Russian revolution and civil war

Th e publication focuses on the role and place of the Russian emigration between the two wars in the Harmanli region. Th is is a little-known page in the history of this region. A handful of articles that indirectly address the issue of white immigration in Harmanli are known. In the 1920s,
a Russian military school and a mixed secondary school were located in Harmanli District. A Russian General commited suicide in Harmanli, and his compatriot managed to protect BGN 5 million from Mityo Ganev’s gang. For decades Dr. Alexei Uspensky had been treating for fr ee the residents of the village of Elena, located in the Harmanli region. White-immigrant offi cers were among the fi rst players at Harmanli Sokol Football Club. One of them – Friedrich Klüd even reached the national team of Bulgaria. Th e publication covers those and other events of the life of Russian emigration in Harmanli between the two world wars in an attempt to draw a line between facts and legends.
Keywords: Russian emigration, Harmanli, Mityo Ganev, Doctor Uspenski, Karateev, Gallipoli high school, Friedrich Klüd

В статье рассматривается вопрос о наградной системе антибольшевистских режимов востока России применительно к деятельности Временного Сибирского, Временного Всероссийского и Российского правительств. Делается вывод о том, что практика награждений носила противоречивый и разнонаправленный характер. Попытки адаптировать традиционную русскую наградную систему к радикально изменившимся обстоятельствам приводили к девальвации этих наград в глазах общества и армии. В данных обстоятельствах стала проявляться тенденция к учреждению новых, оригинальных знаков отличия. История учреждения новых орденов отразила идейно-политическую неоднородность антибольшевистского движения и низкую эффективность деятельности государственного аппарата. Несмотря на существенное внимание, уделявшееся лидерами антибольшевистского движения вопросу о наградах, целостная и эффективная наградная система на востоке России в период гражданской войны так и не сложилась.
The article deals with the award system of anti-Bolshevik regimes in Eastern Russia with regard to activities of the Provisional Siberian, Provisional All-Russian and Russian Governments. The study concludes that the award practices were of a contradictory nature. The attempts to adapt the conventional Russian award system to the dramatically changed conditions led to devaluation of these awards in the eye of public and army. Under these circumstances, the tendency to establish new, unique badges of merit has occurred. The history of establishing new orders reflected the ideological and political discontinuity of Anti-Bolshevik movement and the low efficiency of state machine activities. Despite the great attention paid by the leaders of Anti-Bolshevik movement to the issue of awards, the integral and effective award system has never been established in Eastern Russia during the Civil War.

После Октябрьского переворота в 1917 г. около 30 000 бывшие поданики Российской империи, не принявшие большевистский режим, оказались в Болгарии в качестве эмигрантов. В то же время в балканскую страну хлынула другая, еще более крупная волна беженцев - тысячи болгары, бежавшие вместе с семьями из Греции и Турции, в чьих пределах после Первой мировой войны остались исконно болгарские земли. Чтобы спастись от этнической чистки, проводимой соседними странами, большинство беженцев из Восточной и Западной Фракии, добрались до родины в одной рубашке. Русские эмигранты тоже бедствовали, но подали руку помощи братьям по судьбе. Об одной такой кампании по сбору средств в конце 1924 и начале 1925 г. рассказывает выходившая на русском языке в Болгарии газета "Кубанец - Алексеевец" - издание Кубано-Сергеевского военного училища, которое в то время находилось в маленьком городке Тырново-Сеймен в Хасковской области. Три года спустя Болгарию потрясло сильное землетрясение. Погибли 123 человека, более 600 были ранены,  а 73 000 здания - разрушены. Командир Донского корпуса в Болгарии ген.-лейтенант Федор Абрамов выдал приказ о сборе денежных средств №6/ 22.04.1928 г., в котором подчеркивает: "Большое бедствие постигло приютившую нас Болгарию. Много сел и городов разрушено землетрясением до основания... Нужна помощь. Наш долг немедленно оказать ее, в меру наших сил и возможности.
... Одновременно с высылкою денег прилагать список тех казаков, которые отказались внести свою долю на помощь болгарам. Пусть каждый из русских вспомнит, что Болгарское Правительство ежемесячно отпускает в помощь русским ветеранам, инвалидам, учащимся студентам, на содержание русских гимназий, детских садов и санаторий для туберкулезных - всего до миллиона лев в месяц. Это великая жертва со стороны болгарскаго народа. 
Казаки, умейте быть признательными."
В своей публикации в мае болгарская газета "Мир" сообщает о конце кампании в помощь пострадавших от Чирпанского землетрясения и общая сумма средств, собранная казаками и предоставленная Болгарскому красному кресту.

