Social Costs

The monograph brings a relatively complex and comprehensive evaluation of the frequently asked questions related to the development of wind energetics in the Czech Republic; the evaluation is based on the analysis of spatial relations, environmental aspects and the social and economic connections of the given issues. Information of encyclopaedic and descriptive character appears only exceptionally, the emphasis is put on the synthesis of knowledge from abroad and the findings of empirical research. An interdisciplinary approach forms the basis; it involves and systematically evaluates a wide set of mutually related aspects (physical-geographical, environmentally-ecological, human-geographical and sociological), questions of legislative and economic character, and finally also issues connected with the impact on the health of the population, quality of life etc. From all the disciplines involved in the issue it is geography that has a coordinating function and plays the most important role. The main advantage of geography is its broad thematic scope and the ability to synthesise, which is essential for the overall objective assessment of the location potential, or the specification of the rate of suitability and acceptability of wind energy exploitation in a particular location. Most of the authors established their names at the Institute of Geonics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, a public non-university scientific institution, the department of environmental geography; the others come from other academic, university and specialized departments. It is assumed that the publication could become a guideline for further scientific research and that it will help increase and enhance the knowledge portfolio of public service employees and economy subjects, that it will rectify some myths related to wind energy, and last but not least that it will contribute to the increase in the number of informed amateurs able to evaluate the given issue objectively and constructively.

Egypt's socioeconomic and political condition is becoming a controversial matter after seven years following the 2011 revolution. The authors are intending to shed the light on the Egyptian socioeconomic and political condition after six years since the 2011 revolution; trying to analyze the whole situation from the local and international perspective. How does the world see us? And how do we see ourselves? What is the current socioeconomic and political situation in respect to data and information gathered from domestic and international institutions? And how do Egyptian people perceive the economic and political situation in their country now? These are questions which the authors will try to answer in this paper in order to come up with a real picture of Egypt after seven years since the 2011 revolution internally and externally. Researchers will conduct a field study in order to come up with Egyptian citizens' perspectives and opinions from diverse demographic background regarding the entire political and socioeconomic condition in the country through a quantitative research. Finally, we'll state conclusions and recommendations hoping to come up with adequate answers and solutions for many economic and political problematic issues.

Este artigo tem o intuito de relacionar o custo social do monopólio à regulação através da literatura já consolidada até o momento. Concomitantemente, o artigo tenta através da forma analítica identificar o que foi verificado teoricamente no que diz respeito ao custo social do monopólio.Basicamente mostra que o custo privado do monopólio é menor do que o custo social uma vez feita à regulação.

ABSTRACT: This article examines the role of the corporate vehicle in the creation of social costs. The article identifies some of the political commitments and philosophies behind the differing notions of corporations. Social costs are those activities which result from business activity and cause uncompensated harm to society. The founding contribution to the law and economics discussion by Ronald Coase is given a thorough treatment. The paper next, turns to the dominant explanation of corporate structure, namely the law and economics model developed expounded by Easterbrook and Fischel. It then applies the theoretical discussion in a case study of the world’s largest corporation, WAL-MART, Inc. It next examines the relation of social costs and corporate legal structure. It concludes with some recommendations for corporate reform.

Transboundary innovation is one that modifies, redefines or transcends boundaries or affiliations such as: political, national or administrative; cultural, ethnic or religious; corporate or accounting boundary; academic discipline. Its purpose is to solve social and planetary problems towards more sustainable peace and development.

Various studies show that long term power generation from fossil fuels (coal and gas) will dominate the electricity supply in Indonesia. This is because the primary consideration in the selection of plants is based on the least generation cost. Currently electricity generation from coal and gas has a lower cost than electricity generation from new and renewable energy (NRE). By comparing the generating cost it will always be seen that the power plant from coal and gas more competitive than the power plants from NRE. Developed countries that are already implementing sustainable development criteria, the selection of power plants is further enhanced with consider the social costs include explicit costs cost (generating cost) and external costs (environmental cost). Based on the literature study evaluated the social cost of both power plants that use fossil energy and NRE. Result from comparison of the social costs shown the power plant using NRE could be more competitive than using fossil energy. The selection of plants based on the sustainable development criteria can alter the dominance of fossil energy use for electricity generation, so the use of NRE may be improved.

I offer consequentialist and deontological arguments for a competitive market in human organs, from live as well as dead donors. I consider the objections that a market in organs will frustrate altruism, coerce the desperate, expose under-informed agents to unacceptable risks, exacerbate inequality, degrade those who participate in it, involve a kind of slavery, impose invidious costs, and impair third-party choice sets. I show that each of these objections is without merit and that, in consequence, the opposition to markets in organs is an untenable endorsement of death, suffering and the suppression of freedom.

