Seafarers fatigue

In parallel with the increase in the volume of world trade, cargo handling rates and seafarersʹ pace of work has increased. Although the STCW regulations and restrictions on working hours has improved, this tempo has brought with it insufficient resting hours, especially in short sea transport. It is known that individuals under stress and intensive workloads are more prone to making mistakes due to fatigue. In this study, the officers’ working hours are simulated in full‐mission simulator at short sea transport to investigate errors made during the navigation and port watches. For this purpose, the data were obtained from 7 volunteers watchkeeping officers with the help of video monitoring and check lists in the full‐bridge simulator system and also, system records in cargo handling simulator. With this study, introduced what types of errors made during navigation and port watches by watchkeeping officers under the intense pace of work. And the errors are evaluated under the legisl...

Man overboard (MOB) is a situation in which a person has fallen from a boat or a ship into the water and need to rescue. Literature review with statistics analyzing has found an increase in the numbers of MOB accidents due to increase of world trade and cruise line, other factors like fatigue, alcohol, bad applying of safety rules, where Just 31 in 149 cases of MOB accidents have been rescued. The research's problem is that MOB accident in most cases unfortunately ends with the death or missing because the victims are not seen, where it is difficult to keep proper look out cover all sides of ship all the time. According to previous studies, the IMO and ILO conventions govern emergency plan, safety procedures and training in case of MOB but did not cover any automatic systems needed to be onboard to detect MOB at the moment of falling overboard. In the other hand, on modern cruise ships the decks and ship's sides are monitored by using surveillance cameras also some manufacturers are producing primitive equipment to detect MOB at the moment of falling overboard but are not yet mandatory and approved by the IMO. This research describes and analyzes the existing IMO emergency procedure for MOB, it aims to highlight the important of implement as well as generalize detection and tracking system to accelerate and improve the possibility of early detection of MOB at the moment of falling overboard with audiovisual alarm at the ship's bridge, which is the essential goal of IMO. 2

Abstract
Due to technological progress in the field of aviation and navigational satellite systems, automated remote control systems and the success role of an Unmanned Aircraft System (AUS) in military and
security applications, as well as their use in some civilian uses, such as fighting forest fires, meteorological observations, scientific research, environmental protection, and other uses.
Despite the attention of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) by maritime safety to reduce maritime accidents through modern technologies and the improvement of maritime conventions, which tightened its control over ship ՛s operators But she could not prevent maritime accidents that turn into disasters due to enormous loss of life especially mass passenger ship and illegal immigration accidents.
The most important success of the (SAR) operations is time factors to face drowning and hypothermia throw quickly to respond by receiving distress signals, detecting distress position, collecting accident data to assess the situation, planning and response for (SAR) operations by rescue units.
This research paper discusses the importance of the use of (AUS - SAR) operations since receiving a signal of distress and collect data of the accident. Then assess the situation and support the planning, handling monitoring and tracking (SAR) operations. (AUS - SAR) can light the sea at night and drop rescue equipment for the survivors until the arrival of rescue units. it can be used to monitor the body temperature of survivors at sea by thermal cameras. To achieve the main aims of the research to increase the efficiency of search and rescue operations and minimize the loss of life.
KEYWORDS
Search and rescue (SAR) operations - IMO - ICAO - Unmanned Aircraft System (AUS) – Classification OF UAV - Mass Rescue Operations - Mystery disaster & Investigation - MOB accident

Man overboard (MOB) is defined a person who has fallen to the sea from a boat or a vessel in the water and needing to rescue; this person may be crew member of coast gourd, merchant ship or fisher. According to previous studies, international maritime conventions such as SOLAS, MLC, and STCW covered emergency procedures of MOB accident. There are two gaps; first, there is no any automatic systems needed to be onboard to detect MOB at the moment of falling overboard, where statistics illustrate that up to 75% of MOB finally died or missed due to nobody saw them at the moment of falling, especially if the ship steaming high speed. The second gap is that the smoke life buoy is not effective to rescue the victim due to ship's movement away from him, especially in the presence of white horse in rough sea, and if he doesn't wear life jacket. Therefore, drones equipped with smoke life buoy, GPS, and thermal camera will be effective more than traditional equipment. The research discusses and analyses the extremely useful of implementation an integrated MOB rescue system onboard ship for monitoring, tracking and rescuing. These systems use an infrared human motion detector or wrest band which transmit signal for bridge receiver to give alarm once person fall in water; this is called automatic MOB detection system, ECDIS built-in SAR software and drones for quick response to arrive accurate position of victim. Research aims to improve rescue operation of MOB to reduce loss of life at sea, through the amendment of current international maritime convention related to MOB emergency procedures.