It is often the case that a historical hero, who reflects the collective memory of a historical period or a significant historical event obtains (through certain procedures which include literary descriptions) mythical dimensions and takes on an unpredictable path with unexpected reversals. Chapaev is such a hero. He first became a symbol of Stalinist literature and cinematographic propaganda, then he turned into a token of heroism, in other non-Russian war conflicts. Among Greek communists Chapaev became a metonymy for the heroic warrior, whereas in the last decades, he became the protagonist in a series of clever political anecdotes. In presenting Cha-paev's case, the article concludes that: 1) In the environment of the emergent Soviet state, the symbol of the anti-intellectual Chapaev serves to unify the masses behind Stalin's policy and at the same time to introduce the necessary folk culture dimension to the Bolshevik collective memory of the Russian civil war. 2) Later on, his blunders and foibles were used, among USSR's dissidents to suggest the chasm between theory and practice, and also to undermine the entrenched pattern of heroes and anti-heroes that was dominant in the collective memory of the ex-Soviet citizens. 3) Finally, in Greece, Chapaev seems to have served short-term propaganda goals. After a short period his image eclipsed and he stopped being a symbolic figure. Besides , the wartime narrative could hardly survive during peace.

This article examines the peaceful relations between Georgia and Azerbaijan in the period 1918–20. Whilst civil wars and inter-ethnic conflicts razed neighboring regions and countries to the ground, Georgian–Azerbaijani bilateral relations, unusually, remained harmonious during these countries’ short independence. What were the reasons for this unexpected peace? Using archival evidence from Azerbaijan and Georgia, the article demonstrates how the complementary economic and political relations of the two countries during this turbulent period outweighed the option of war. This historical narrative also helps us to explain the contemporary relations in the region.

Historians who study student radicalism before and during the revolutionary period (1905-1917) must understand how important the processes of consciousness and Marxism were to transform the students' demonstrations that erupted in this era. This book provides a deeper insight in such themes. 

