Rural women's empowerment

Self Help Groups have been a part of rural employment in India since 1985 (Nair,2015). While the purpose of these groups is to employ and empower rural populations, especially individuals that either have no economic means; or those who are employed in non- economic activities, their success rate so far has been debatable(Deininger and Liu, 2019).
In 2021, on the occasion of the Fiftieth Anniversary of Statehood, the Government of Himachal Pradesh attempted to reboot the Self Help Groups in various rural pockets throughout the state, with a special focus on reviving handicrafts, while providing money and economic incentives to rural women. The present case study attempts to analyse this new trend for self-help groups in business with respect to women of Mahi Panchayat of the Kandaghat Block of District Solan, where women of 13 Self Help Groups of Mahi Gram Panchayat have been employed in basketry using pine needles.
For the purpose of this study several individual members of the said SHGs were personally interviewed and supervising authorities were consulted. Also, the data records with these groups and in charge of Himachal State Emporium were accessed. Through this study, therefore, an attempt has been made to understand how successful this endeavor has been in the economic emancipation of the women involved and how sustainable this venture is in terms of raw materials used and objects made.

This report is the result of the recognition of both the New Zealand Agency for International Development and Bris Kanda Governing Council and staff that its facilitation of better economic opportunities for smallholder producers in Huon District in Papua New Guinea would be greatly improved by enabling the full participation of women in its activities. Both NZAID and BK are committed to promoting gender equality and women’s empowerment as a cross-cutting issue across its programs, but more needs to be done to mainstream gender at the planning and operational levels. This report builds on the progress that has been made over the last three years and helps BK to have a clearer vision of what might be achieved in terms of gendered outcomes and strategies.

—The mobile phone is an essential part for human life all over the world. From developed to developing, developing to under developed countries are affected by the mobile phone usages, each and every corner of this universe. In every single minute we are using mobile phone for our various purposes. Even when there is no purpose we are also just using mobile phone. This scenario is almost same all over the world. The mobile phone has been affected the human behavior and changed the nature of behavior in developing countries. This paper has divided into three parts first part gathered information; second part analyses collected information and third part draw conclusions. In this paper, the result of the mobile phone used and effect on human behaviors in developing country like Bangladesh has been presented. This paper will also analyze this issue by exploring the exiting literature related to the mobile phone usages on human behavior and effect of the mobile phone on society in developing countries. Finally, this paper was presented some efficient solutions to minimize the problems in developing countries.

Este trabajo se realizó en Salvatierra, Guanajuato, responde a la pregunta de ¿qué es lo que cambió y qué lo es que permaneció en la propiedad de la tierra por parte de las mujeres, en el municipio de Salvatierra, Guanajuato?, el objetivo fue estudiar la participación histórica, social y económica de las mujeres en la tenencia de la tierra, desde las haciendas hasta la creación de las Unidades Agrícolas Industriales de la Mujer (UAIM) en el sistema ejidal. Para lograr responder a esta cuestión se revisó el Archivo Histórico de Salvatierra, el Archivo General del Gobierno del Estado de Guanajuato, El Archivo General Agrario, archivos de varias UAIM y de ejidos, además de aplicar encuestas a una muestra de UAIM en el estado. Las formas que tienen las mujeres de acceder a la tierra son principalmente por medio de la herencia, la compra, las UAIM y en ocasiones por dotación estatal, además del acceso indirecto como esposas, hijas o madres de ejidatarios.

Education is conceivably the most deliberate area of intervention for the empowerment of girls and women in any society.  The usage of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) as an education tool helps in the promotion of women’s advancement has immense potential. Self-Employed Women’s Association (SEWA) had several ICT projects for women, including community learning centers, a school of Science and Technology for self-employed women and the Telephone project, where they provide mobile phones to women in the informal sector etc. The study is concerned with the role of new media for women empowerment and how women are educated through SEWA. Target audience for the study is urban women from Ernakulum district. Qualitative analysis method is observed for the study by the researcher. The aim of the study is to analyze and discuss the role of new media and their impact on women empowerment. New media open up new channels of information and create career opportunities for women. Through this study we can find out whether new media education can improve their life and be active participants in the urban development.

