Right to Association

Sikhism is the world's fifth-largest religion. It was founded during the late 15th century in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent. Its adherents are known as Sikhs. Currently, there are about 30 million Sikhs worldwide. Most of them live in the Indian state of Punjab. As per Sikh tradition, Sikhism was established by Guru Nanak (1469-1539) and subsequently led by a succession of nine other Gurus. Before his death, the tenth Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh (1666-1708), bestowed the status of Guru to the sacred scripture of Sikhs, Adi Granth, which is presently known as Sri Guru Granth Sahib (SGGS) [1]. The Adi Granth was first compiled by Guru Arjan Dev, the fifth Sikh Guru, in 1604. Its second and final version has been the handiwork of Guru Gobind Singh, who added the hymns of his father, Guru Teg Bahadur, the ninth Sikh Guru [2], at Damdama Sahib, Talwandi Sabo, Punjab, in 1705. The holy Sikh scripture, SGGS, contains 1430 pages of text in poetry form. In addition to the hymns of the six Sikh Gurus and four Sikhs, it includes hymns composed by fifteen saints (Bhagats) and eleven poet laureates (Bhats) of the Guru's court. Muslims and Hindus, Brahmins, and "untouchables" all come together in one congregation to create a universal scripture. It is a compendium of mystic, metaphysical and religious poetry written or recited between the 12th and 17th centuries in the Indian sub-continent [3]. Sri Guru Granth Sahib, through its comprehensive worldview, offers a perfect set of values and an applicable code of conduct. Its cardinal message is addressed to the welfare of all humans irrespective of their caste, color, creed, culture, and religion. SGGS emphasizes love, respect, empathy, and acceptance of others' existence. It prohibits us from infringing on the freedom and rights of others. The life and works of the Sikh Gurus exemplify the practicability of these ideas. Their inter-faith dialogues highlighted that human unity and oneness could be achieved through tolerance, communication, and respect for others [4].

Bc. Marek DOMIN tudent piateho roèníka Právnickej fakulty Univerzity Komenského v Bratislave zamestnanec Exekútorského úradu Mgr. Vladimíra Cipára v Bratislave DOMIN, M.: Súdna ochrana èlena obèianskeho zdruenia; Justièná revue, 62, 2010, è. 12, s. 1359 1367. Autor sa v èlánku zaoberá intitútom súdnej ochrany èlena tzv. obèianskeho zdruenia, upraveným v § 15 zákona è. 83/1990 Zb. o zdruovaní obèanov v znení neskorích predpisov. Objektom záujmu sú, okrem právomoci súdu a podmienok prípustnosti samotného návrhu na zaèatie konania, najmä právne úèinky meritórneho rozhodnutia súdu. Na záver autor sumarizuje úvahy de lege ferenda a konkretizuje navrhované legislatívne zmeny.

I. EL PLENO RECONOCIMIENTO DE UN DERECHO PROBLEMÁTICO. II. EL DERECHO DE ASOCIACIÓN COMO LIBERTAD INDIVIDUAL Y COMO GARANTÍA OBJETIVA DEL PLURALISMO SOCIAL. III. ALGUNAS CUESTIONES PROBLEMÁTICAS SOBRE LA TITULARIDAD DEL DERECHO. IV. L A PLURALIDAD DE CONTENIDOS GARANTIZADOS POR EL DERECHO.1. La dimensión individual del derecho. 2. La dimensión colectiva. V. LA ILICITUD DE LAS ASOCIACIONES Y SU CONTROL JUDICIAL. VI. DERECHO DE ASOCIACIÓN YTIPOS ASOCIATIVOS. LA FUNCIÓN DE LA LEY EN EL DESARROLLO DEL DERECHO DE ASOCIACIÓN.

La libertad de contratar y la libertad de asociarse, son ejemplos de ejercicio de autonomía. El autor se pregunta si esos derechos pueden ser limitados por el Estado con miras a asegurar la igualdad ante la ley entendida como igualdad como no subordinación e indaga en el alcance que debería tener ese límite a fin de no anular el ejercicio de los derecho de autonomía.