1. SCHEIDEMANN'S ACCUSATION – 2. THE NEW [MEXICAN GOVERNMENT] – 3. GENERAL ELECTION NEEDED [IN BRITAIN] – 4. THE GREEK THRONE – 5. GERMAN AERODROMES – 6. UNITED STATES PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN – 7. CONGRESSIONAL PROSPECTS – 8. SEDITIOUS SYLVIA [PANKHURST] – 9. AFGHANISTAN – 10. MC SWINEY’S BURIAL – 11. FIGHT FOR PRESIDENT – 12. AN UNKNOWN HERO – 13. GREEK THRONE QUESTION – 14. US – JAPAN AGREEMENT TO BE ANNOUNCED SOON – 15. GREAT TOTAL SEEN IN POLL OF NATION – 16. THE ELECTION CAMPAIGN – 17. AN ALIEN FIREBRAND IMPRISONMENT AND DEPORTED – 18. U.S POLL IN FULL SWING – 19. NAVAL ROMANCE – 20. AMERICAN ELECTIONS – 21. NON – COOPERATION MOVEMENT FAILS – 22. IMPERIAL PROBLEMS – 23. A [SOUTH AFRICAN] MOVEMENT FOR UNITY – 24. JAPANESE DEFENCES – 25. OKLAHOMA WILL SEND A WOMAN TO CONGRESS – 26. OHIO WOMEN ELECTED – 27. THE [US] PRESIDENCY – 28. THE BRAIN OF SINN FEIN – 29. JAPANESE IMMIGRATION QUESTION – 30. JAPAN REPORTED TO BE READY TO FILE PROTEST – 31. REGULAR METHOD FOLLOWED – 32. AMERICANS TO EXPLORES THE INTERIOR OF CHINA – 33. OKLAHOMA WOMAN, OWNER OF CAFETERIA, SENT TO CONGRESS – 34. WOMAN POLICE – 35. DONS’ FEAR OF WOMEN [IN CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY]  - 36. FAMINE IN RUSSIA – 37. ARMISTICE DAY – 38. RUSSIAN REFUGEES – 39. CANADA AND PROHIBITION – 40. WOMEN ARE ELECTED TO ALL OFFICES IN YONCALLA, OREGON – 41. DOWNING STREET MIRRORS – 42. INDIAN GOVERNMENT MANIFESTO – 43. WILHELM’S POSITION – 44. EGYPTIAN AFFAIRS – 45. VANISHING AUSTRIA – 46. THE WOMEN’S VOTE – 47. PRISONERS BITTER AGAINST GERMANY – 48. CONDITION OF AUSTRIA – 49. BURIAL OF UNKNOWN POILU – 50. CALIFORNIA DEFIANCE – 51. PHARAON’S THRONE – 52. ARMISTICE DAY – 53. THE WAY TO PEACE – 54. WOMAN TO BE IN OFFICE OF ATTORNEY GENERAL – 55. DAMASCUS AND ITS JEWS – 56. UNKNOWN WARRIOR – 57. INDIAN ELECTIONS – 58. THE [JAPANESE] EMIGRATION QUESTION – 59. GENEVA AND MOSCOW – 60. WALL STREET EXPLOSION – 61. ACCOUNT OF GERMAN AERIAL OPERATIONS – 62. THOUSANDS FLEE FROM SEBASTOPOL – 63. HAITI ASK CONGRESSIONAL PROBE – 64. GERMAN LABOUR DEMORALISED BY POST – WAR CONDITIONS – 65. US – JAP WAR UNTHINKABLE, SAYS MORRIS – 66. REPORT CAPITAL OF THE CRIMEA FALLEN – 67. EYES OF WORLD WATCH CONFERENCE AT GENEVA – 68. EVACUATION OF SEBASTOPOL – 69. BAVARIAN PREMIER’S SPEECH – 70. CONDITIONS IN EUROPE – 71. JAPAN AND AMERICA – 72. ASSEMBLY AVOIDS MONROE DOCTRINE – 73. GREEK ELECTIONS – 74. THE [JAPANESE]  IMMIGRATION PROBLEM – 75. INDIGNANT GERMANS CLASH WITH CZECH TROOPS – 76. SYLVIA PANKHURST RELEASED – 77. HARDING MAY VISIT OBREGON – 78. REFUGEES FILL TURK CAPITAL – 79. LORD CURZON ON PERSIA – 80. AGITATION IN JAPAN – 81. LABOUR IN AMERICA – 82. CLAIM CORPORAL KILLED PRISONERS – 83. EX – SERVICEMEN IN BRITAIN – 84. CONSTANTINE’S ATTITUDE – 85. [ALLIED] ARMY OF OCCUPATION – 86. BRITISH JUSTICE – 87. BABYLESS POLISH TOWNS – 88. ANTI – JAPANESE LEGISLATION CAUSE OF HOSTILITIES – 89. JAPAN DEFIANT – 90. FUTURE OF THE PACIFIC – 91. AMERICAN GIRLS – 92. SAYS HAITIAN WAS CLUBBED – 93. OXFORD CONFERRING DEGREES ON WOMEN – 94. OPTIMISM NEEDED TO RECONSTRUCT AMERICAN MIND – 95. GENERAL MANGIN LEADS FRENCH DRIVE TO HONOUR AMERICANS – 96. CONSTANTINE’S RETURN – 97. A TEXAS PROPOSAL [TO FOLLOW CALIFORNIA] – 98. AMERICAN NAVAL POLICY – 99. EX-SERVICEMEN LEAGUE – 100. UNDESIREABLE ALIENS – 101. AMERICAN AND JAPANESE – 102. EPIDEMICS IN POLAND – 103. COMMERCIAL EXPANSION OF JAPAN – 104. THE BEGINNING OF DISEASE – 105. EXPOSES PLOT TO KILL THE JAPANESE PREMIER – 106. THE CROKE PARK TRAGEDY – 107. CONFERENCE OF STATESMEN – 108. SIBERIAN CONCESSIONS – 109. THE AUSTRALIAN FLEET – 110. GERMANY THRIVING ON HER DEBTS – 111. TRAGEDY OF EUROPE – 112. CROKE PARK AFFAIR – 113. [BRITAIN] DEFYING THE WORLD – 114. [RUSSIAN] CONCESSIONS TO FOREIGN CAPITALISTS – 115. FIGHT TO THE LAST – 116. OIL AND MANDATES – 117. MENACE OF TYPHUS – 118. BRITAIN’S MYSTERY PORTS – 119. JAPAN AND AMERICA – 120. MEXICO WELCOMES BULLFIGHT RETURN – 121. FRANCE’S WAY IN GERMAN OCCUPIED TERRITORIES – 122. A WARTIME INVENTION – 123. EUROPE WATCHES OIL BATTLE BETWEEN AMERICA AND BRITAIN – 124. WOMEN IN POLITICS FOR CITY CLEAN – UP – 125. APPEAL TO U.S FOR AID IN PALESTINE – 126. ALLIES MAY LET TURKISH TREATY REVISE ITSELF – 127. CONSULTING CONGRESS – 128. REFUGEES FROM CRIMEA – 129. AMERICAN LABOUR – 130. PONZI PLEADS GUILTY IN U.S COURT – 131. JAPANESE ARE ACCUSED OF MASSACRES – 132. PACIFIC FLEET STARTS BIG MANOUVRES – 133. OBJECTIONABLE TREATY WITH JAPAN, SAYS STEPHENS