Gender Relations in Land Rights is a work of organisations working on Women and Land issue under the umbrella organisation of International Land Coalition. This is a five country study in which partner organisation shared the best practices and laws related to inheritance, common properties etc. The countries are India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Indonesia and Cambodia.

The study has assessed the determinants of fertilizer and improved chicken use and their impact on the livelihoods of poor women households using the data collected from two locations in Degua Temben district, central zone of Tigray region, Ethiopia. Combinations of methods were employed to analyze the data collected from 150 randomly selected households. A statistical application programs were used to make the descriptive analysis and linear regression models. The results indicated that about 32% were reported to use chemical fertilizer for 2005 cropping year (n=38). Male and female households of the adopters constitute 57% and 43% respectively. The mean amount of fertilizer used by the adopted household was 30.26kg where as the mean value for the total surveyed households were 7.66kg. About 24.7 % of the surveyed were reported to have adopted improved chicken, of which 12 and 24 percents were female and male headed households
respectively. The average number of improved chicken was 3.68; while the mean for female and male headed households was 3.86 and 4.1 respectively, indicating that there was no significant difference on the use of improved chicken among men and women. The quantity of fertilizer used by the surveyed households was significantly affected by the literacy level of the households. Similarly, households who received training and visit of extension agents were likely used more quantity of fertilizer than those which did not. The result indicated that there the adoption of both technologies had significant impact on the total income on male headed households in relative terms. In other words, women headed households were less benefited from the technologies as compared to men.
Key words: women, technology adoption, fertilizer, improved chicken, income

main objective of this program is to bring the assisted poor people, particularly the women of families below the poverty line by ensuring appreciable sustained level of income over a period of time. The assisted families may be individuals or groups called self-help group (SHG).SGSY is being implemented by the District Rural Development Cell (DRDC) of the ZillaParishad with the active participation of Panchayati Raj Institution, the banks, and the non-government organizations. This article is therefore, sought to determine the impact of training and development of the rural people promoted by

This thesis, based on a case study of a women’s herbal products micro-enterprise in a rural community in Mexico, examines the factors that enable or constrain the women’s participation and analyses the social networks that surround the group and how these influence the collective endeavour. The research engages with current development debates, which promote micro-enterprises as a strategy to improve women’s livelihoods and social capital creation as a way to foster cooperative action. Herbal plant products are seen as a possibility to positively impact rural development.
The analysis uses an Actor Oriented Approach to identify those processes by which knowledge was created and negotiated through encounters between the women and development actors and to understand how medicinal plant knowledge was used, disseminated and transformed in the experience of the micro-enterprise. The commercialization of medicinal plants and herbal products was examined by discerning how knowledge and beliefs about medicinal plants and herbal preparations originated and how these interplayed with the commercial project. The research uses the concept of empowerment to understand the ways that participation in the enterprise influenced the women’s personal development, capacity to negotiate with others, and ability to act collectively.
The research contributes to existing studies, which show that participation in micro-enterprise initiatives does have the potential to expand women’s social networks and their access to resources, opportunities and knowledge. However, the case study demonstrates the crucial role that leadership plays in mediating the links between networks and benefits, as well as, the enormous demands micro-enterprise initiatives place on the women related to time and travel requirements and a need for literacy and numeric skills. The women’s experience with medicinal and herbal product commercialization shows that far from being an unproblematic alternative to rural development, herbal products are highly contested commodities that require costly marketing strategies, complex sanitation standards, and production guidelines to foster credibility; factors which in this case, were not compatible with the plant conservation, health and income generating benefits that have been hypothesized in the literature.

