Saddles

In the context of intended expansion of cycling to contribute to rising the UK economy and public health, this research looks at whole-body vibration induced by cycling with aim to prevent regular cyclists from body fatigue in the short and long term.

The research reviewed the current literature in biodynamics, vibration in cycling with regards to the human body and bicycle parts, along with the relevant regulation and guidance.

The research used a number of bicycles ridden on test roads of different macrotextures and defects; the vertical acceleration was measured at the frame, seat-post and saddle.

The combinations of bicycles, road surfaces and measurement locations led to conclude that grades of road surfacing and saddles are the most important factors of variations of vibration amplitude.

The recommended daily exposure varies greatly with types of road surfaces and bicycles; there are no restrictions for cycling with a light aluminium frame on roads with no defects, while on a consistently rough roads, actions should be taken to reduce vibration with any bicycle over a minute of exposure, and the absolute limit of exposure varies from 2 min with a steel frame, to 22 min on a lighter aluminium frame.

Modes were observed from measurements taken at the saddle, which match the secondary body resonant frequencies and the natural frequencies of the head.

It was suggested that more research should be done to develop a comprehensive understanding of the interactions of the vibration filtering through the body form all entry points –pedals, saddle and handle bars-, at the same time and at all axes. Doing so would help derive weighting curves specific to the different body position over bicycles and body parts for adequate assessment of daily exposure.

It was also suggested that more research should be done to develop a comprehensive understanding of the interaction of the vibration within bicycle parts to develop bicycles as safe as possible with regards to vibration while maintaining best manoeuvrability.

The work is devoted to describing of the complex of horse equipment of Yakuts. The research sources became archaeological and ethnographic collections of museums. Equipment a rideable horse of Yakuts consists of two main parts – the headband (reins) and the saddle with stirrups. The horse equipment of Yakuts has close analogies in forms and manufacturing technology, in terminology to the peoples of South Siberia and Central Asia. Parallels for elements of horse harness of Early Yakut burials XIV–XVII centuries ВС was found in Ust-Talkin culture of the nomadic herders of the South Angara region and the Upper Lena in XII–XIV centuries ВС. However, Yakut complex of horse harness has specific characteristics that clearly show his identity.
Работа посвящена описанию комплекса конского снаряжения у якутов. Источниками исследования стали археологические и этнографические коллекции музеев. Снаряжение верхового коня у якутов, состоящее из двух основных частей – оголовья (узды) и седла со стременами, имеет близкие аналогии в формах, технологии изготовления и терминологии у народов Южной Сибири и Центральной Азии. Параллели элементам конной упряжи раннеякутских погребений XIV–XVII вв. обнаруживаются в усть-талькинской культуре кочевников-скотоводов Южного Приангарья и Верхней Лены XII–XIV вв. Вместе с тем в якутском комплексе конского убранства, безусловно, есть и специфические черты, ярко показывающие его самобытность.

The evolution of horse usage, with the expansion of the cavalry from the fourth century onward, depended on quality livestock, the intensification of hippiatric medical research and the development of horse-related instruments both for the use of the rider and his mount.
The Early Byzantine and Roman cavalry were dependent on this triad, otherwise they could not have succeeded against more experienced Barbarians. The enemy's experience was matched with experimentation, the development and continuous improvement of an expertise which allowed them to reverse the situation to their advantage in later confrontations with nomadic people.
This triad actually took place almost simultaneously, contrary to what was thought for a long time. Specifically, these three pieces of the puzzle, directly linked to the expansion of the cavalry, appeared between the third and fifth / sixth centuries and bear witness to major efforts in an age that was believed to be less fruitful in such areas.