В статье рассматривается вопрос о том, как большевики в конце 1917 – начале 1918 гг. смогли взять под контроль самоуправление Москвы, изучаются первые шаги новой власти в управлении муниципалитетом, исследуются их действия по трансформации системы управления городом. На основе архивных материалов, прессы, а также воспоминаний муниципальных деятелей-большевиков автор делает вывод, что радикальные социалисты отказались от думской модели самоуправления из-за обострения борьбы со своими оппонентами, неготовности идти на компромисс, необходимости централизации управления, общности компетенции органов самоуправления и Советов.

В статье изучается продовольственная деятельность российских городов в условиях Первой мировой войны в части проведения закупочных операций. Анализируется организация продовольственного дела государством и роль в ней органов городского самоуправления, в динамике выявляется масштаб и финансовые основы продовольственных операций городов, возникавшие трудности и проблемы, а также достигнутые успехи. Делается вывод, что при сохранении ведущей роли частной торговли муниципалитетам, выходя на рынок со своими продуктами в нужный момент, удавалось смягчать их нехватку, ограничить рост цен, сузить возможность спекуляций, что ослабляло социальную напряженность в городах. Однако в условиях кризиса правительственного продовольственного аппарата усилия муниципалитетов имели ограниченный эффект.

This article examines the peaceful relations between Georgia and Azerbaijan in the period 1918–20. Whilst civil wars and inter-ethnic conflicts razed neighbouring regions and coun-tries to the ground, Georgian–Azerbaijani bilateral relations, unusually, remained harmo- ...

During the Russian Civil War (1917-1922) and after the introduction of communism in Russia, a large number of people (according to various assessments more than a million), supporters of the former Tsarist regime or opponents of Bolshevism, left Russia and emigrated abroad. This exodus resulted in the Russian refugee crisis, as humanitarian organisations and the countries these refugees migrated to were ill-equipped to receive so many people. The Russian refugees thus mostly lived in poverty and scarcity without any legal protection. Such circumstances gave rise to the first significant attempts to manage the crisis and find ways to ensure the international protection of refugees. Formal international efforts to help the Russian refugees began in 1921 when the International Committee of the Red Cross asked the League of Nations for assistance. Larger organised groups of Russian emigrants also arrived in the Kingdom of SHS. They represented a huge burden for the country, especially given the local economic situation. The contribution thus thoroughly examines how these emigrants were treated and integrated into the society, especially in view of the humanitarian aid and the resolution of their legal status.
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V obdobju ruske državljanske vojne (1917-1922) in po uveljavitvi komunizma v Rusiji je večje število ljudi (po različnih ocenah več kot milijon), privržencev prejšnjega carskega režima oz. nasprotnikov boljševizma, zapustilo Rusijo in emigriralo v tujino. Posledica tega eksodusa je bil izbruh ruske begunske krize, saj humanitarne organizacije in države, v katere so se priseljevali, niso bile pripravljene na sprejem tako velikega števila ljudi. Ruski begunci so zato večinoma živeli v revščini in pomanjkanju, brez pravnega varstva. Ob tem so se pojavili prvi pomembnejši poskusi reševanja krize in iskanja načinov mednarodne zaščite beguncev. Formalna mednarodna prizadevanja za pomoč ruskim beguncem so se začela leta 1921, ko je Mednarodni odbor Rdečega križa zaprosil Društvo narodov za pomoč. Večje organizirane skupine ruskih emigrantov so prišle tudi v Kraljevino SHS, kar je bilo za državo veliko breme, predvsem zaradi ekonomske situacije. V prispevku bo zato podrobneje preučen način njihovega obravnavanja in vključevanja, zlasti humanitarna pomoč in reše-vanje njihovega pravnega položaja. Ključne besede: ruska bela emigracija, begunci, Nansenove potne listine, reševanje krize