Rhetorics

Richard Buchanan and a number of other design researchers have long argued about the synergy and similarities between design and rhetoric. The prospect of a new persuasive approach to design has also been evoked. Rhetoric, however, has a long history and has gone through numerous forms, many of which seemingly fit with Buchanan's rhetoric. Our long term goal is to define a persuasive approach to design and the effects of such an approach; therefore, as a first step, we need to identify the form that best fits Buchanan's rhetoric. Using a comprehensive list of influential rhetoricians, we have compared the characteristics of different forms of rhetoric through the ages and found that argumentation should be used for further investigation and development of a persuasive design approach.

"""Our purpose in this paper is an analysis of the 15M movement, the social movement that burst into the public squares of Spain’s major cities around 15th May 2011 (from this event came the name of the 15M movement or the indignados movement). This group was already emerging in the wake of the social movements in Iceland and Greece against capitalism, as well in the wake of the “Arab Spring” revolutions. The main characteristics of the 15M speeches, mainly focused on their slogans, is their discursive-rhetoric creativity, a creativity that is directly related to the need to build a new citizen discourse, different from the institutional discourses that have led to the current political and financial crisis.
Our perspective when analysing the creative potential of these slogans is based on constructivist theory, taking into account socio-cognitive and pragmatic-rhetoric dimensions. For reasons of space, we present an analysis of three representative slogans taken from the whole study to date. Our main conclusion is that such slogans activate a new cognitive framework for the interpretation of the recent history of Spanish democracy, which is totally different from that of the status quo.
"""

Oggi una comunicazione efficace non può essere affidata all’estemporaneità o ad un’eventuale attitudine: va formata attraverso lo studio di retorica, psicologia e comunicazione paraverbale e non verbale. Conoscere e saper utilizzare la retorica consente di saper organizzare il proprio pensiero in un discorso tecnicamente fondato e persuasivo.
Questo volume intende rappresentare un pratico sussidio che consenta di conoscere la retorica classica, finalizzandola in particolare alle esigenze dei moderni operatori forensi.

The thesis (defended in Russia in 2003) deals with strategies of persuasion in the US Presidential Debates. Introductory, variational and additive strategies in their tactical variations are discussed. The interactional dynamics of the dialogue is analysed based on the use of the said strategies.

Effective forensic communication cannot be achieved in an extemporaneous fashion or without preliminary preparation: communication has to be shaped by studying rhetoric, psychology and paraverbal and non-verbal communication. Knowing and being able to use rhetoric allows you to organize your thinking in a technically valid way and deliver persuasive speech. This book represents a practical aid that will allow the reader to understand classical rhetoric whilst focusing on the needs of modern jurists.

https://edizioni.intra.pro/prodotto/sposito-gianluca-the-keys-of-legal-rhetoric/

A: Friedrich Schleiermacher ED: 1838 / 1977 Die Aufnahme von Hermeneutik und Kritik in die vorliegende Sammlung könnte mit gewissem Recht als ein Fehler zurückgewiesen werden. Denn weder hat Schleiermacher selbst eine Schrift dieses Titels veröffentlicht, noch war eine solche aus seinem Nachlass herauszugeben. Dass auch dieser Paartitel nicht nur geläufig ist, sondern ein auch aktuell lieferbares Buch des Autors ziert, bedarf daher der Erläuterung. Schleiermacher ist unstrittig ein Klassiker der Geschichte der Hermeneutik, doch er ist -streng genommen -ein Klassiker ohne Werk. Seine jahrzehntelange Beschäftigung mit der "Kunstlehre des Verstehens" mündet, anders als geplant, nicht in ein Buch. Die Form, in der diese Hermeneutik vorliegt, sind mehr oder weniger ausgearbeitete Manuskripte einer Vorlesung, die er zwischen 1805 und 1832/33 insgesamt neun Mal hielt. Integral zugänglich wurde das keine 200 Seiten umfassende Material erst durch die kritische Ausgabe . Sie machte es auch möglich, die Praxis der älteren Editionen wahrzunehmen, und diese zielte eben darauf, aus dem Vorhandenen einen einigermaßen homogenen monographischen Entwurf zu kompilieren.