This volume includes the study and analysis of the many important finds recovered in the course of the total of five excavation periods at the Högom grave-field in the parish of Selånger in the county of Medelpad, North Sweden. In all, three large mounds, two small mounds, two house foundations and an area with ard marks were investigated. The site has been dated to the period from about 200/300 to the 6th century AD. Two of the investigated objects in particular are of unusually great international significance in view of the finds which they yielded. These are the chambered tomb contained in large mound No. 2 and the house foundation beneath mound No. 3.
The very well-preserved chambered tomb was a richly outfitted man’s grave with an abundance of weapons, two bridles, a saddle, and a “laid table’’ including inter alia two glass beakers, bronze vessel, pails, four wooden plates, ceramic and wrapped vessels, and a bronze washing bowl with an associated elegant comb. Gold objects in the form of finger rings, pendants, small gold bars and an obole were found on the deceased. Scandinavia’s largest collected number of clasp buttons was found in position on the clothing of the deceased. The excellent state of preservation of the finds, their abundance, their international character and the detailed documentation mean that we are dealing here with a grave which, in an extraordinary fashion, illustrates the role of the regional chieftain or petty king and contacts in Central Norrland during the Migration Period.
One of the house foundations discovered here is almost identical with a contemporary foundationat Gene in Northern  Ångermanland. The second house foundation at Högom, on the other hand, is entirely lacking known parallels in Scandinavia, which, at this time, is characterized by the large three-aisled houses. In terms of its construction and content, it may be interpreted as a meeting hall with socio-political significance for quite a large surrounding area.
The analysis of the data includes comparative studies of the most important groups of materialsand detailed reconstructions of series of objects and paraphernalia, which, in many cases,could be developed very much further than for other contemporary data. These comparative studies show that the upper social stratum of the time had considerable political interaction with areas in both East and West Europe as well as with West and East Scandinavia.
Key words: Roman Iron Age, Migration Period, large mounds, petty kingdoms, interregiona lcontacts, chamber grave, weapons, horse trappings, clasp buttons, Salin’s Style I, gold, containers, dress, belt, long-houses, ard marks.

Equestrian equipment during the Hun-Sarmatian period was extremely diverse. Scythian-type pad saddles maintained their popularity until the 2nd century but new types of soft saddles also appeared, both Parthian and Roman. Wooden saddlebows were invented at the end of the 1st century BC or beginning of the 1st century AD. The seats were furnished with the panels of
Scythian-type pad-saddles and the bows were attached to the tops of semi-circular supports. These saddles can be called ‘semirigid’, unlike rigid saddles which had a proper saddletree. The earliest saddlebows have been found in tombs of the Xiongnu of the 1st century BC (Tsaram, Noin-Ula), but semi-rigid saddles became the predominant type from the 3rd century onwards.
The most widespread were saddles with semi-circular bows. Wooden bows and models of such saddles, as well as depictions of them, are known from China, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Europe and North Africa. From the 4th to 6th centuries saddles with tall П-shaped bows and stirrups became popular in China, Korea and Japan. Their invention is attributed to the Xianbei kingdom.
These saddles usually had metal overlays on the bows and supports, and were used primarily in battle. It was difficult to mount with this type of saddle, so special mounting loops were invented and swiftly became used as stirrups. At the same time, civilians continued to use saddles with semi-circular bows without protective overlays or stirrups. European saddles of the early 5th to
early 6th centuries had sets of overlays similar to Asian saddles with Π-shaped bows. The first saddles with saddletrees, invented no earlier than the first half of the 6th century, were Turkic. They completely reproduced in wood the semi-rigid saddles of the preceding period. Thereafter, improved metal stirrups became an integral part of the saddle.

Two previously published antler tools, so-called disentangling hooks, are commented on in this paper. The finds come from Nosa and Manđelos, located in the southern area of the Avar Khaganate, i.e. in present-day northern Serbian province of Vojvodina. What is special about these tools is that they bear carved representations of – presumably – Avars
and their horses. To this author’s knowledge, these are the only detailed representations of the Avars on antler objects. The conducted archaeological (and art-historical) analyses lead us to the conclusion that the finds come from the second half of the seventh century. In the case of the stray find from Nosa, such a date could be proposed on the basis of the depicted shape of the saddle, while the find from Manđelos comes from a horseman’s grave which can be dated to the middle of the
seventh century. Various details point to a Central Asian (Altai) origin of the representations.