Democracy means the Government by the people and for the people remained an un-accomplished dream after each election in Pakistan since 1947. Sometimes a democratic government taken over by the army and sometime the elected representatives were not able to implement democracy and run the government effectively. Each election has been blamed with some serious rigging and the percentage of voter turnout didn’t cross the figure represent the half of the population i.e. 50% except the general election 1971. The voters’ turnout diminished after each election except the general election 2013, which is showing the lacking interest of the people in politics and democratic process in the country.

Army and politician are not only responsible for the poor democracy in Pakistan but voters and people also responsible for that. Voters and common man also have a strong role for the bad political and democratic practices. Voter played vital role in violation of election code of conduct and rules and regulations. Sometimes voters banned some others voters from voting or contesting election and sometime voter have been sold, bought or threatened. The dream of election representing the whole population and all the segments, groups, ethnics, minorities, women, youth, disables remained unaccomplished.

There are number of reasons, hurdles, and problems to accomplish the dream of real democracy in Pakistan.  A large number of people, organizations, groups, and individuals are working to prepare the ground for real democracy.  This research study will focus on the reasons for the less political participation and representation in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. A real and representative government can make progress toward the real and sustainable development and resolve the problems and issues of the people.

This research is based on the assessment or situational analysis of the reason, problems and issues of low turnout and less participation of women, youth, disables and minorities in the electoral process. The findings and recommendations will help and lead to strengthening the democratic practices and behaviors of women.

What is the 17 Days Campaign?
As a WWSF multi-issue Call to organize for action providing advocacy tools, strategies and recommendations for action, the 17 Days Campaign targets, in particular, rural women leaders and their communities to become powerful lobby groups for claiming basic human rights and demanding accountability from their leaders.

What are the 17 Campaign themes?
Theme 1 - Claim your right to development
Theme 2 - Claim your right to education for you and your children
Theme 3 - Claim your right to safe water
Theme 4 - Claim your right health and wellbeing
Theme 5 - Claim your right to adequate housing
Theme 6 - Claim your right to live in a clean environment
Theme 7 - Claim your right to mitigate and adapt to climate change
Theme 8 - Claim your right to economic development and financial autonomy
Theme 9 - Claim your right to information & technology
Theme 10 - Claim your right to land and inheritance
Theme 11 - Claim your right to decision making and leadership
Theme 12 - Claim your right to security, safety and an end to violence
Theme 13 - Claim your right to Peace
Theme 14 - Claim your right to hold your leaders accountable
Theme 15 - Celebrate Rural Women and the International Day!
Theme 16 - Claim your right to food!
Theme 17 - Claim your right to an adequate standard of living

The Forum of Rural Women of Kazakhstan is being held for the second time, this year for two days experts, businessmen, and politicians intend to identify the most effective mechanisms for supporting business ideas for strengthening and. empowerment of women entrepreneurship in rural areas of Kazakhstan. Delegates shared their experience and derived the formula for the successful development of remote areas, sustainable development of villages and rural areas, improving well-being and improving the quality of life through the development of women entrepreneurship and the active participation of the equal gender rights in solving social issues.

In this book, the authors present materials for the course of General Methods of Teaching, relevant for secondary, primary, and pre-primary schools. This book presents practical examples and case studies that enable both teachers and student teachers to reflect practically on pertinent and crucial areas in teaching and learning. It has the advantage of focusing on emerging issues in teacher education.  This approach, the authors hope, will empower the users of this book to handle changes in the 21st century classroom.  In order to achieve this, the authors present the content in twelve chapters.

Chapter One is an overview of teacher education.  It discusses salient issues in teacher education that demand attention in order to facilitate relevance and innovation in the teaching profession.  The focus here is on the need for a paradigm shift to account for the changes taking place outside the school gates, and finding the path to 21st century learning.

Chapter Two discusses the concepts of teaching and learning.  Some of the related conceptual issues discussed in this chapter include qualities of an effective teacher, modes of teaching, components of teaching, theories of learning, and principles of effective teaching and learning.