The article explores the recordkeeping practices of seafarers concerning the implementation of work and rest hours’ regulations. In particular, it considers what motivates seafarers to hide their violations through record adjustment. The research adopted a qualitative research methodology to understand this industry problem, involving the use of semi-structured interviews. These were conducted with 20 seafarers to analyze their recording practices and adjustment of records. The participants underline that the imbalance between workload and manning levels leads to recurrent violations, particularly during port-related operations and for seafarers on the 6On/6Off watch system. To hide their violation and feign compliance, the data revealed that almost all seafarers in our study adjusted work and rest hours’ records. The fear of the consequences of non-conformities during third party inspections is the main driver for such adjustment of records. Employment concerns and job insecurity tend to make seafarers submissive to the companies’ interests, and they place the ship interests first. Flag State, Port State, and shipping companies seem to disregard violations and adjustments. Therefore, adjusting records seems a low-risk option for seafarers. However, systematic adjustment of records points to failures of the International Safety Management (ISM) Code and its audit system. In many cases, seafarers accept unfavorable work conditions and embrace the ethos of ‘ship first’.

COVID-19 has a huge negative over the maritime industry and seafarer's health and wellbeing is under pressure and risks conditions more than ever. Lack of PPE, vessel detained in ports due the pandemic or repatriation are some of the factors that are increasing seafarer's frustration and stress. Conform IMO, thousands of seafarers were "trapped" on board ships, expressing their fatigue, mental stress and anxiety. Seafarer's mental health and wellbeing improvements represents the principal objectives for the whole maritime industry and all maritime organisations and actors involved are working together to take future actions to implement plans and strategies in this direction. Seafarers recognition like keyworkers represents a motivation for them like result of their professional sacrifice in this challenging period of time in all the world.

The aim of the article is twofold: first to present new research opportunities facing maritime sociology, what are patterns of masculinity and feminity. Second to indicate a need of shipping global industry to redefine those patterns. The article is an attempt to present a rapidly growing research achievements on the basis of analysis of the latest past investigations in the subject.

The application of composite materials enables the marine industry to build stronger and lighter vessels. The growing use of marine composite materials has posed many challenges on the integrity of ship structures and one among them is the prediction of fatigue behaviour of composite ships. The present paper addresses various issues on the fatigue behaviour of composite ships. Finite Element Analysis of rectangular panel which is the representative of unstiffened composite hull has been envisaged in the present study to demonstrate the fatigue performance of composite ships. Keywords: Composite Materials, Fatigue, Finite Element Analysis, Marine, Ship.

The aim of the article is to outline consequences of multicultural and multinational shipping crews for global market.. What is more, it constitutes an attempt to identify new areas of research for maritime sociology. The article attempts to capture the problem in the light of past and recent research.

The article is based on a present maritime sociology contents. The concept of global seafarer is a main output idea. On the ground of recent researches in Poland and abroad, on on hand I touch a problem of wages and employment reduction among unqualified seafarers and in other hand, I say that there is an increase in a number of Asiatic seafarers. The recent estimated data is presented according to seafarers' occupation. An attention is paid also to conditions of multicultural work environment.

Ergonomics studies have widely been addressed to the job-specific fields. This situation is also observed in the maritime industry due to the fact that focus point of the studies is bridge ergonomics. Statistics have shown that the main reason for maritime accidents is fatigue as a reflection of human factor, thereby rest and rest conditions on board have become a vital issue. However, in the literature, accommodation areas used for rest on board and their rest conditions including ergonomic criteria have been overlooked. The purpose of this study is to determine the extent to which seafarers find the conditions of the rest areas satisfying. To do this, a survey study has been applied. Through the survey, the perceptions of seafarers of the conditions of the rest areas within the accommodation on board ships have been analyzed. The findings indicate that comfort perception of seafarers varies. Moreover, seafarers' marital status and education level have been found to be the basic determinants of their comfort perception. ÖZ Ergonomi çalışmaları, işe özel alanlar için yaygın olarak ele alınmıştır. Bu durum, denizcilik sektöründe de çalışmaların odak noktasının köprü üstü ergonomisi olması nedeniyle gözlemlenmektedir. İstatistikler, deniz kazalarının temel nedeninin insan faktörünün bir yansıması olan yorgunluk olduğunu göstermiş, böylece gemideki dinlenme ve dinlenme koşulları hayati bir konu haline gelmiştir. Ancak, literatürde, gemide dinlenme amacıyla kullanılan yaşam mahalleri ve ergonomik koşulları da içeren dinlenme koşulları göz ardı edilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı gemi adamlarının gemideki dinlenme koşullarını ne ölçüde tatmin edici bulduklarını saptamaktır. Bu kapsamda, bir anket çalışması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın örneklemi 74 gemi adamından oluşmaktadır. Bulgular, gemi adamlarının konfor algısının değişiklik gösterdiğini işaret etmektedir. Ayrıca, gemi adamlarının medeni durumu ve eğitim düzeylerinin konfor algısı üzerinde belirleyici unsurlar olduğu bulunmuştur. Anahtar Kelimeler: Deniz kazaları, yorgunluk, ergonomi, gemideki yaşam mahalleri, dinlenme koşulları.