The paper is based on an iron-ore mining project which was proposed to be established in a Permanent Reserved Forest (PRF) in the northeast of Peninsular Malaysia, covering a total land area of 2,360ha of natural Tropical Rain Forest (TRF).  Our analyses show that the proposed project yields a series of very low Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) values of less than 1.0, at least during the first decade of its operation.

Este documento ofrece una sistematización de bibliografía reciente y algunos métodos de cálculo utilizados
por instituciones gubernamentales y de la sociedad civil en Latinoamérica para estimar los costos directos
e indirectos del daño social causado por la corrupción. También se hace un breve repaso por experiencias,
particularmente en materia de retos en acuerdos internacionales para la recuperación de activos y la transferencia y uso de estos fondos, lo cual resulta de interés para la región dada su experiencia con casos de
corrupción protagonizados por empresas transnacionales.

What cutting edge economic anthropology and economic history shows is that prior to the dawn of the capitalist era it would have been nonsensical to refer to such a thing as an “economy” and no one ever did. The reason for this, quite simply, is that while economic reproduction is an existential facet of all existing human societies it had always been intertwined with other social practices – culture, religion, ideology, politics, and so on – and indistinguishable from them. Only under capitalism does economic life emerge transparently, as a separate sphere, permitting systematic study of “the economy” in economic theory.

This article aims to unsettle a pervasive cultural distinction between gambling – on one hand - and the competitive games of society – on the other - by exploring the role of whiteness as a form of symbolic capital in two different but closely related nations. Rather than following Pierre Bourdieu in relegating gambling to the constitutive outside of neo-liberal cultural and political economies, where sub-proletarian subjects are rendered simultaneously the object of an academic gaze and of public worrying about problem gambling, I will explore racialized dimensions of the many games of strength, skill and chance that constitute everyday culture in ex-settler-colonial nations. Comparative discussion highlights the role of gambling in mediating and transforming relationships of sovereignty between Indigenous and non-Indigenous citizens in Australia and the US.

A carga tributária é, normalmente, aferida comparando o total arrecadado pela Administração Tributária com o PIB nacional. No entanto, na realidade, a carga tributária efetiva é maior do que essa medida indica, pois os custos operacionais dessa arrecadação não são contabilizados. Os custos operacionais da tributação incluem o custo administrativo de arrecadar (público) e o custo de conformidade com as obrigações tributárias acessórias (privado). A compreensão da existência de custos sociais associados aos custos operacionais revela a substituibilidade (trade-off) parcial entre custos administrativos e obrigações acessórias. Enquanto custos de conformidade forem impostos aos contribuintes sem uma análise de custo-benefício-prévia, o sistema tributário pode estar empobrecendo a sociedade. Assim, toda e qualquer alteração na legislação tributária deveria ser precedida de uma análise de custo-benefício para se aferir o real o custo social da tributação.

The tax burden in a country is normally assessed by comparing the amount collected by the Tax Administration with the GDP. However, the tax burden is actually higher than the measure, since the operational costs of taxation are not considered. The operational costs of taxation include both the administrative costs of taxation (public) and the compliance cost (private). The understanding that there are social costs associated with the operational costs reveals a partial trade-off between administrative and compliance costs. As long as compliance costs are imposed on the tax payers without a previous cost-benefit analysis, taxation may be impoverishing society. Therefore, every change in tax policy should be preceded by a cost-benefit analysis to assess the real social cost of taxation.

This study aims to contribute to a line of research initiated at the beginning of the twentyfirst century that inquired into the conditions that favoured the academic success and school continuity of Spain’s Roma youth (Abajo and Carrasco 2004) and also investigated the sociocultural impact that successful academic trajectories might have on Roma individuals, families and communities. This chapter will comparatively explore the experiences and trajectories of academic success of two sets of Roma youth that have been identified as ‘preDecade generation’ and ‘Decadegeneration’, in relation to the changing policy contexts to which they have been exposed and in which they have been navigating through formal education: namely, before and in parallel with the development of the ambitious European agenda known as the Decade of Roma Inclusion (2005–2015) and corresponding national and local initiatives undertaken in Spain. Data of the first dataset were collected in 2002/2003, while those of the second set in 2015. For this analysis we have selected a total of 16 interviews. Data analysis will call for a wider framework including recent critical revisits of Ogbu’s cultural ecological theory in the context of urban schooling, but developing a success perspective that draws from literature on different forms of social and cultural capital, minority youth and education. We will firstly inquire into how social capital is operating in the family and ethnic community, in peer relations and with regards to institutional agents, including the case of ethnically targeted interventions. Secondly, we aim to identify what sociocultural changes are triggered by school success.

