Self-compacting Concrete

This paper investigates the applicability of artificial neural network model for strength prediction of fibers' self-compacting concrete under compression. The available 99 experimental data samples of fibers self-compacting concrete were used in this research work. In this paper, computational-based research is carried for predicting the strength of concrete under compression and model was developed using ANN with five input nodes and feed-forward three-layer back-propagation neural networks with ten hidden nodes were examined using learning algorithm. ANN model proposed analytically was verified, and it gives more compatible results. Hence, the ANN model is proposed to predict the strength of fibrous self-compacting concrete under compression.

Workability, flow and consistency are unique parameters that contribute to the quality and mechanical properties of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) in the hardened stage, in a bid not to compromise strength and quality. Workability, flow and consistency can be controlled in the fresh stage of SCC. This research assessed the workability and strength properties of self-compacting concrete using bakery ash as the need for a green approach in concrete technology is paramount in track with the trash to treasure initiative. To achieve the aim of this study, two brands of Portland limestone cement were used in developing twelve (12) concrete samples. The additive was used at 0, 5,10,15,20 and 25% replacement of cement. The flow, segregation and filling ability were investigated using the L-box, V-Funnel and the slump flow apparatus. The result of the experimental research showed that at 10% and above addition of bakery ash, the workability was unsatisfactory using EFNARC specifications. The compressive strength increased up to 10% addition of the bakery ash. However, at higher percentage addition, the strength reduced. The use of this concrete is recommended for the construction of low load bearing concrete infrastructures. The outcome of this research will serve as a guide for engineers, researchers and construction worker on the optimum quantity of this waste in the development of self-compacting concrete with satisfactory rheology.

Selecting a preferred material among a pool of alternatives to perform as desired is a crucial task for promoting
sustainability. Evaluation of material performance considering subjectivity and conflicting criteria is the major
concern of stakeholders in the construction and is a Multi-Criteria Decision problem. Investigating the sustainable
performance of Supplementary Cementitious Material (SCM) considering multi-dimensional and interdependent
target-based criteria is the major concern in decision making. The present study has developed an
approach, Sustainable Preference Index (SPI) in selecting the optimum sustainable cementitious material
considering fresh and hardened properties, durability, service life and Life-Cycle Cost (LCC) aspects. A case study
has been considered to illustrate the approach by varying Fly ash (FA) and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag
(GGBS) by 20%, 30%, and 40% of the weight of cement in Self Compacting Concrete (SCC). Among the seven
mixes, the sustainable alternative in SCC could be identified based on the SPI. For the alternative GGBS 40%
based SCC, the highest SPI is found to be 0.893, which is 30.2% more sustainable than the conventional SCC. This
simple and lucid approach will facilitate designers and engineers to prioritize and choose a right cementitious
material to achieve sustainability.

