Soil protection

This paper focuses on the products and uses of geosynthetics, their use and the construction methods needed to strengthen the work of soil protection and environmental protection. For decades Geosynthetics has been widely used in building materials for geotechnical and environmental applications in many parts of the world. Because they create products, new products and applications are made in a standard way to provide solutions to common and complex problems alike. The results from recent research and monitoring of architectural structures over the years have led to new approaches to the development of various applications of geosynthetics. Geosynthetics are materials made of various types of polymers, which are used with earthy materials such as soil, rock etc. to enhance, enhance or modify the performance of various social engineering activities. Geosynthetics are available in a variety of forms and materials, each with its own unique use. These products have a wide range of applications and are currently used in a wide range of geotechnical, transportation, water and private systems including roads, airports, barriers, water storage facilities, dams, canals, dams, soil erosion control, pillar control, waste disposal lines, mines and agriculture.

ÖZET:

Bilimsel verilere göre Türkiye'nin verimli tarım arazileri ve su kaynakları son derece sınırlıdır.  21. yüzyılın nasıl olacağı konulu öngörülere baktığımızda, ülkemizin önemli ölçüde su kıtlığı çekecek ve çölleşme yaşayacak bir coğrafyada yer aldığını görüyoruz. Bu gidişi önlemek için kapsamlı bir çevre hukuku reformuna ihtiyaç bulunmaktadır.

2005 yılında 5403 sayılı Toprak Koruma ve Arazi Kullanımı Kanunu’nun yürürlüğe girmesi bu yönde atılmış önemli bir adımdır. Ancak yasa içeriğindeki yetersizlikler, bu yasanın uygulanmasını sağlayacak ek mevzuatın tam olarak yürürlüğe girmemesi, hepsinden önemlisi bu yasanın uygulanmasını sağlayacak bir uzman kuruluşun oluşturulmaması nedeni ile uygulamada yasa amacına ulaşamamıştır. Yasada çok fazla istisnaya yer verilmiş olması da kanunun amacına aykırı düşmektedir. Bu nedenle  toprağın koruma konusundaki  tüm mevzuatta  iyileştirmelere ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.
ABSTRACT:
According to scientific data, the fertile agricultural lands and water resources of Turkey are extremely limited. When we look at the assumptions about how the 21st century will be, we see that our country is  in a region where it will be significant water scarcity and desertification. There is a need for a comprehensive environmental law reform to prevent this course of events.
The enactment of the Soil Protection and Land Use Law No. 5403 in 2005 is an important step in this direction. However, there are  inadequacies in the content of the current code. The secondary regulations to ensure the  implementation of this code  are not adequate. Most important problem of all is the lack of specialized institution to implement this code. The fact that there are too many exceptions in the law is contrary to the purpose of the regulation. For these reasons, there is  need for improvement soil protection legislation.

In pasture management, there are two highly important points. The first one is the protection of vegetation, soil and other resources, and the second one is paying attention to this vegetation, soil and other resources to obtain the highest animal products. The most influential factor in soil protection is the presence of plants on the soil surface. For this purpose, the pasture management principles especially the principles related to complying with grazing capacity and grazing season ensure the establishment of a balance for the environment between the plants which ensure the soil protection and the animals benefiting from the plants. There is a strong relationship between soil protection and pasture management principles. Compliance with these principles is essential for a sustainable economy and environment. In Turkey, the un-implementation of these principles caused erosion of most pasture areas. And these problems also exist in different parts of the world with similar ecology.

Forests are part of a complex landscape mosaic and play a crucial role for people living both in rural and urbanized spaces. Recent progresses in modelling and Decision Support System (DSS) applied to the forestry sector promise to improve public participative forest management and decision-making in planning and conservation issues. However, most DSS are not open-source systems, being in many cases software designed for site-specific applications in forest ecosystems. Furthermore, some of these systems often miss challenging the integration of other land uses within the landscape matrix, which is a key issue in modern forestry planning aiming at linking recent developments in open-source Spatial-DSS systems to sectorial forest knowledge. This paper aims at demonstrating that a new type of S-DSS, developed within the Life+ project SOILCONSWEB over an open-source Geospatial Cyber-Infrastructure (GCI) platform, can provide a strategic web-based operational tool for forest resources ma...

Forests are part of a complex landscape mosaic and play a crucial role for people living both in rural and urbanized spaces. Recent progresses in modelling and Decision Support System (DSS) applied to the forestry sector promise to improve public participative forest management and decision-making in planning and conservation issues. However, most DSS are not open-source systems, being in many cases software designed for site-specific applications in forest ecosystems. Furthermore, some of these systems often miss challenging the integration of other land uses within the landscape matrix, which is a key issue in modern forestry planning aiming at linking recent developments in open-source Spatial-DSS systems to sectorial forest knowledge. This paper aims at demonstrating that a new type of S-DSS, developed within the Life+ project SOILCONSWEB over an open-source Geospatial Cyber-Infrastructure (GCI) platform, can provide a strategic web-based operational tool for forest resources ma...