Chapter Three discusses educational aims and instructional objectives and their relevance in teaching and learning. It presents the educational aims of education in Kenya at various levels and carefully illustrates how instructional objectives can be derived from the general educational goals.  Qualities of aims and objectives are outlined, and a guideline provided on how to write instructional objectives.

Chapter Four discusses communication and interaction in the classroom. It presents the elements and models of communication.  It further focuses on how to achieve and facilitate effective communication in the classroom alongside barriers to effective communication.

Chapter Five discusses the systems approach to classroom teaching.  The systems approach, which takes into account the relationships between various specialized disciplines and their contributions to one another, is carefully discussed and its use in classroom teaching illustrated.

Chapter Six and Seven describe teaching strategies, methods, and techniques.  They present an overview of how people learn as a basis for selection and use of teaching strategies, methods, and techniques.  The various teaching strategies, methods, and techniques are discussed with a view to helping the teacher choose the most appropriate of each of them.

Chapter Eight explains how to effectively plan for and organize instruction. It outlines the benefits of good planning to an effective classroom.  Instruction is presented in three phases namely pre-instructional, instructional, and post-instructional and the process of planning and organization at each phase described.

Chapter Nine explains how to motivate learners and sustain their attention.  It describes the motivation process and provides a guideline to making learning and teaching inclusive and enjoyable, with a positive classroom climate established for the learners. The different types of motivation are discussed and theories of motivation discussed as they are applied to the teaching-learning process.  Application of motivation principles with specific groups of learners is also discussed in this chapter.

Chapter Ten discusses how a teacher can provide for individual differences.  It outlines factors that account for differences among learners and further describes categories of learners in a learning environment.  A discussion of how to cater for the various categories of learners is also presented.

Chapter Eleven explains how to evaluate learning effectiveness.  It outlines the need to know the extent to which a teacher is achieving the lesson objectives.  It describes the process of gauging the amount of learning resulting from the teacher’s teaching effort and the effectiveness of the procedures involved in lesson delivery, the resources used, the communication and interaction in the class, and the content selected for the group of learners.  It defines and discusses the tools, and highlights how the outcomes thereof are used to improve the performance in learning and teaching.

Chapter Twelve discusses the issue of ethics and professionalism in instruction, thus defining guiding virtues and values a teacher should embrace in the instructional process. 

With the above focus, the content presented in this book will appeal to student teachers and practicing teachers at all levels of teacher education.  The book will actually live to be a ‘handbook’ for teachers and student teachers at all levels as it comprehensively deals with relevant and significant aspects of teaching and learning.

Se presenta a continuación el Informe sintético: casos de buenas prácticas de La Evaluación Final del Programa “Ampliando las oportunidades económicas De las mujeres Rurales emprendedoras en América Latina” realizado por las Evaluadoras Rosana Pastor García y Monike Nicolás de Santiago entre Julio de 2016 y noviembre  de 2016.

El Programa corresponde a una iniciativa de generación de conocimiento Financiada por el Fondo Internacional de Desarrollo Agrícola (FIDA) cuya implementación ha llevado a cabo ONU Mujeres en El Salvador, Guatemala, México y Nicaragua.

Este informe es fruto del análisis de fuentes primarias y secundarias a las que ha tenido acceso el equipo evaluador durante la evaluación y en la visita a terreno durante el mes de agosto 2016 a El Salvador, Guatemala y Mexico. Se centra en presentar en dos casos de buenas prácticas de las organizaciones de mujeres rurales (OMR) participantes del Programa por países y los modelos de empoderamiento económico de las mujeres (EEM) que se han implementado para que las OMR hayan tenido éxito en sus emprendimientos.