One of many ramifications of the catastrophic global pandemic, Covid 19, was its impact on the fundamental rights of the citizens. Provided the danger and risk of keeping close physical contact with each other, several fundamental rights have been particularly challenging to enjoy and preserve, particularly the freedom of assembly and association. During the Pandemic, restrictions imposed by the authorities in different occasions, claiming to be supported by circulars and regulations under the purview of the Quarantine and Prevention of Diseases No 03 of 1897, with regard to, inter alia, meetings, protests, picketing, hartals and many other means of expression of approval, disapproval, objections or allegiances have undeniably curtailed the freedom of peaceful assembly and association. However, in the present context, provided that such a widespreading global-scale chaos is unprecedented, the question as to the lawfulness and boundaries as well as the

El presente trabajo es un comentario al artículo 22 de la Constitución española, que garantiza el derecho de asociación. En él se analizan, de forma sintética y con especial referencia a las decisiones del Tribunal constitucional, las distintas facetas del derecho: su carácter de elemento estructural básico del Estado, el concepto constitucional de asociación, cuestiones relativas a la titularidad, qué debe entenderse por asociación ilícita o la determinación del papel de la ley en la configuración del derecho, clave para resolver a su vez el alcance de las competencias del legislador autonómico en materia de asociaciones. En particular, se estudia con detenimiento el contenido del derecho constitucionalmente protegido, en sus distintas dimensiones (individual -positiva y negativa- y colectiva) y las pautas para resolver los conflictos que pueden surgir entre socio y asociación.

This paper is a commentary on Article 22 of the Spanish Constitution, which guarantees the right of association. It discusses in a summary form, and with special reference to the decisions of the Constitutional Court, the different aspects of the right: its character as a basic structural element of the State, the constitutional concept of association, the issues related to the holders, what should be understood by illicit association and the determination of the role of the law in its configuration. This last point is a key element to determine  the powers of the autonomous legislature in relation to the associations. The paper also details the constitucional content of the right protected by the Constitution in its different dimensions: individual (positive/negative) and collective, and the guidelines for resolving conflicts that may arise between partner and association.

MARCO PLUTINO STRANIERI E DIRITTO DI ASSOCIAZIONE IN PARTITI SOMMARIO. 1. Identificazione dell'oggetto e illustrazione del piano di lavoro. 2.Stranieri e partiti politici: i dati di fatto. 3.Le previsioni statutarie dei partiti politici italiani. 4. Riconsiderare la problematica? 5.Intermezzo sul contributo possibile della dogmatica e sulla sua (qualche volta) "insostenibile" pesantezza. 6.Alcuni argomenti giuridici per una "decostruzione". 7.Segue: una decostruzione critica delle tesi di Esposito e di Barile. 8.Segue ancora: il ruolo perturbatore, o comunque frenante, della dottrina dei diritti pubblici subiettivi. 9. Articoli 18 e 49 Cost.: separati dalla nascita (per soli stranieri?). 10.Il contributo del diritto comparato, le nuove sfide. Una normativa di attuazione di regolamentazione del fenomeno. 1. Identificazione dell'oggetto e illustrazione del piano di lavoro Il godimento da parte degli stranieri 1 dei "diritti politici", per utilizzare una formula sintetica e di comodo, ha avuto finora prevalente riferimento alle connessioni del tema con le trasformazioni della categoria giuridica della cittadinanza. L'imponente filone di ricerche che negli ultimi venti anni è venuto interrogandosi sulle forme possibili e sui limiti di un'estensione di situazioni giuridiche di favore in capo a non cittadini è rimasto largamente confinato entro una visione tradizionale. Anche quando sono maturate posizioni 1 Appare utile una premessa stipulativa. E' stato correttamente notato che non esiste una nozione unitaria di "straniero", ma che essa comprende differenti situazioni tipizzabili in almeno quattro differenti condizioni (o gruppi di individui o categorie di soggetti). V. in part. E. GROSSO, Straniero (status costituzionale dello), in Dig. Disc. Pubbl., vol. XV, Torino, 1989, p. 158-159. In fin dei conti non si tratta che di fasci di situazioni giuridiche le più varie. L'indagine riguarderà essenzialmente gli stranieri extracomunitari (legalmente residenti), ma v. la nota seguente.

According to The European Social Charter, the European Convention on Human Rights, the ILO Conventions, the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights, the decisions of the European Social Rights Committee and the ILO supervisory bodies, the right to collective action is a democratic right that aims to protect and correct the economic and social interests of workers in the workplace or in another place appropriate for the purpose of action. The above-mentioned institutions accept the right to collective action as a fundamental human right. According to the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights, the right to collective action is regarded as a democratic right, including strike. In particular, the right to collective action is being used as a resistance mechanism against new working relations, which are imposed on working conditions, right to work and the right to organize. However, the tendency of this right to political field, leads to some debate about the legality of the right to collective action. In this context, In the decision of the European Court of Human Rights, the ILO's supervisory bodies and the European Committee on Social Rights, it is emphasized that collective action rights should be a basic human right. In this study, the legal basis of the right to collective action will be discussed in accordance with the decisions and requirements of the European Court of Human Rights and the decisions of the ILO supervisory bodies.