Background and Objectives: Preservation of soil and prevention of occurrence and intensification of erosion are the most important functions of natural ecosystems. This issue is especially important in steep and mountainous areas. Soil conservation function, like many other ecosystem services, lacks a market to determine value. Natural ecosystems are one of the important economic resource for many developing countries that contribute to the development of regions and communities by producing goods and services. This study was conducted in 2019 with the aim of investigating the role of natural ecosystem in Kechik area in controlling soil erosion and determining the economic value of soil protection based on soil fertility maintenance function.
Materials and methods: In order to estimate soil erosion quantitatively , the RUSLE model, which inputs include rain erosion factor, soil erodibility factor, length and degree of slope factor, vegetation factor and protective operations factor, was used in GIS environment. To calculate the economic value of soil fertility maintenance function, soil retention and soil nutrient content including nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the area were estimated and its economic value was calculated using the alternative cost approach.
Results: The results of soil erosion by RUSLE method showed that the range of soil erosion in the region varied between 0 to 239.2 tons per hectare per year and its average was estimated at 7.94 tons per hectare per year. The value of the main elements preserved in the soil of the whole basin was equal to 9.21 billion Rials per year and the value of each hectare of the region's ecosystem was estimated at 2.55 million Rials per year. Also, the analysis of erosion data in IDRISI Selva software showed that the factor of length and degree of slope with a correlation coefficient of 93% and a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.87 had the greatest effect on estimating annual soil erosion.
Conclusion: The result of this study states that the value obtained per hectare of forest is 3.39, rangeland 2.84 and dry land 2.16 million rials per year, which shows the more value of rangeland ecosystem than dry lands. Due to the positive effects of vegetation, the need for special attention to rangeland and forest vegetation to reduce soil erosion is felt and it is recommended that biological and soil protection programs to reduce soil erosion damage in areas with high erosion sensitivity in the region.

One of the most important goals of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development concerns life on land (SDG15). It seems that among the issues mentioned in SDG15, soil degradation and preservation is the matter which is least studied in theory and most neglected in practice. “Soil is the key to life on this planet – the foundation for all terrestrial ecosystems”. For centuries, soil has mainly been seen as a source of goods. However, with the increasing human impact on the environment, the close links between soil and a number of environmental issues, such as sustainability, climate change, and loss of soil organic matter and nutrients, have been recognized. All soil functions depend on its physical, chemical and biological properties. They determine the quality of the soil. This in turn guarantees whether or not the soil can provide its services.

One of the most important goals of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development concerns life on land (SDG15). It seems that among the issues mentioned in SDG15, soil degradation and preservation is the matter which is least studied in theory and most neglected in practice. “Soil is the key to life on this planet – the foundation for all terrestrial ecosystems”. For centuries, soil has mainly been seen as a source of goods. However, with the increasing human impact on the environment, the close links between soil and a number of environmental issues, such as sustainability, climate change, and loss of soil organic matter and nutrients, have been recognized. All soil functions depend on its physical, chemical and biological properties. They determine the quality of the soil. This in turn guarantees whether or not the soil can provide its services.

Erosion rates in olive orchards on sloping and mountainous land have been mentioned to be of important concern, with some regional averages supposedly as high as 40 – 100 ton ha y. This claim has its roots in empirical models that apply a simple multiplication of adverse environmental factors such as steep slopes, erodible soils and low soil cover by frequent tillage. We present experimental data from rainfall simulations, runoff plot studies and field assessment of erosion symptoms that challenge this conventional view. Seven reduction factors (inter-)acting at different scales are identified that play a role: 1) tillage increases surface roughness and infiltration; 2) rock fragment cover protects the soil and reduces the slope effect on erosion; 3) orchard undercover reduces sediment losses; 4) long-term erosion creates a non-uniform slope that allows infiltration of runoff; 5) cover strips obstruct the formation of rills and gullies; 6) erosion mainly results from rare high inten...

Forests are part of a complex landscape mosaic and play a crucial role for people living both in rural and urbanized spaces. Recent progresses in modelling and Decision Support System (DSS) applied to the forestry sector promise to improve public participative forest management and decision-making in planning and conservation issues. However, most DSS are not open-source systems, being in many cases software designed for site-specific applications in forest ecosystems. Furthermore, some of these systems often miss challenging the integration of other land uses within the landscape matrix, which is a key issue in modern forestry planning aiming at linking recent developments in open-source Spatial-DSS systems to sectorial forest knowledge. This paper aims at demonstrating that a new type of S-DSS, developed within the Life+ project SOILCONSWEB over an open-source Geospatial Cyber-Infrastructure (GCI) platform, can provide a strategic web-based operational tool for forest resources ma...

Forests are part of a complex landscape mosaic and play a crucial role for people living both in rural and urbanized spaces. Recent progresses in modelling and Decision Support System (DSS) applied to the forestry sector promise to improve public participative forest management and decision-making in planning and conservation issues. However, most DSS are not open-source systems, being in many cases software designed for site-specific applications in forest ecosystems. Furthermore, some of these systems often miss challenging the integration of other land uses within the landscape matrix, which is a key issue in modern forestry planning aiming at linking recent developments in open-source Spatial-DSS systems to sectorial forest knowledge. This paper aims at demonstrating that a new type of S-DSS, developed within the Life+ project SOILCONSWEB over an open-source Geospatial Cyber-Infrastructure (GCI) platform, can provide a strategic web-based operational tool for forest resources ma...

Forests are part of a complex landscape mosaic and play a crucial role for people living both in rural and urbanized spaces. Recent progresses in modelling and Decision Support System (DSS) applied to the forestry sector promise to improve public participative forest management and decision-making in planning and conservation issues. However, most DSS are not open-source systems, being in many cases software designed for site-specific applications in forest ecosystems. Furthermore, some of these systems often miss challenging the integration of other land uses within the landscape matrix, which is a key issue in modern forestry planning aiming at linking recent developments in open-source Spatial-DSS systems to sectorial forest knowledge. This paper aims at demonstrating that a new type of S-DSS, developed within the Life+ project SOILCONSWEB over an open-source Geospatial Cyber-Infrastructure (GCI) platform, can provide a strategic web-based operational tool for forest resources ma...