ABSTRAK Self Compacting Concrete (SCC) merupakan salah satu solusi untuk mendapatkan konstruksi beton yang mempunyai ketahanan yang baik. Ketahanan beton diperoleh dengan pemadatan yang baik dengan dilakukan oleh tenaga-tenaga kerja terampil. Namun demikian, salah satu kelalaian yang sering terjadi dilapangan yakni mengabaikan curing pada beton keras setelah pengecoran. Penelitian ini membahas tentang workability beton segar dan sifat mekanik (kuat tekan dan kuat tarik belah) pada SCC tanpa curing. Pengujian workability berdasarkan standar EFNARC. Uji sifat mekanik berdasarkan standar ASTM. Metode pengujian kuat tekan sesuai standar ASTM 39/C 39M – 12a, sedangkan kuat Tarik belah sesuai satndar ASTM C496/C496M-11. Hasil penelitian menunujukkan bahwa SCC tanpa curing memberikan efek penurunan pada kuat tekan pada umur 1, 3, 7, 28, dan 90 hari berturut-turut sebesar 4,11 MPa (16,1%); 4,90 MPa (13,9%); 6,64 MPa (13,1%); dan 6, 72 MPa (12,75%). Kuat tarik belah terjadi penurunan berturut-turut sebesar 0,1 MPa (3,25%); 0,26 MPa (7,99%); 0,4 MPa (9,52%); dan 0,39 MPa (9,16%). ABSTRACT Self Compacting Concrete (SCC) is one solution to get concrete construction which it has good resistance. Durability of concrete was obtained by the good concrete compaction to be done by a skilled workforce. However, one of the negligence that often occur in the field ie after casting they was ignoring curing of the hardening concrete. This study discusses the workability of fresh concrete and mechanical properties (compressive strength and splitting tensile strength) on SCC without curing. Testing of the concrete workability based on EFNARC standard. The mechanical properties test based on ASTM standards. The method Compressive strength test based on ASTM standards 39 / C 39M-12a, whereas splitting tensile strength accordance standard ASTM C496 / C496M-11. The results of the study indicate that the SCC without curing effect on the reduction in compressive strength at ages 1, 3, 7, 28, and 90 days in a row at 4.11 MPa (16.1%); 4.90 MPa (13.9%); 6.64 MPa (13.1%); and 6, 72 MPa (12.75%). Splitting tensile strength decreased respectively by 0.1 MPa (3.25%); 0.26 MPa (7.99%); 0.4 MPa (9.52%); and 0.39 MPa (9.16%). PENDAHULUAN Teknologi beton saat ini berkembang sangat pesat. Penelitian yang inovatif dilakukan untuk mendapatkan sesuatu yang baru sebagai upaya meningkatkan kualitas beton bermunculan. Semua yang dilakukan para peneliti dimaksudkan untuk menjawab permasalahan yang timbul dalam penggunaan bahan dalam pencampuran beton serta mengatasi kendala-kendala yang sering terjadi dalam pelaksanaan pekerjaan di

The demand and use of concrete have led to a lot of research in improving its
strength, durability, life cycle, temperature effect and many more. Improving the
strength and durability of concrete is very paramount in the construction of basic
infrastructure in a bid to make it sustainable. The choice of metakaolin as a
supplementary material in improving the mechanical strength and durability of
concrete is espoused in this review. This was done in a bid to reduce the cost of
cement being one of the most expensive component of concrete production and to also
improve sustainability in the construction industry. The review revealed that the use of
metakaolin in the production of concrete showed an improved mechanical strength.
Literatures revealed that up to 10%-20% increase in mechanical strength is recorded
with the use of metakaolin in concrete production. Additionally, the durability
properties of concrete with metakaolin also improved. However, the review revealed
that incorporating metakaolin in concrete production reduced the workability of
concrete and increased the heat of hydration. The result of this review showed that the
use of metakaolin reduced the cost of producing concrete. Based on the uniqueness of
the material, it is recommended for use in countries where it is abundant in a bid to
promote sustainability in concrete technology, improve mechanical strength and
reduce cost.

Self-compacting concrete (SCC) can consume low levels of cement and more
Supplementary cementitious materials. SCC is a viable technique conserves energy
and achieves strength more than conventional concrete.
This work is focused on the fresh and hardened properties of Self-compacting
concrete (SCC) replacing cementitious material by weight with the optimized
percentages of fly ash. Self-compacting concrete mix is designed at water-to-binder
ratio of 0.36 in all mixtures and 497 kg/m3 of binder content with Fly Ash as partial
replacement of cement (30% by weight). Compressive and split tensile strengths at the
age of 7 and 28 days are determined with the use of plastic electronic waste as partial
replacement of fine aggregate up-to 40%. Fresh property i.e., workability of selfcompacting
concrete mixtures is performed with slump flow diameter, V-funnel flow
time and L-box height ratio. The strength values indicate the reduction but satisfying
the design mix criteria up to 30% replacement for sand. Hence Plastic electronic
waste can be easily replaced up to 30% in SCC for good workability and strength.
High Impact Polystyrene aggregate in concrete is the suitable substitute of sand for
waste disposal serving an economic purpose.