Special features of Scythian saddles and consequences of riding for horse and horseman in the Scythian time

The article deals with the influence of riding using pad-saddles on the health of both riders and horses in the Scythian time. There is a conclusion proved in the article concerning the fact, that this type saddles was quite adequate for solving a task of prevention mutual traumas of a man and a horse as well as for stable seat of a horseman.

While Kenkol burial in Talas valley excavated by Bernshtam in 1938-1939, is a famous enough monument, only a half of the proceeding of 1939 is published, and the ones from 1938 haven’t been published yet at all. In this article, a set of objects from the barrow 2 of Kenkol burial researched in 1939, is discussed. The objects from this burial, together with other materials from Kenkol were placed in The State Hermitage Museum. Field documents are situated in IIMK RAN archives.
The barrow 2 occupied a separate place in the burial and was situated at a distance from the main cluster of barrows of P-group. In T-shaped catacomb two adults, a man and a woman were buried. Despite the robbery, a lot of wooden objects preserved in the burial (the remains of a bow, arrow shafts, small wooden tables, a mug, pieces of wooden vessels, a walking stick and many fragments of some objects that couldn’t be identified).
The most interesting feature of this burial is the presence of horse equipment: bits, bridle straps’ buckles, and a wooden pommel and cantle of a semi-rigid saddle. For Kenkol culture’s burials the presence of horse equipment in the grave is not a ceremonial norm, and a semi-rigid saddle is a unique find for Middle Asia. Judging by the design of the pommel and the cantle, the saddle from the barrow 2 may be attributed to early semi-rigid saddles that had appeared at the turn of the eras. Specifically the details of horse equipment and a set of arrowheads suggest that the barrow 2 of Kenkol burial can be dated within the III century A.C. and is one of earliest in the burial.

In this article we spoke about Berel burial mound, barrow number 11 IV–III centuries BC,
the practice of reconstruction of saddle that dug up in 1998–99. The result of investigate the
saddle from barrow, if we spoke about reconstruction this saddle belonged to the second type
of the sample of Pazyryk saddle. By the material of archeology and ikonography first one we
reconstructed the saddle and then by this form we also reconstracted other saddle’s things. By
the time of reconstruct the old artefact we investigated the technology of nomads saddle. This
article devoted to the reconstruction of saddle and what kind of method they used in old original.

Leather ornaments represent an underutilized artifact
type that often suffers from misidentification during
artifact cataloging and neglect during artifact analysis.
This paper summarizes efforts to compile a large sample
of leather ornaments from sites all over Maryland on the
Diagnostic Artifacts in Maryland webpage so that they
will be available for comparative study. Research conducted
as the project progressed makes it evident that stylistic
changes in leather ornaments have temporal significance,
and there are many possible avenues of investigation
that might allow the ornaments to make a more robust
contribution to site analysis.

The typochronology of selected mounts of bridle and saddles found at Sösdala and Fulltofta in Scania is discussed. The parade bridle Sösdala I has mounts from different sources, one closely related to late Roman craftsmanship, the others to “Barbarian” settings. It is dated to the early Migration Period. The bridle Sösdala II is of lower quality and probably from the end of the Late Roman Iron Age. The Fulltofta bridle was probably produced in the Late Roman Iron Age but updated with silver covers in “Sösdala” style and deposited in the early Migration Period. Between seven and thirteen saddles were
cut to pieces at Sösdala I. At Fulltofta only few remains of a saddle were recovered. The Sösdala mounts define a common “Sösdala saddle type” and the Fulltofta mounts define a rare “Fulltofta type”. The two types are placed in between earlier saddles of “Ejsbøl type” and later saddles of “Högom type”.