Women play a major role in livestock farming in Pakistan. They assume many activities relating to livestock production like feeding of animals, cure of animals, watering of animals, collection of fuel, milking, feeding, and cleaning of animal sheds. The present study focuses on the participation of rural women in different activities relating to livestock farming. A sample of 120 female respondents was selected randomly from Tehsil Jhang using multistage random sampling technique. They were interviewed through a reliable and validated interview schedule. The data collected, were processed through a computer software i.e. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The results show that milk processing, making and storage of dung cakes, collection of manure and caring of diseased animals, cleaning of animals ' sheds, watering of animals, making feed concentrates and feeding of livestock performed were the main activities performed by rural women. However their participation in most of the livestock management practices was medium to very low.

The study was undertaken to assess the health and nutritional status, dietary intake patterns among 115 rural Dalit women of age group 21-50 above years in the village Kalittheerthalkuppam, Puducherry. A cross-sectional study was conducted using both qualitative and quantitative data-collection methods. The data was collected using a standard questionnaire, containing information on socio-economic food/nutrient intake, observations and assessment of their general knowledge and awareness about health, nutrition and taken some anthropometric measurement. The mean BMI of 43.47% Dalit women was found to be <18.5 (chronic energy deficiency) i.e. underweight. The overall quality of food and nutrient intake was poor as the intake of all the food groups was found to be much lower than their RDAs. The mean energy and protein intake was found to be consuming much below the RDAs. Similarly, the intake of nutrients was also found to be inadequate particularly of vegetables and pulses which met only 97.39% and 80% of the RDAs, respectively. Dietary deficiencies were also reflected in their physiological processes like menstrual problems and pregnancy complications, before menopause etc. Efforts are needed to improve education and diet quality of Dalit women so that they may improve their health and nutritional profile reflected their condition.

Biljana Brankovic, nezavisna istraživacica -konsultantkinja Nikšic, 2011. BUDIMO REALNE, OSTVARIMO NEMOGUCE Kvinna till Kvinna Biljana Branković, nezavisna istraživačica -konsultantkinja BUDIMO REALNE, OSTVARIMO NEMOGUĆE -Romkinje i Egipćanke govore: 10 godina programa osnaživanja žena koje je sproveo SOS telefon za žene i djecu žrtve nasilja Nikšić

Like many other concepts it is also difficult to define the environment. In most cases environment is basically understood as the nonhuman world and sometimes it is used as a synonym for the nature. However the relationship between environment and human is becoming more important in the contemporary environment definitions. In this article, the relationship between rural woman and environment will be investigated through the gendered lens. Women-environment relations
will be examined in two ways: women who have affected the environment and are affected by the environmental conditions.
As a result, rural woman-environment relations will be reviewed by referring to the preceding studies. Firstly the concepts of environment and gender will be examined and the subject of rural woman and the environment will be revised afterwards. Finally the paper will end with the conclusion part.

[email protected] Website: www.panap.net / www.asianruralwomen.net For information on the Women's Travelling Journal project: www.http://travellingjournal.asianruralwomen.net This book is a collaboration of the Asian Rural Women's Coalition and Asian-Pacific Resource and Research Centre for Women, partner organisations, and the rural women writers. The reproduction of this publication in full or in part is encouraged as long as the sources are properly acknowledged and are furnished with copies of the final work where the reproduction appears.

Progressive participation of women in agriculture is evident throughout the Globe. Their participation in fisheries and livestock sector is well recognized but less perceived due to paucity of sufficient data. Considering this fact the present study had been designed to examine women"s participation in fisheries and livestock activities as well as influence of selected socio-economic factors on their participation in some selected coastal villages of Bangladesh. For achieving research objectives a well structured interview schedule was administered on 70 randomly selected rural women during the period of September, 2010. Descriptive statistics exhibit that almost three quarter of the respondents had moderate to high level participation in fisheries and livestock activities. Among the fisheries related activities women had highest participation in feed application (M=1.528) while cleaning cattle shed (M=2.914) and giving feed to poultry birds (M=4.571) occupied the top ranks for cattle and poultry related activities. According to correlation estimates agricultural knowledge and family size had strong positive correlation with women"s participation where as education and family income had negative significant correlation with women"s participation in fisheries and livestock activities. Stepwise multiple regression mirrored that family size, agricultural knowledge and education jointly contribute to 25.6% variance in women"s participation in fisheries and livestock activities.