The construction of modern structures alarming the attention of use of materials with improved properties in respect of strength, stiffness, toughness and durability. Concrete is one of the most widely used construction material having several advantages such as high strength, good mould ability and high durability. The major disadvantages of concrete are its poorer tensile strength and lesser ductility (toughness). Conventional concrete used in building construction and engineering applications requires compaction to attain strength, durability and homogeneity. The typical method of compaction, by vibration, generates delays and additional costs in projects and could pose a serious health hazard due to noise pollution in and around construction sites. Self Compacting Concrete (SCC) is a concrete which is highly flowble, can flows readily into place, fill the formwork without any compaction and without undergoing any significant segregation. Recycling is the act of processing the used material for creating a new useful product. Construction and Demolished waste also generate Recycled Aggregate (RA). Such a Recycled Aggregate proved to be a reliable alternative to Natural Aggregates (NA) in concrete. There is a growing need for renovation from a usual consumption based society to a sustainable society owing the natural environment pollution, exhaustion of natural resources and as decreasing capacity of disposal facilities for final waste. Use of aggregates from Building Demolished Waste (BDW) in structural concrete is definitely an important stride. Use of RA in developing SCC is certainly a novel thought towards achieving a sustainable concrete. There is a pressing demand for the use of Recycled Aggregate in recent concretes, as sustainability is given the highest importance in today’s world. This has necessitated the make use of Recycled Aggregates in SCC and fibre based SCC. Hence Reinforced Self Compacting Concrete using Recycled Aggregate with fibres may be a potential material in construction.  In order to clearly understand the performance of such a concrete, there is a call for to study the stress-strain and flexural strength behaviour. The present study focuses on flexural bond strength behaviour of Fibre Reinforced Self Compacting Concrete by replacing the natural Aggregate with Recycled Aggregate. BDW is used as coarse aggregate in the concrete, with an aim to achieve sustainable concrete.

For the construction industry there is a place for the development and implementation of resource-and energy-efficient building materials, innovative technologies for their production. So, in modern monolithic construction, high-tech concrete mixes are increasingly being used, capable of filling formwork (form), including densely reinforced and with complex geometry, while maintaining cohesion and homogeneity-self-compacting concrete (SCC) without the use of any external mechanical impact. Along with high workability such concretes are characterized by rapid rates of curing, high physical and mechanical characteristics.

The contribution of metakaolin (MK) to any property of hardened concrete may be expressed in terms of efficiency factor, k. For this new material to be generally accepted by the building industry, a good durability must be proven also in quantitative terms. Therefore a big challenge for researchers within this field is to determine the strength efficiency of metakaolin (MK) in binary, ternary and quaternary blended SCC mixes. For calculating the efficiency of Metakaolin, microsilica and fly ash combination in binary and ternary blended SCC, an equation has been proposed by author based on the principle of Bolomey's equation for predicting the strength of concrete containing mineral admixtures. The strength efficiency factor 'k' is evaluated for three cases in quaternary blended SCC mixes: (1) micro silica (MS) is singly blended in SCC, (2) micro silica (MS) is blended with fly ash (FA) in SCC and (3) Metakaolin (MK) is blended with micro silica (MS) and fly ash (FA) SCC mix. The computed efficiency factors may be incorporated in the design of a blended concrete mixture, a method known as rational proportioning. The k value can be used to transform a certain amount of pozzolan to an equivalent amount of cement in terms of strength contribution; hence, it can be used as a basis for a more efficient proportioning of blended SCC mixes.

Abstract: Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is a kind of concrete mix that eliminate the required for the vibration tools as their high fluidity and moderate viscosity during the fresh qualities Fiber reinforcement mainly enhances the post-cracking qualities of concrete and gains inside a more ductile material behavior, several studies have produced a brand new idea to increase the concrete ductility and it is energy absorption capacity, to be able to improve overall ductility. The fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete (FR-SCC) is concrete mix getting the benefits of both SCC using the fibers to enhancing and increasing its properties. This research project aimed to study the effect of different fibers such as steel, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and chopped basalt fiber on the properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC); the properties are workability and hardened while the work have been extended to replacing the cement content by different cement replacement material (CRM) to form different binder content and that to reduce the total cost and improve the fresh behavior of FR-SCC with increasing the strength after long time.
Key word: Self-Compacting Concrete, Fly ash, Silica fume, Fibers.
Title: Performance of Fiber Reinforced Self-Compacting Concrete Containing Different Pozzolanic Material: State of the Art
Author: Ahmed Fathi Mohamed Salih , Nasir Shafiq ,Muhd Fadhil Nuruddin, Ali Elheber
International Journal Of Civil And Structural Engineering Research (IJCSER)
Research Publish Journals