O.G. Novikova, E.V. Stepanova, S.V. Khavrin
ARTICLES WITH CHINESE LACQUER FROM PAZYRYK
COLLECTION OF THE STATE HERMITAGE
The Pazyryk collection of the State Hermitage has a significant group of Chinese qi-lacquer decorated
objects (vessels, items of clothing and horse equipment, shields). They are concentrated mainly in late
barrows (3rd century BC) and are predominantly represented by leather goods. The article describes
these items and the results of a comprehensive study of coatings using different methods of analysis
(microchemical, X-ray fluorescence, spectral, etc.).
A retrospective study of oriental lacquers and, urushiody (urushiol, and thitsiol, laccol) film formers
which are contained in the sap of some species of trees of the sumac family, revealed that all coatings
investigated by us consist of qi-lacquer, which is based on urushiol. Qi-lacquer is made from the sap of the
lacquer tree Rhus verniciflua, cultivated in China in ancient times.
Coatings of items from the Pazyryk barrows have characteristics, techniques, and trace elements
significantly different from the composition of materials of the first century AD from NoinUla (except
for a few items that can be attributed to Noinulinskaya group). Respectively marked differences may not
be temporary, but territorial. Judging by the inscriptions on the vessels from Noin-Ula, Han workshops,
located in the northern regions of China may have inherited the tradition of the northern arts center, still
existing in the 6th-5th centuries BC around the Jin principality. «Chinese» saddle ornaments of bone and
wine cups with handles from the same cultural region, for example - from the kingdom of Qin, could get
to Altai. Lacquered leather may have been manufactured in the south, in the kingdom of Chu. While small
items of clothing and decorative horse equipment, were most likely cut in place from imported leather by
the Pazyryk.
Keywords: the Pazyryk culture, Chinese lacquer, State Hermitage Museum, lacquer leather products,
wood and bone, saddlery, cups with handles («ears»), patent leather, paints based on urushiol, qi-lacquer,
physico-chemical methods, IR spectroscopy and X-ray analysis, varnishes from kingdoms of Chu and Qin.

Marsadolov L.S., Stepanova E.V. Saddles of the Mongol period from Chasovennaya Gora near Krasnoyarsk // The creator of culture. Material culture and the human spiritual space in the light of archaeology, history and ethnography: Collection of scientific papers dedicated to the 80th anniversary of Professor D. G/ Savinov / Ed. N. Yu. Smirnov. (Proceedings of IHMC RAS. Vol. LVII)— St. Petersburg: IHMC RAS, 2021. P. 487-506
Archaeological sites of the Mongol period in Southern Siberia are so far not numerous. New materials on three saddles from the monument Chasovennaya gora situated near Krasnoyarsk and explored by S.A. Teplouhov in 1927, are briefly examined in this article. In each of the three burials a full set of horse tack including a bridle and a saddle was found. The design of saddle with silver plates was more thoroughly analyzed and a new reconstruction of the saddle was presented. A saddle with silver plates from grave No. 3 at the Chasovennaya Gora cemetery can serve as a standard of the elite Mongol saddles of the 13th–14th century, while it is reasonable to apply the notion of the Chasovennaya-Gora type of saddles only more narrowly to this group of saddles. Analysis of the horse gear from Chasovennaya Gora confirms the already previously expressed opinion that the site of Chasovennaya Gora belongs generally to the period of the Mongol expansion and the concluding stage of the existence of the state of the Yenisey Kyrgyzes. The horse equipment from Chasovennaya Gora, similarly to its main grave inventory, is of a mixed character. Only the saddle from grave No. 3 may be attributed to the Mongol type while the saddles from graves No. 2 and No. 1 are Kyrgyzian. Considering the features of the horse equipment, the site under consideration is datable to within the 13th century.

