprises or the various mechanisms that act to stabilize it in the soil matrix. Thermal analysis techniques have the potential to capture this quality continuum, but are dependent on numerous experimental conditions that limit the comparability of results among different studies. Published methodology on thermal analysis of soils and sediments has largely focused on the characterization of the mineral component, while the organic component has received little attention. We tested several experimental conditions for their effects on the exothermic region of curves generated by thermal analysis of easily dispersed soil clay fractions and non-protected light-density particulate organic matter fractions isolated from the surface horizon of a forest soil. Results were found to be highly repeatable but strongly sensitive to crucible material, heating rate, and sample amount, and relatively insensitive to the use of a reference material. Thermal analysis is an important addition to the set of analytical tools used to characterize SOM quality because it provides direct, quantitative information of the energy potentially available for microbial metabolism. However, users will need to balance the needs of specific scientific objectives with the need for standardized methods and comparability between studies.