Dal professionista al docente, dal giornalista allo scrittore, dal politico al copywriter: ogni giorno ciascuno di noi usa la retorica. Dall’ossimoro alla sineddoche, dall’enfasi all’anafora, il linguaggio scritto e parlato è ricco di figure e schemi retorici, realizzati per lo più inconsapevolmente, spesso non correttamente e quasi sempre non sfruttandone le potenzialità. Per essere degli oratori capaci, oggi, non basta citare Cicerone e Quintiliano: bisogna conoscere le loro tecniche e adattarle alle esigenze della comunicazione moderna. Per costruire discorsi seducenti ed essere persuasivi.

Il volume intende dunque rappresentare un pratico sussidio che consenta di conoscere la retorica, finalizzandola alle esigenze dell’oratore contemporaneo con esempi concreti che vanno dal letterario al giudiziario e alla musica. Si compone di due sezioni: un elenco delle voci retoriche (con elementi di linguistica, fonetica, stilistica e narratologia) e un repertorio degli obiettivi dell’oratore (con schemi e figure retoriche ordinate e classificate in modo da facilitare la consultazione).

To the extent that contemporary scholars Feng Youlan, Wang Shumin, and Cui Dahua
recognize Xunzi’s engagement with Daoism, they have focused on his debt to the
Zhuangzi. While Xunzi did borrow from the Zhuangzi, the phrases and nature of this
borrowing have not yet been completely understood.

Xunzi did pay a great deal of attention to theories of argument. In the “Fei
xiang” chapter, Xunzi said, “A gentleman would definitely argue.” However, in
the “Bu gou” chapter, he stated, on the contrary, that a gentleman with high virtues
could make himself understood even by saying nothing. This article attempts to
bring out the discussions on Xunzi’s theories of argument which intended to engage
a debate with Zhuangzi. On the other hand, by pointing out the evidence, this article
also proves that Xunzi did borrow some phrases and expressions about theories of
argument from the Zhuangzi.

The particular focus is on the conceptual relationship between the argument
theories in the Xunzi and that in the Zhuangzi. The author points out that in taking
these stances Xunzi did follow Zhuangzi and this element was incorporated into the
thought of the Xunzi. However there were cases where Xunzi did reject Zhuangzi’s
assumptions.

馮友蘭、王叔岷、崔大華均指出荀子採用《莊子》的道家觀點，此可從二書相合用語
得見。然而，相關研究並不全面，荀子在取用莊周用詞、觀念時，又如何對莊周論
說提出駁詰？

荀子強調言辯，〈非相篇〉嘗言：「君子必辯。」然而，〈不苟篇〉又謂：「君子至
德，嘿然而喻。」兩相牴牾。本文探究《莊子》、《荀子》二書言辯論說關係，考證荀
子部分言辯論說其實與莊周相涉，其中二書措詞用語相合者，其例甚多，以見
《莊》、《荀》言辯論說確有關係。

本文作者通過文本對讀，提出荀子於莊子言辯論說確有採信接納，亦受其哲學
思想影響。然而，荀子對部分莊子言辯論說又痛加詆訿，並提出駁詰。

Девети международен симпозиум 'Търновска книжовна школа' : Кръгла маса 'Старобългарската ръкописна книга- съдба и мисия' (В памет на проф. Куйо М. Куев - 100 години от рождението му). *Текстът е отпечатан в Старобългарска ръкописна книга – съдба и мисия (В памет на професор Куйо Куев). УИ „Св. св. Кирил и Методий“, Велико Търново, (2012), 113-126.

The emphasis on the relationship between rhetoric and music in the late sixteenth and seventeenth-centuries Germany left a lasting mark on Western music theory. To the division of musica theorica / speculativa and musica practica, a third category was created: musica poetica. With the growing importance of rhetoric in Renaissance humanistic education, the close link between rhetoric and music is documented in the emergence of theories on musical-rhetoric figures. These are used to depict the meaning of words and have as their basis the correlation be-tween rhetorical figures of speech and similar musical figures, and their appearance stems from the attempt to justify irregular or even considered incorrect contrapuntal writing.

Even though eighteenth-century German theorists are crucial in the context of Figurenlehre, the main focus in this article is on the early stages of German musica poetica with Burmeister (1564–1629), proceeding chronologically to Wolfgang Schonsleder (1570–1651, with references to Athanasius Kircher), and ending my analysis with Christoph Bernhard (1628–1692). I will explore their approaches to musica poetica and, even though they all verge from the classical rhetorical notion of elocutio (or decoratio), how do they differ between them.