Saddles and saddle fragments from the 13th to 17th centuries are kept in museums all over the world and fascinate with their magnificent surface-covering bone work. They seem unsuitable as riding seats due to their detailed decoration, but for which purpose were they made? Based on comprehensive object studies and contemporary textual and visual sources, Maria Schröder determines the original meaning and function of the bone saddles. The "roman courtois" in particular is a key source here. The bone saddles prove to be a medium of representation for the aristocratic and later also the bourgeois elite. The study is of outstanding interest for ivory research, early material culture and material semantics.

In the paper, for the first time, the results of a laboratory study of a finding representing a fragment of a saddle coat are entered into a scientific circulation. Embroidery was being able to be reconstructed after 18 years since the discovery. The find came from the excavation of the mound number 11 of the Berel burial ground, studied by an international expedition of the A.Kh. Margulan Institute of Archaeology under the leadership of Z. Samashev in 1998–1999. Separate fragments of embroidery, found in different places of the burial chamber, underwent a full cycle of conservation. The combination of computer and physical assembly of the decor, by examining every shred of textile, made it possible to reveal the embroidery plot. On the saddle cover there is a scene of the agony of a hoofed animal by four predators, repeating almost mirrored on both sides of the covering, along a saddle groove a band of vegetative ornament is located. Conservation and restoration work, including research materials, lasted several years. Works are performed with financial support from the Ministry of Culture and Sports of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Evolution of horse gear and the relative chronology of sites of the Pazyryk culture