Gender disparities in India, gender inequality of health & nutrition, educational variations in gender disparity, Gender disparitiesof Women's Employment & Economic Status.
Objective of the Research: -
1. To the study of women Empowerment and its impact of women health and child health & its immunizations.
2. To the study of Gender Differences in Educational Performance for women.
3. To the study of Women's Employment & Economic Status.

Criteria of Contemporary Context of Women Empowerment
Research Objectives
1. To study the concept of women empowerment.
2. To study the contemporary criteria or basis of women empowerment.
Research study methods
The dissertation presented is based on the concept of women empowerment. Empowerment of women is a concept that empowers a woman, that is, destroys her weakness, creates awareness about her body, mind, intellect and self and motivates her towards self-development accordingly. The criteria required for women empowerment are explained here through the presented short research paper, for which various researches on women empowerment, various bibliographies and the views of various scholars have been taken here.

This book is about the experience and social impact  of training farmers as agricultural technologies trainers at andean rural communities in the southern region of Peru. The rural development approach is named farmer to farmer agricultural extension, it is based on local communities involving adult men and women of Quechuan native culture.

Apresentação | Marlise Matos Resgatar a memória, além de um direito, é uma ação de justiça e de reconhecimento. Este livro tem a incontestável bravura de cumprir bem uma função social e política ao mesmo tempo. Função social porque sabemos todas/os como, nessa sociedade patriarcal e racista em que estamos inseridas/os, a atuação e o protagonismo das mulheres, e especialmente das mulheres rurais e das mulheres negras, são sistematicamente apagados, silenciados, esquecidos. E ainda mais apagada costuma ser a experiência ativa de mulheres espetaculares que estão nas lutas do campo num país continental e predominantemente urbano como o nosso. Esquecer é uma das piores formas de oprimir. Esse livro cumpre também uma função política porque significa ato de resistência e desobediência contra o mecanismo nefasto e continuado de apagamento das mulheres da história e da vida pública, de "esquecimento" delas, dando afinal, com justiça, vazão à correnteza da memória de vida, testemunho, voz e vez à biografia de algumas mulheres incríveis. Não é possível existir no silêncio e no apagamento. Cada uma das mulheres do mundo precisa construir as suas próprias maneiras de lidar com essa forma cruel de opressão patriarcal, que é também opressão de gênero e racial: a força do silenciamento, do apagamento. Trazer a público essas histórias femininas de mulheres do campo (ou a ele vinculadas), suas lutas e sua resistência é/foi, em si mesmo, um ato político de resistência e a sua escrita um ato e(a)fetivo de reconhecimento. É preciso desobedecer ao patriarcado. Esse livro é um ato de desobediência patriarcal. Sabemos que é a memória (e seu registro) que garante a perenidade no tempo, o sentimento compartilhado de continuidade e de existência para além da presença física. Os registros, a contação dessas trajetórias são, então, estratégias afirmativas de tramar, com os fios políticos do reconhecimento e da justiça, a trama/rede da vida de mulheres que persistem numa luta interminável por bem viver, bem longe dos holofotes públicos.

Rural girls and women from marginalized deprived communities take charge of their lives by by getting access to education and an opportunity to complete grade 12. After which some moved on to complete Masters degrees. Many semi literate and literate women in Nepal have now been elected and appointed as leaders in different political positions. They have challenges to complete their mandates. The rural educated girls and women leaders can help each other in achieving their goals. an approach to sustainable development.