German Theories of musical-rhetorical figures often do not offer consistency of terminology between different authors: some musical figures that signify a similar idea or affect are often given a substantially different name from theorist to theorist. The issue, however, goes beyond mere nomenclature: frequently the writers’ diverse influences—such as Lutheran Lateinschule tradition (Burmeister), Jesuit doctrine (Schonsleder / Kircher), or seconda pratica Italian input mixed with German tradition (Bernhard)—tend to shape different ideas on how to explain and categorize musical-rhetorical figures, their association with rhetoric, and how they express a particular affect. German musica poetica was, therefore, far from being a unified system.

This article analyses the possibility to look at living systems as biorhetorical systems. Rhetorics of biology, which studies the rhetoric of biological discourse, is distinguishable from biorhetorics, which attempts to analyse the expressive behaviour of organisms in terms of primordial (un¬conscious) rhetoric. The appearance of such a view is a logical consequence from recent developments in new (or general) rhetorics on the one hand (e.g., G. A. Kennedy’s claim that rhetoric exists among social animals), and from the biosemiotic approach to living systems on the other hand.

1. ASMOTIK EGITEKORA Lan honen helburua nire ikasleekin idazmena lantzeko erabili ohi dudan metodoa aurkeztea da. Lana asmoz zabalagoa zen hemen datorrena baino, argitalpenaren hesi-langek artaziak ateratzea eragin didatela 1 . Hala ere, asmoa noizbait beste inon begietaratuko dudalakoan, noan zertan zetzan bederen aipatzera. Hara zer. Hasteko, idazmena landu aldera, Erretorika zaharrak zerabiltzan alderdietako batzuk eskuratu beharra agertu gurako nuke, jakiteko, erretorika klasikoak INVENTIO esaten ziona, hots, harako edo delako gaiari buruzko argudioak sortzea, asmatzea edo idorotzea (Garai 2002). Antzinako Erretorikak bere zuen estrategia hori idazketatik aldendu bazen, besteak beste arazo teknologikoengatik izan zen. Izan ere, hemeretzigarren menderaino, idazteko materialen karua eta erabiltzen gaitza zirela zio, ezer papereratu baino lehen, dena ondo-ondo pentsatuta egon behar zen: ez zegoen argudio posibleak zirriborratzen ibiltzerik (Wright & Halloran 2001). Horren ordez, argudioak idorotzeko eta asmatzeko oso prozedura zehatzak zituzten antzinatekoek -Ciceroren Topicak agerian uzten duen bezala (Hubble 1993) edo, nahiago bada, garai eta iturri bertsuko Rhetorica Ad Herenniumek (Caplan 1989)-, eta baderitzot prozedurok idazkuntzarekin batera ekarri behar direla, hau da, idazte uneari josi. Baina, hala jaurtikitzearekin, badakit irakurleak behingo batean bizkarra emango zidana, eta horregatik hain zuzen hasierako sator lana egin beharko nukeen. Irakurleari azaldu beharko niokeen zelan, damu-gaitzez, berdindu ohi den erretorika apaingarriarekin edo estiloarekin, egiari eta errealitateari buruz buru balego bezala eta, halaber, aipatu beharko niokeen estilo vs.

THE “VENETIAN DISPUTE” IN THE ST CYRIL’S LIFE AND AUDIETUR ET ALTERA PARS

The 8th century iconophiles’ efforts did not result in a unanimous decision in the debate on the Christian Image. The iconoclastic leanings, endorsed and approved by the Council again, were voiced in the new-old “legal” refutation of the Holy Icons. The resurgence of these iconoclastic attitudes is a clear indication of the still existing divide in the Byzantine society, resulting in disparate social “expectations” towards the official Church position on the Icons.
Thematically, this paper is а sequel to a series on St Cyril the Philosopher’s role in the 9th century theological debate on the Holy Icons. The present paper looks at the Venetian Dispute in the St Cyril’s Life and the linguistic and strategic means that St Cyril employs, which in the context of the florilegium ensured the successful affirmation of the vernacular Slavonic as a liturgical language.