This paper presents an analysis of assemblages of horse gear from typical kurgans of Pazyryk culture. The sampling examined included finds from 14 barrows at six burial grounds (table 1). These burials contained 129 horse skeletons; also parts of at least 85 saddles and 112 bridles were preserved. The sampling was based on 9 barrows with dendrochronological dates available for comparison. One of the kurgans (Pazyryk, barrow 2) was radiocarbon dated to a narrow range of 290-300 BC. In order to extend the sampling, considered were also finds from the barrows regarded by most of the researchers as the earlier (Bashadar, barrow 2, Tuekta, barrow 2) and younger (Shibe, Karakol) monuments of the Pazyryk culture. In addition, taken into consideration was the 6th Pazyryk kurgan dated by a mirror of the “Qin” type found in it to a period not earlier than 311 BC. The sites enumerated above are noted for the fine preservation of the organics enabling us to interpret reliably separate parts of the horse trappings. Moreover, they yielded fairly expressive typological series of the elements of gear which at ordinary sites are commonly represented only by single items. These facts allow us to regard the mentioned sites as the standard ones. Examination of the complexes of horse gear from these standard kurgans had enabled us to divide the latter into three chronological groups differing in the funerary rite of the horse burials (tables 2-7; figs. 4-7, 9-16, 18).
Features of the 1st chronological group.
1. Rich amounts of bronze furnishings and ornamental parts (table 2).
2. Two-piece saddle-girth fastenings are typical saddle furnishings These fastenings consist of a loop used as a pulley and buckles with a fixed bar bent inwards. They are represented by three varieties (figs 4-7; 12: 1-3; table 3). The “bronze loop-buckle” and ‘bone loop-buckle’ variants have been found only among group 1. Recorded exclusively in group 1 have been also bronze saddle-girth buckles with the bar bent outwards (used as the pulleys were the frames of the buckles) (figs 4: 1; 7: 1).
3. Characteristic of the horse burials is the presence of complete saddle sets including the saddle-girths with buckles.
4. The ornaments of the bridles and breast-plates are characterized by large wooden pendants in the form of asymmetrical leaves, palmettes, griffin heads, feline beasts of prey and elks. The base of the pendants is shaped like a circle or an elongated plank. The terminals of the cheek-pieces were decorated with the same motifs as the pendants.
5. Saddles typically had decorative coverings with flame-like edge, bladed pendants, felt “medallions” on semicircular projections in the front and rear part of the cushions, bunches of straps with pendants in the rear of the saddle, sets of plates (S-shaped, sickle-shaped, circular, shaped like commas or four-petalled rosettes).
Bronze two-piece girth fastenings and side-rein blocks from kurgans of group 1 have parallels at sites of the Early Scythian period (figs. 1, 2, 14: 1-5). Most of the analogues (bronze and iron bits with circular terminals, bronze pendants with asymmetrical leaves) come from sites of the end of the Early Scythian period in the Altai or nearby regions. At present these sites are dated to the second half of the 6th – beginning of the 5th century BC. However, furnishings (fig.3), bronze and iron bits with circular terminals, bronze fastenings of the throatlashes which in the 1st chronological group are already absent. Ornaments of the horse gear of group 1 reflect the evolution if only some of the elements represented at transitional sites (iron cramps and tablets with transversal cylinders plated with gold – imitations of the bronze spacer-rings and wooden comma-shaped plates-clasps). The S-shaped cheek-pieces with zoomorphic terminals from kurgans of group 1 have parallels at sites of the northern Black Sea area of the 5th century BC.
Features of the 2nd chronological group.
1. The use of bronze was limited to making bronze bits (about 8% of the sample).
2. Saddle-girth fastenings were mostly of bone with an outturned bar, however the combination type of two-piece fastenings with leather loops also continued in use (figs. 9; 12: 3, 4; 18: 1-2).
3. Most of the saddles from the burials have no girth fastenings (table 3).
4. In the decorations of the bridles and saddles, elements of the ornamentation both of groups 1 and 3 are combined suggesting the transitional character of the sites of group 2 ((figs. 15,16; tables 5-7).
The horse gear of the 2nd group lacks the elements of furnishings rooted back to the Early Scythian period. The replacement of the type of two-piece girth fastenings with the one-piece examples gives us a possibility to synchronize the sites of group 2 with those situated in other regions of the Eurasian steppes of the 4th century BC (fig.8).
Features of the 3rd chronological group.
1. The furnishings are close to those of group 2 in a number of characteristics: the limited use of bronze (bits, rods of the cheek-pieces, certain small parts of the ornaments), predominant use of one-piece bone girth fastenings, preservation of the variant of two-piece fastenings with leather loops (strengthened with bone mounts – fig.13), and the absence of fastenings on most of the saddles buried (figs. 9, 11, 5, 16; tables 2-7).
2. Saddle bracings and complicated side-rein blocks (fig. 14; 9-16) are found only at sites of this group.
3. Of the decoration of bridles and breast-plates characteristic are figured wooden plates while pendants were not used.
4. The main elements of the decoration of saddles were shield-like pendants and arched or lens-shaped mounts on the semicircular projections on the front and rear of the cushions of wood, bone and leather (fig.11).
The girth buckles and complicated blocks have analogues at sites of the Hunnic-Sarmatian period. Shield-shaped pendants similar to the Pazyryk ones are found at sites of the Qin and Western Han dynasties (late 3rd – 1st century BC) (fig.17). Numnahs with breast covers from kurgan 5 at Pazyryk are similar in their appearance to the ancient Iranian horse-rugs for riding which were used not later than the 3rd century BC (they are not found at sites of the Arshakid dynasty).
In horse burials of the 2nd and 3rd groups, damaging or lack of accompanying grave-goods has been noted: most of the saddles were buried without a saddle-girth into knots or cut out (table 3; figs. 11, 18).
Conclusions. The horse trappings from standard sites of the Pazyryk culture are dated by dendrochronological and absolute methods, as well as on the basis of the parallels mentioned above, to within the bracket of the 5th - 3rd centuries BC. The chronological groups of the horse gear distinguished within the culture in question may be tentatively dated as follows:
Group 1 – 5th (second half of the 5th) – beginning (first half) of the 4th – early 3rd century BC.
Group 2 - second half of the 4th – early 3rd century BC.
Group 3 – second quarter – the end of the 3rd century BC.