Concrete is the most important building material in construction industry because of its revolutionary property of quick hardening and free from internal problems. Its use has a great effect on environment due to the large amount of natural resources and cement lime materials required for manufacture the concrete structures. Now it's the time for think in the direction of Eco-friendly durable materials in concrete production. In the present work, Quarry Dust and Foundry Sand are partial replaced River Sand to develop Rheological and Durability properties of M40 grade of Eco-Efficient Self Compacting Concrete (ESCC). The target strength could be achieved satisfying the rheological properties of Eco-Efficient Self Compacting Concrete with fiber additions. In this study investigations carried to find the Permeability, Shrinkage, Acid attack and Rapid Chloride Permeability Test (RCPT) of Eco-Efficient Fiber based Self Compacting Concrete and it is observed that it is no way inferior to the conventional concretes. From the experimentation, it is recommended that waste materials from different source are fitting to be used as fine materials in concrete. The construction cost reduces by utilising such waste as fine aggregate in place of aggregate from natural source for construction.

This study on the experimental investigation on strength aspects like compressive strength, flexural strength and split tensile strength, and durability aspects like rapid chloride penetration test(RCPT) of high performance selfcompacting concrete with different mineral admixtures . Initials tests like slump test, L-box test, U-box test and T50 test will be carried out. The methodology adopted here is Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) which is replaced partially by cement at 10%, 20% and 30% and silica fumes(SF) by 3%, 6%, 9% in combination with Portland cement and the performance is measured and compared. The influence of mineral admixtures on the workability, mechanical strength and durability aspects of self-compacting concrete are studied. The mix proportion is obtained as per the guidelines given by European Federation of producers and contractors of special products for structure.

The contribution of metakaolin (MK) to any property of hardened concrete may be expressed in terms of efficiency factor, k. For this new material to be generally accepted by the building industry, a good durability must be proven also in quantitative terms. Therefore a big challenge for researchers within this field is to determine the strength efficiency of metakaolin (MK) in binary, ternary and quaternary blended SCC mixes. For calculating the efficiency of Metakaolin, microsilica and fly ash combination in binary and ternary blended SCC, an equation has been proposed by author based on the principle of Bolomey's equation for predicting the strength of concrete containing mineral admixtures. The strength efficiency factor 'k' is evaluated for three cases in quaternary blended SCC mixes: (1) micro silica (MS) is singly blended in SCC, (2) micro silica (MS) is blended with fly ash (FA) in SCC and (3) Metakaolin (MK) is blended with micro silica (MS) and fly ash (FA) SCC mix. The computed efficiency factors may be incorporated in the design of a blended concrete mixture, a method known as rational proportioning. The k value can be used to transform a certain amount of pozzolan to an equivalent amount of cement in terms of strength contribution; hence, it can be used as a basis for a more efficient proportioning of blended SCC mixes.

This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The experimental results) were also validated in this study.

For the construction industry there is a place for the development and implementation of resource-and energy-efficient building materials, innovative technologies for their production. So, in modern monolithic construction, high-tech concrete mixes are increasingly being used, capable of filling formwork (form), including densely reinforced and with complex geometry, while maintaining cohesion and homogeneity-self-compacting concrete (SCC) without the use of any external mechanical impact. Along with high workability such concretes are characterized by rapid rates of curing, high physical and mechanical characteristics.

way slabs cast using high strength self-compacting concrete (HSSCC) with using steel fibers to evaluate their flexural behavior and strength. The slabs were subjected to concentrated transverse loads (loads were distributed across the entire width of the slab) at the third points. All tested slabs have dimensions of 1000×450×50 or 70 mm. The parameters considered are slab thickness, steel reinforcement ratio (ρ) and steel fiber volumetric ratio (V f ). The effect of these parameters on the behavior of the tested slabs included investigation of deflection, failure mode, and ultimate loads. Two different failure modes were predicted either flexural tension mode or flexural shear mode or a combination of these two.