Since July 1, 2012 the new German gambling treaty has opened the sports betting market for up to twenty private operators. To counter potential adverse consequences due to compulsive gambling the operators have to implement a self-limitation system. This article analyses potential parameters of such a system, and, in particular, elaborates on the three most important and interacting parameters: (1) a deposit limit per month, (2) a restriction on the number of bets per week, (3) a restriction on the wager per bet. In accordance with the ideas of libertarian paternalism and consumer sovereignty the players can freely choose their own limits. Still, the system should be developed as an opt-out rather an opt-in system with standard limitation for new players. The article also makes a concrete wording proposal for an ordinance with the standard -but non-mandatory -limitation being €60 deposit per month and 4 bets per week.

This paper for Redefining Progress 1) estimates the social costs of driving, 2) proposes a $1.60/gallon tax on gasoline to internalize those costs, 3) using both price and wealth effects, estimates the changes in fuel use, vehicle miles traveled, and number of vehicles, and 4) calculates secondary effects, such  as carpooling (modest),  use of public transit (minimal increase),  urban density (modest increase), and other effects.  Finally, it examines complementary policies that would encourage reduced used of cars, including higher parking fees, increased brownfield development, and land value capture.

The valuation of estuarine goods and services serves to highlight the degree to which estuaries contribute to human well-being and to show that the social cost of activities which contribute to estuary degradation could be greater than the private gains. We applied this notion to a list of estuaries in the eThekwini municipal area of South Africa to estimate private gains and social costs of sand mining enterprises. Sand mining in rivers is an important source of raw material for the construction industry, but impacts on sediment yield in estuaries, and therefore on estuarine functioning and service provision. We confirmed the presence of negative externalities in the sand mining industry that are not reflected in the market price of sand, implying that the sand resource is currently being over-exploited, to the detriment of estuarine ecological functioning and long term social well-being. These external costs are estimated at the estuary level for the study area. An assessment of t...

Purpose – The study examines the relationship between the consequential social cost of market power (i.e., welfare performance of banks) and cost efficiency using data covering the period 2009 to 2017 from the Ghanaian banking industry. Design/methodology/approach – The study adopts the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), Fixed Effect (FE) panel regression and the Quantile regression (QR) approaches to control for heterogeneity and provide increased room for policy relevance. The Two-Stage Least Squares Instrumental Variables (2SLS-IV) regression is used to ensure the robustness of the findings against the problem of possible reverse causality. Findings – The results indicate a positive relationship between banks’ welfare performance and cost efficiency, which suggests that greater cost efficiency hedges welfare losses. In other words, welfare gains and cost-efficient banks are not mutually exclusive. Also, the results show evidence that the sensitivity of welfare gain to cost efficiency depends on the knowledge of local market dynamics. Further, the findings from the QR estimation suggest that, but for welfare loss at low (Q.25) to the median (Q.50) quantiles, cost efficiency is a necessary and sufficient condition to hedge the welfare losses. Practical/policy implications – The results demonstrate that financial consumer protection cannot be achieved without cost efficiency in the presence of both foreign banks and high market knowledge. Therefore, our paper suggests an integrated cost efficiency policy approach that has the complementary effect of a robust information sharing mechanism and incentives to hedge against welfare losses in the banking sector of emerging economies. Moreover, if welfare gain is synonymous with cost-efficient banks, then the presence of a quiet life is typical of financial consumer protection.

Freedom of the individual cannot mean that everyone should be free to do whatever he pleases. The freedom of one person is limited by the freedom of others. But according to what principle should that line be drawn? I show that the principles of harm, cost, Pareto and coercion fail to draw the line appropriately. I explain why we need the concept of rights and why we are at liberty to impose harms, costs, coercion and risks on others. I do not provide a principle for deciding which rights we have, but my discussion is implicitly rule-consequentialist.

Populism is sort of a trend today but we should not let ourselves be misled by its 'sirens. ' While political science language is indebted to symbolism and rhetoric, a plain economic approach might be of great help. Therefore, I use concepts and rules from Ronald Coase's theory of social costs in order to reframe the populists' capture of power or of public image and to deconstruct their ruling strategy in simple cases of transactions. My hope is that in this way, we might come closer to understanding this political 'disease' and to formulating remedies against it.