An inaugural speech, which expresses the agenda of an elected candidate's reaffirmation of the electioneering campaign promises and the goals, is made on the occasion of official inauguration or swearing-in of the candidate. Speeches of presidents and heads of states have always been subjected to linguistic and non-linguistic analyses. However, President Muhammadu Buhari's Inaugural Speech has not enjoyed much documented analysis because it was recently delivered. This paper, therefore, investigates the use of words by the president from a pragmatic perspective in order to identify the pragmatic acts involved and the goals of the acts. Applying aspects of Jacob Mey's (2001) pragmatic acts theory for descriptive analysis, and statistical details for quantitative analysis, nineteen practs were identified from the total of ninety-nine (overlapping) acts found in the speech, and were meant to achieve four goals. While proposing, promising, stating and assuring achieved the goal of revealing intention; acknowledging, thanking, remarking, saluting achieved the goal of admitting and appreciating; appealing, reminding, instructing/calling, advising, hoping, charging, informing, extending achieved the goal of direction/directives; and identifying, describing and defining achieved the goal of giving details on issues. In addition, the pragmatic acts were marked with some pragmatic tools, including shared situation knowledge, relevance, reference, inference. This paper adds to the understanding of rhetoric and the political agenda of President Muhammadu Buhari.

In recent years, humanists and social scientists have shown increasing interest in human-animal relations – to the point where many now speak of an ‘animal turn’ in the humanities and social sciences. Across history, psychology, anthropology, literature, sociology, philosophy, and law, an interdisciplinary field of human-animal studies has been forming. Certain common themes run through this diverse field, not least the reproduction of human-animal difference, and the conditions and the implications thereof.

Despite the long history of language use as a marker of such difference, the academic quest to investigate the boundary between human and nonhuman has, somewhat surprisingly, not taken root within rhetorical studies – at least not until now. For this edited volume, we therefore call for chapters that investigate the place of nonhuman animals in the purview of rhetorical theory; what it would mean to communicate beyond the human community; how rhetoric reveals our ‘brute roots.’ In other words, this book invites contributions which enlighten us about likely or possible implications of the animal turn within rhetorical studies. Would such a turn imply, for instance, that rhetoric needs a nonanthropocentric reconfiguration? The question, perhaps, is this: What difference would it make to the discipline if we assumed that nonhuman forms of communication were as interesting as human ones?

This essay sets out an approach to parallelism in verbal art as a semiotic phenomenon that can operate at multiple orders (or levels) of signification. It examines parallelism in the sounds through which words are communicated, in language communicated by those sounds, in symbols or minimal units of narration communicated through language, and then in more complex units of narration communicated through those symbols or units. Attention is given to how these different levels of parallelism interrelate and may diverge, while revealing that parallelism at all of these levels reflects a coherent semiotic phenomenon.

"Parallelism in Verbal Art and Performance: An Introduction" (in collaboration with Lotte Tarkka), "Parallelism and Orders of Signification (Parallelism Dynamics I)" and "Multimedial Parallelism in Ritual Performance (Parallelism Dynamics II)" can be read together as a monograph-length study.

En un mundo en que incluso en el ámbito académico es cada vez más fácil detectar los plagios, este artículo plantea las claves que permiten realizar verdadera investigación original y publicarla; es decir, señalar nuevos problemas y evitar la reproducción acrítica de los enfoques y tareas generados por otros. Las ideas nuevas, los aportes de conocimiento y la demostración de que realmente lo son responden a un procedimiento que ha necesitado siglos para su desarrollo y posee leyes propias de exposición, así como preguntas fundamentales que permiten alcanzar ese conocimiento nuevo. "Las claves de la excelencia" combina la depurada preceptiva de la retórica clásica con los protocolos de investigación más actuales para mostrar cuál es la forma óptima de plantearse problemas, resolverlos y exponerlos de acuerdo con los más exigentes estándares internacionales.

l l l Quando provò a presentare se stesso in quella Autobiografia romanzesca che per colmo di sberleffo titolò I fatti, Philip Roth ribadì di non avere mai voluto mettere in piazza la sua vita «nuda e cruda», e si collocò in una via di mezzo fra due estremi, per lui emblematicamente rappresentati «dall'aggressivo esibizionismo di un Mailer» e dalla «maniacale ritrosia di un Salinger». Disse che non intendeva alimentare «la gratuita curiosità della gente», ma nemmeno eleggere la riservatezza a «feticcio sacro e inviolabile». E fatte queste premesse si apprestò a indirizzare al suo alter ego più famoso, Nathan Zuckerman, una sorta di confessione in forma di «trasparenza biografica», dove riversò passaggi fondamentali della sua vita, mascherandoli al doppio scopo di non farsi denunciare e di non rinunciare al gioco di trasformare la vita in finzione.

Our paper tries to enlighten the steps of the classical discourse in Florentin Țuca’s article – “Ora exactă din sportul românesc” (“The Exact Time in the Romanian Sports”) – in order to reveal the way in which the persuasion works in the mass media – on one hand – and to point out the negative side of the problem, the danger of manipulation - on the other hand. Thus, we tried to demonstrate the way in which the figures of thought and speech are contributing to the leading of the reader on the path to the author’s goal. The author of the discourse combines the three technical characteristics of persuasiveness which define the classical discourse’s rhetoric.