Exposure of reinforced concrete buildings to an accidental fire may result in cracking and loss in the bearing capacity of their major components, columns, beams, and slabs. It is a challenge for structural engineers to develop efficient retrofitting techniques that enable RC slabs to restore their structural integrity, after being exposed to intense fires for a long period of time. In this study, has been conducting laboratory tests on samples of slabs of reinforced concrete to indicate the effect of rehabilitation slabs using fiber carbon polymer armed retrieval tolerability after exposure to direct flame temperature (700) C on the bottom surface of the slabs exposed to the forces of tensile during the examination periods of burning variable (120, 60, 30) minutes and rehabilitation and reduce the load failure. We have conducted laboratory tests on the slab of concrete self-compacting, (10) which conducted the tests to demonstrate the technique prepare fiber carbonate the most efficient and the other part was conducted by the study requalification after burning. All slabs had been tested in a simply supported span and subjected to two-point loading. The study focused on the relationship of load-deflection behavior, ultimate load carrying capacity and mode of failure, compared with the reference models (which are models that were not exposed to the fire).

Self‐compacting concrete (SCC) was developed in 1988 and introduced by Professor H. Okamura to achieve durability of structures with low skilled laborers. The three properties of SCC that differentiates it from traditional concrete are passing ability, filling ability and segregation resistance. The present study highlights the developments concerning SCC in the period from 1995 to 2017. This information is important for researchers and professionals working in this area. SCC can be optimized to a larger extent to find the best alternative either by use of additives or tailor‐made mix design. Based on different principles and parameters, design methods can be categorized into six classes namely empirical design method, statistical factorial design method, strength‐based design method, rheology of paste method, particle packing method and Eco‐SCC mixture design method. To develop SCC with high quality a suitable method can be chosen depending upon the situation and application.

To evaluate the mechanical properties of self compacting concrete (M30) with sisal fibers.Self-compacting concrete (SCC) mixes are produced by replacing the cement with Fly ash and with addition of sisal fiber of 0, 0.5%, 1%, 1% and1.5% and length of fibers considered are 5mm, 10mm, and 20mm to the SCC concrete. Sulphonated naphthalene Formaldehyde condensates based SP is used as water reducing agent. Compressive strength and Flexural strength of SCC mix has to be determined at 14 and 28 days. Impact strength of SCC mix has to be determined at 28 days. I. REVIEW OF EARLIER STUDIES Ahmed (2013), investigated Properties And Mesostructural Charecteristics Of Linen Fiber Reinforced Self Compacting Concrete In Slender Column. In this study the linen fibers used to reinforced SCC with 2kg/m3 and 4kg/m3 contents. Lime stone powder is used as a mineral admixture to increase the paste volume. High range water reducing admixture RHEOBUILD 1100 was used to obtain the required workability without increasing w/c ratio. Mansur and Aziz(1982) investigated A study of jute fibre reinforced cement composites: This study was centred at determining the tensile, flexural, compressive and impact strengths of the matrices and composites. Three different matrices corresponding to cement sand ratios of 1:0, 1:1 and 1:2 were employed. The major variables were the length and volume fraction of the fibres. Badrinath and Senthilvelan (2014), investigated Comparative Investigation on mechanical properties of banana and sisal reinforced polymer based composites In this study sisal fiber and banana fibers have been used as the main reinforcing materials with epoxy resin as the matrix in order to increase the effectiveness of natural fibers. Jayaram et al (2014), investigated Experimental Investigation Of Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete In this study addition of two fibers (Sisal & glass)of different properties can improve the properties of fresh concrete. Nan su (2001),investigated A Simple Mix Design Method For Self Compacting Concrete In this study a new mix design method for self-compacting concrete (SCC). The amount of aggregates, binders and mixing water, as well as type and dosage of superplasticizer (SP) to be used are the major factors influencing the properties of SCC. Slump flow, V-funnel, L-flow, U-box and compressive strength tests were carried out to examine the performance of SCC. The result indicate that the compressive strength of SCC decreased with increasing Packing Factor value. In this design method, the volume of sand to mortar is in the range of 54-60%. The water content of SCC prepared by the proposed method is about 170-176 kg/m3 for the medium compressive strength. PF=1.12-1.16 Muthupriya et al (2014), investigated Strength Study On Fiber Reinforced Self Compacting Concrete With Fly ash and GGBS In this Investigation the strength studies of fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete was studied. Self-compacting concrete (SCC) mixes are produced by replacing the cement with 30%, 40% and 50% of ground granulated blast furnace slag, fly ash and with addition of polypropylene synthetic fiber of 0.05% and 0.10% to the SCC concrete. Elinwa, Ejeh and Mamuda (2007), investigated Assessing of the fresh concrete properties of self-compacting concrete containing sawdust ash:.The aim of this study is to determine the self-compacting characteristics for concrete containing sawdust ash. Burcu Akcay, Mehmet Ali Tasdemir(2011), investigated Mechanical behaviour and fibre dispersion of hybrid steel fibre reinforced selfcompacting concrete.In this study five different concrete mixes were prepared keeping the cement, silica fume, aggregate and water content the same and varying the amount of steel fibre. El-Dieb and Reda Taha(2001) investigated Flow characteristics and acceptance criteria of fibre reinforced self-compacting concrete This paper states that the flow characteristics of SCC can be affected by inclusion of fibres, but it is quite possible to achieved selfcompacting properties while using fibre reinforcement. In this study different mix compositions were investigated to optimize the mix proportioning of SCC. Three reference mixtures were selected from this study and they were incorporated with five different fibre contents. Several tests such as slump flow, V funnel, J ring, and L box tests were carried out in order to properly evaluate the different flow characteristics of FRSCC. The paper concludes that while the mix composition and fibre type can greatly influence concrete flowability, there exists a maximum fibre content that could be used to produce FRSCC