In recent years, growing economic globalisation has been accompanied by rising social support for market systems as a means of managing resource-use. In turn, the free market movement considers definite and secure property rights (especially private rights and, sometimes, communal rights) in resources to be the necessary basis for a desirable market system. Global policies for managing the Earth’s genetic resources have been influenced by this approach. As outlined in this article, there has been a global expansion of property rights in genetic resources, and further extensions have been advocated. In order to assess the possible social benefits and costs of granting property rights in genetic resources, these are classified. This classification is shown to be useful in discussing economic and legal reasons for granting or denying property rights in genetic resources. Furthermore, this classification is demonstrated to be pertinent to the consideration of market failures that may accompany the granting of property rights in genetic resources and which limit the potential social economic benefits from establishing property rights in these resources. It is concluded that many of those who advocate the management of genetic resources by means of secure property rights and market systems have been overly optimistic about the economic potential of this policy, its social benefits, its impact on the conservation of biodiversity, and its workability. There is a need for more informed debate on these matters before concluding that wholesale global extension of property rights in genetic material is desirable. In addition to the above, this paper compares and assesses the approach on property rights in wildlife and nature adopted in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) with that advocated in the international Convention on Biological Diversity.

In 1960, Ronald Coase suggested that there are many methods to solve the problem of externalities apart from imposing Pigovian taxes. Internalisation is one of those noted in his classic paper, ‘The Problem of Social Cost’. This paper studies the possibility of residents receiving compensation from pollutant generators. Data collected from Hong Kong law reports over the past 20 years show that there is forty-fold increase in number of water seepage court cases since the first case in 1994. The total amount of compensation has also increased greatly. There are, however, far fewer court cases where residents seek compensation from generators of noise and air pollution. This may reflect a combination of high transaction costs and low expected benefits from such cases.

Historically, the government of large corporations (corporate
governance) were transforming society as a whole into a government over all
others, inducing the development of a series of government apparatuses and
knowledge. Having as a central axis the economy, which materialises in
neoliberalism, this new governmentality begins its period of consolidation after
the abandonment of the gold standard in 1971. In these almost 50 years, it has
developed by the hand of corporate governance, the greatest economic
inequality, a huge precariousness of the working class and the strong increase
in the social costs of capitalism. This paper describes the process of
concentration of wealth and its effects on society. During this period, there is
also a displacement of the central axis of capitalism and its system of
appropriation, as it was the system of capitalist production, by appropriation
through the financial-monetary system (indirect appropriation), together with
the transfer of state planning to private companies. Finally, this paper describes
the weaknesses of the current system of capitalist appropriation and the end of
the Anglo-American financial empire.

When a new construction method is proposed, because of its unknown costing parameters, there would be naturally resistance against it. Therefore, the comparative studies on prices can help the selection of an optimal procedure. The Most of projects in Iran are executed without estimating the social cost. This study estimates social cost in detail including the traffic delay, air pollution and fuel consumption. For this study the piping project from Karoon river to Khuzestan Steel Company (KSC) have been selected. The pipeline crosses the main road between Ahvaz and Karoon city. Conventional open cut and trenchless method have been proposed for road crossing. The results show that utilization of trenchless technology saves money about 24% compared to the conventional open-cut procedure.

Das Spielen um Geld im Rahmen von Glücks- und Geschicklichkeitsspielen ist aktueller denn je. Verschiedene Forschungsrichtungen nähern sich diesem Thema vor allem unter den Aspekten Sucht und Prävention. Bislang fehlt jedoch eine volkswirtschaftliche Betrachtung, die diesen Themenkomplex auf hoher Abstraktionsebene untersucht, um hieraus rechtspolitische Empfehlungen abzuleiten.

Das Buch schließt einen kleinen Teil der klaffenden Forschungslücke. Insbesondere die folgenden Beiträge werden geleistet:

- die detaillierte Aufgliederung der durch das Geldspiel verursachten Kosten - die Einführung eines theoretischen Modells zur Beantwortung der Frage, ob Spieler rational oder irrational an Geldspielen teilnehmen
- die Falsifizierung der Rationalitätshypothese für den Großteil der Geldspielteilnehmer
- das Aufzeigen der verschiedenen Mechanismen, mit denen die Anbieter die Spieler zur irrationalen Teilnahme an ihren Spielen verleiten
- die Ableitung eines Kriter
ienkataloges zur Bewertung verschiedener Geldspiele - rechtspolitische Vorschläge für die Regulierung verschiedener Geldspiele

The present paper investigates the strategic motives that guide the quest for outgroup resources. Resources can be retrieved through spying and requesting help. Whereas both are a means of obtaining valued resources from the outgroup, spying secures the ingroup’s public image while requesting help potentially damages this image by displaying the ingroup as incompetent and dependent. Two experiments (N = 99 and N = 99) supported the prediction that, when social change is feasible, members of high status groups spy more on the lower status group than vice versa. No difference was found in either study in the amount of requested help from the outgroup. Results from the second study showed that, as expected, the effect did not occur when status relations were legitimate and thus unlikely to change. These findings advance our understanding of intergroup helping by demonstrating that strategic motives fundamentally shape aspects of help-seeking between groups.