Презентация для Международной научной конференции в городе Комаром, 2015 г.
Краткий обзор работ, выполняемых научно-реставрационной лабораторией «Остров Крым» (Алматы, Казахстан) по сохранению органических остатков, подготовке их к экспонированию в музее.
Показаны находки из различных материалов, в том числе: мокрое археологическое дерево,  сухое археологическое дерево с росписями и без, обугленное археологическое дерево, археологический текстиль. Среди работ есть конские украшения, гребень, головной убор, шуба, войлочные чулки, седла и многое другое.
Также показан принцип изъятия находок из раскопа блоками с землей, для лучшей сохранности и транспортировки в лабораторию. Завершающим результатом обычно является комплексная научная реконструкция костюма или конского снаряжения.

Presentation for International scientific conference in Comarom, 2015.
A brief overview of the works carried out by the scientific-restoration laboratory "Ostrov Krym" (Almaty, Kazakhstan) on the preservation of organic remains, preparing them to be exhibited in the museum.
There are shown artifacts made of different materials, including: wet archeological wood, dry archaeological wood with paintings and without them, charred archeological wood, archaeological textiles. Among the works there are horse harness, comb, headdress, furcoat,  felt stockings, saddles and many others.
It is also shown the method of the extraction of a solid block with the surrounding soil for better safety and transportation to the laboratory. The final result is typically a complex scientific reconstruction of the suit or horse equipment.

In most printing factories, the stitching machine is considered as a significant tool in accomplishing the printing process cycle, such as in the Printing House of the University of Kufa (PHUK), complete their jobs using a cheap manual machine, and thus this leads to an increase in the number of employees and work hours. That is because the automated stitching machine of production is very costly. A decent printing house design maximizes production with a minimum investment in new equipment parts. However, a decent PHUK layout alone cannot reach the intended aims unless firmly linked with a developed production line of an automated stitching machine for the purpose of reducing cost, time, and efforts. This article focused on designing and developing automatic saddle stitching machines for folded paper sheet products such as newspapers, magazines, catalogs, exam sheets, etc. using accommodate devices such as Arduino and infrared sensors. Furthermore, the proposed design is applied in PHUK successfully and it showed that the cost of the stitching machine and the manpower is reduced by 60 percent, also the time is reduced by 70 percent. Finally, one of the significant implications of this work is using IT in management of resources.

С 1998 года ведутся исследования курганов могильника Берел на самом востоке Казахстана, в живописной горной долине Казахского Алтая. Курганы датируются IV-III веками до н.э. – эпохой скифов и саков. Здесь мы вкратце расскажем о консервации в нашей лаборатории седельных комплексов, на примере находок из курганов № 10 и 11. Археологическими экспедициями руководили археологи З. Самашев (Казахстан) и Анри-Поль Франкфор (Франция).

Since 1998, it is carrying out the research of Berel burial mounds on the east of Kazakhstan, in the picturesque mountain valley of the Kazakh Altai. Burial mounds date back to IV-III centuries BC - the era of the Scythians and Saka. Here we will shortly talk about conservation of saddle complexes in our laboratory by the example of finds from burial mounds number 10 and 11. The archaeological expeditions led by archaeologists Z. Samashev (Kazakhstan) and Henri-Paul Francfort (France).

In most printing factories, the stitching machine is considered as a significant tool in accomplishing the printing process cycle, such as in the Printing House of the University of Kufa (PHUK), complete their jobs using a cheap manual machine, and thus this leads to an increase in the number of employees and work hours. That is because the automated stitching machine of production is very costly. A decent printing house design maximizes production with a minimum investment in new equipment parts. However, a decent PHUK layout alone cannot reach the intended aims unless firmly linked with a developed production line of an automated stitching machine for the purpose of reducing cost, time, and efforts. This article focused on designing and developing automatic saddle stitching machines for folded paper sheet products such as newspapers, magazines, catalogs, exam sheets, etc. using accommodate devices such as Arduino and infrared sensors. Furthermore, the proposed design is applied in...