Resumen La hermenéutica ha sido uno de los movimientos filosóficos más importantes en los últimos años. Sin embargo, la heterogeneidad de sus seguidores torna dificultoso establecer una unidad temática en la hermenéutica con-temporánea. Ricoeur fue uno de los representantes más destacados de esta línea filosófica. En este trabajo quiero mostrar el posicionamiento de Ricoeur en la hermenéutica contemporánea. Centraré mi análisis en el intento de combinar el descubrimiento de nuestra " pertenencia " (historia, tradición) con nuestra constitutiva " distanciación " de esta pertenencia. Ricoeur encuentra la relación dialéctica entre " pertenencia – distanciación " en el concepto fenomenológico de Lebenswelt. El " mundo de la vida " tiene un momento ontológico y un momento epistemológico. Desde aquí, coloco la hermenéutica ricoeuriana en el corazón del debate hermenéutico contemporáneo, mostrando su originalidad. Abstract The hermeneutics has been one of the most important philosophical movements in the last years. However, the heterogeneity of his followers makes it difficult to establish a unit in the contemporary hermeneutics. Ricoeur was one of the most important representatives of this philosophical line. In this paper I want to show how Ricoeur positioned himself in the contemporany hermeneutics. I focus my analysis in his attempt to combine the discovery of our " belonging " (the history, tradition) with our constitutive " distancing " of this belonging. Ricoeur found the " dialectical " relation between belonging–distanciation in the phenomenological concept: Lebenswelt. The " world of life " has an ontological and epistemological moment. From here, I place the ricoeurian hermeneutics in the core of the contemporary debate in hermeneutics: showing his originality.

Om retorikk, religion og ytringsfrihet hos Bjørnson Gud har vaeret saa god imod mig, at der, efterat jeg er bleven 40 Aar, er sprunget nye Kilder i min Tilvaerelse; men i meget af dette, der kommer staerkt ind paa mig, er endnu adskilligt uklart, og jeg vil nødig tale derom til Mange. Og desuagtet, naar jeg ser Eders Aasyn, er der noget, som maner i mig; thi jeg synes, at der er en saadan Trang blandt os til, at der tales. (Bjørnson 1877)

Montréal. Il a pour mission la promotion et la valorisation de la recherche. Érudit offre des services d'édition numérique de documents scientifiques depuis 1998. Note : les règles d'écriture des références bibliographiques peuvent varier selon les différents domaines du savoir.

Diseño de una interfaz para un cliente de mensajes instantáneos en un dispositivo móvil, tomando en cuenta un proceso de diseño con needfinding, postdesign, personas, diseño participativo, sketching, entre otros. Se platicó sobre una conjetura derivada a partir de un modelo basado en los modos de apelación de la retórica. La evaluación del prototipo tomó en cuenta la comunicabilidad de la ingeniería semiótica, usabilidad y una prueba simple a partir del modelo mencionado.

The abbreviation "ΜΥΘ" is found six times in the marginal annotations of ps-Antigonos' text, a collection of extraordinary stories, alongside the more frequent seen "ΣΗ". The purpose of this paper is to examine the nature of the abbreviation. Firstly, what does it stand for: is this mythos or its derivatives? Then, on what grounds is a passage qualified as mythos. This study intends to shed more light on the perception of mythos, especially in Antigonos' text.

The declamatio minor 264 ascribed to Quintilian contains a paraphrase of the Twelve Tables (V, 3) that has not been recognised so far. The way in which the declaimer ingeniously twists the wording of the lex while keeping its legal content provides precise, useful insights into the relationship between Roman law and declamations: a literary relationship which does not consist in direct appropriation nor indifference or otherness, but in a close and well-informed emulation.

Alessandro Manzoni wrote the first chapters of his novel the Fermo e Lucia (afterward called 'I promessi Sposi') from the end of 1820 and the april of 1821). The book deals with the hypothesis that Manzoni was secretly inspired by a Venetian criminal trial of the first years of seventeenth century. In the years 1818-1821 the public documents of the Serenissima were transferred (from the several places where they were initially deposited) to the ancient Frari monastery under the supervision of the director Giacomo Chiodo). In this period another intellectual worked to put in order the documents of the Inquisitori di stato: Agostino Carli Rubbi, who in the seventies years of the previous century was the favorite scholar of Cesare Beccaria, the grandfather of the famous novelist. Probably Carli Rubbi worked because Manzoni could examine a trial which contains all the characters of the novel and also some of the most distinctive aspects of novel's plot. This was possible because Agostino Carli Rubbi was completely autonomous inside the Frari archive until the end of 1820 and was protected by the Venetian political governor Goess.