The study utilized a descriptive research design to determine the participation of rural women specifically on their economic activities carried out in the community, their involvement in protecting and conserving Olot River Watershed resources and the level of participation in community development. It utilized a standardized questionnaire in gathering the data. The results revealed that 88% of the subjects subscribed to farming, while the rest were on fishing, food processing, hairdressing, sewing and knitting, handcraft and creative arts, selling dried fish and other products, quarrying and other economic activities. While other activities to provide traditional income includes laundry and cleaning services. With regards to the participation in community development, 52% of the respondents acted as volunteers during emergencies and calamities and the rest were active in community-based group and in caring aged and orphans. As to their involvement in protecting and conserving the Olot river watershed, 54% was on valuing of the importance of watershed forest reserved area and avoidance of destructive activities in the watershed, the rest were focused on tree planting activities, reporting to authorities on activities engaging illegal logging, Education and Information Campaign (EIC) for watershed management and protection program, implementing and passing of ordinances and attendance in meeting and gatherings to discouraged quarrying activities. However, responsible stakeholders need to: (a) put high premium in tapping women's role as productive partners in economic activities through sustainable women capacity building programs and projects. (b) empower women as generators of volunteerism during emergencies and calamities and as co-equal protectors of watershed resources. Keywords: women participation and involvement, economic and community development.

India is a developing country where still many people are below the poverty line. Some people in villages like laborers and migrant workers who come from other states to work, and the people below the poverty line don’t even have the capacity to buy LPG connections for their household work. For such people, the government of India has introduced the “Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana” for the welfare of the people. This scheme provides subsidized LPG connections for women below the poverty line. However, even after giving these connections, there were a huge number of inactive connections which were gradually increasing up to the year 2019. In this paper, the impact of PMUY (Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana) on the poor and life of rural women was discussed.

Rural women's practices tend to be ignored by the common  definitions of knowledge, nevertheless the acknowledgement of maternity and social reproduction are basic for understanding the importance of the subjugated knowledge for survival in the chilean rural society.

. صندوق‌های اعتبار خرد، یک سازه اقتصادی- اجتماعی در سطح محلی است که به دنبال تحقق اهداف توسعه‌ای در راستای توانمندسازی اقتصادی- اجتماعی است. از سال ١٣٧٨ برنامه‌های اعتبارات خرد روستایی در ایران از سوی دستگاه‌های دولتی، غیردولتی با حمایت سازمان‌های بین‌المللی آغاز شد. نویسندگان به همراه گروهی از همکاران اجرائی و تحقیقاتی خود (دفتر امور زنان روستایی و مرکز تحقیقات روستایی، وزارت جهاد کشاورزی) در ١٥ سال گذشته، تلاشی مستمر انجام داده‌اند تا صندوق‌ها، اعتبارات خرد را در مناطق روستایی ایران تأسیس و توسعه دهند. مقاله حاضر مروری گذرا بر روند تشکیل، اثرات و چالش‌های بیش از ٨٠٠ صندوق اعتبارات خرد زنان خواهد داشت تا آموزه‌های این تجربه را منعکس کند.

The present study was conducted during 2009, with the objectives to examine the health services of public
sector for womenfolk in district Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The primary data were collected from
210 females respondents through a structured questionnaire. The study findings show that health services were not
easily accessible, poorly equipped and the medicine provided were of sub-standard. Moreover, majority of rural
women were poor and they could not afford health care expenses. Based on these findings the study recommends
that special attention may be given to social sector by providing them adequate funds for buildings and other
physical facilities, qualified and well trained health personnel and also these services may be made easily
accessible to the rural communities. In serve these objectives, public-private partnership can be of vital importance
to deliver the services through community participation.

... emphasize the importance of &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot;seeing things in context,&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot; especially in trying to understand women cross-culturally.17 Accounts by white male explorers, archeologists, police, traders, and government workers added to a sometimes distorted picture of &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot;Inuit life.&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot; Assumptions of ...