The contribution of metakaolin (MK) to any property of hardened concrete may be expressed in terms of efficiency factor, k. For this new material to be generally accepted by the building industry, a good durability must be proven also in quantitative terms. Therefore a big challenge for researchers within this field is to determine the strength efficiency of metakaolin (MK) in binary, ternary and quaternary blended SCC mixes. For calculating the efficiency of Metakaolin, microsilica and fly ash combination in binary and ternary blended SCC, an equation has been proposed by author based on the principle of Bolomey's equation for predicting the strength of concrete containing mineral admixtures. The strength efficiency factor 'k' is evaluated for three cases in quaternary blended SCC mixes: (1) micro silica (MS) is singly blended in SCC, (2) micro silica (MS) is blended with fly ash (FA) in SCC and (3) Metakaolin (MK) is blended with micro silica (MS) and fly ash (FA) SCC mix. The computed efficiency factors may be incorporated in the design of a blended concrete mixture, a method known as rational proportioning. The k value can be used to transform a certain amount of pozzolan to an equivalent amount of cement in terms of strength contribution; hence, it can be used as a basis for a more efficient proportioning of blended SCC mixes.

In now a days construction practice, repair and rehabilitation of structures has taken a famous role. Mortar plays a important part in these works. As the flow ability of mortar can be an added lead when inaccessibility comes into picture like in case of congested reinforcement or narrow cracks or fissures. Due to the application easiness and mechanical advantages, Self Compacting Mortar is preferred for repair purposes especially in reinforced concrete structures these days. The cement as well as the ingredients of the paste, mineral admixtures (pozzolanic or inert nature) and plasticizing chemical admixtures should be cautioned, chosen in order to obtain a suitable paste composition to enrich the granular composition of the mix. There is no universally accepted agreement on the effect of these factors due to the complexity of combined action; thus, it is hard to make a generalization. Compared to fiber reinforced concrete (FRC), self-compacting concrete (SCC) is a comparatively new type of concrete with high flowability and better cohesiveness. It offers very attractive economical and technical benefits, which can be further continued when combined with FRC. In this article steel fibers were used in the self compacting concrete and the workability of concrete is determined with various fiber contents by using flow test and compaction factor test.

The aim of the present paper is to provide a mixture design modelling to evaluate the effect of different sand types on fresh properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC). A statistical approach was used to highlight the effect of river sand (RS), crushed sand (CS) and dune sand (DS) as proportions in binary and ternary systems in SCC composition. The responses of the derived statistical models are sand packing density (SPD), T500 and J-ring. The resulting mathematical models are used to illustrate the variation of different responses in ternary contours plots with respect to the proportions of RS, CS and DS. This offers flexibility to optimize RS, CS and DS blends with tailor-made of a given property that suit a particular recommendations. Results indicate that SPD of RS can be enhanced by a 40% of CS and 30% of DS proportions. Moreover, it is shown that flowability, measured by J-ring, can be improved by the increase of CS and DS in RS-CS and RS-DS binary systems. Results also indicate that passing ability measured with T500 decreased with the increase of CS proportion and increased with the increase of DS proportion in binary and ternary systems.