This chapter examines computer assisted analysis and composition (CAAC) techniques
in relation to the composition of my piece TreeTorika for chamber orchestra. I describe
methods for analysing the musical features of a recording of a speech by Mao Zedong,
in order to extract compositional material such as global form, melody, harmony and
rhythm, and for developing rhythmic material. The first part focuses on large-scale
segmentation, melody transcription, quantification and quantization. Automatic tran-
scription of the voice was discarded in favour of an aural method using tools in Amadeus
and Max/MSP. The data were processed in OpenMusic to optimise the accuracy and
readability of the notation. The harmonic context was derived from the transcribed
melody and from AudioSculpt partial tracking and chord sequence analyses. The second
part of this chapter describes one aspect of computer assisted composition, that is the use
of the rhythm constraint library in OpenMusic to develop polyrhythmic textures. The
flexibility of these techniques allowed the computer to assist me in all but the final phases
of the work. In addition, attention is given to the artistic and political implications of
using recordings of such a disputed public figure as Mao.

Political communication depends on publicity which for a long period of time could only be provided by mass media. But the relation between the political system and the media system was and still is quite difficult, always depending, for instance, on the regimes and the key media in the particular eras or cultures and the different functions mass media had to fulfil for society. The chapter discusses the role and the forms of information, persuasion, agitation and propaganda in political mass communication during several historical periods and the current changes to mass communication due to the increasing influence of social media.

In her bridled darkness, silence supplanted her cries "[…] and mutilated, she could not communicate with anyone to tell her injuries and tragic woe." But finding herself in such a moment of crisis, Philomela still manages to find herself a nuance of emergence, for only in one"s crisis of the énoncé, when one is at a loss of words, is there the possibility to have the lost modality of articulation supplanted by yet a different one. There where her blood fell there fell also her tears, "[b]ut even in despair and utmost grief, there is an ingenuity which gives inventive genius to protect from harm." Her "bruised purple notes" wove her a cypher to the unspeakable and the tapestry charted in itself the way out of the violence of her linguistic shortcomings.

Une page au hasard Version imprimable autres collections voir le texte source Recevoir nos alertes Votre email Newsletter Enseignant Rhétorique et image : mise au point Poétique verbale, rhétorique verbale, poétique visuelle et rhétorique visuelle De la rhétorique à la lecture rhétorique des films Chapitre II. -La lecture rhétorique des films Rhétorique vs Poétique : deux régimes de croyance distincts Le film situé L'axe de lecture rhétorique des images et des sons Analyse rhétorique de la réception La rhétorique contre la « manipulation » du spectateur La lecture rhétorique entre production de sens et réception Chapitre III. -Analyses rhétoriques de films et documents audiovisuels Section I. Parole et rhétorique au cinéma et à la télévision Autres Collections:Quand le film nous parle -puf

The present article gives a rough outline of Lucan’s use of alliteration by attempting to discover the most important functions of this particular rhetorical device in the Pharsalia. For the sake of clarity, the instances of alliteration that are found in the Pharsalia are divided into three groups: ‘Pure’ (of one and the same consonant), ‘mixed’ (of two or more consonants) and ‘combined’ (accompanied by other rhetorical devices). Lucan’s use of alliteration is shown to extend far beyond the achievement of an instantaneous sound eff ect at the level of a single line or even a single passage. In several cases, alliteration is used as a means of association in order to allow the poet to connect passages that seemingly have nothing in common. This in turn has leads to the conclusion that Lucan’s compositional scheme – based on allusions and association – is present even at the level of the phoneme.

The significance and popularity of the cluster and industrial district concepts claim for a deeper reflection. The analysis of one of the European Commission’s (EC) policy documents shows inconsistencies that do not impede the formulation of normative statements. That way we answer the question of why and how cluster ideas have substituted industrial district principles and the consequences derived from that phenomenon.

Religious statements are usually hard to understand in the realm of rationality. However, through God-talks, these statements become meaningful, especially in the idea of understanding such statements. One way of God-talk is through metaphor. By using of words, religiosity can be understood, grasped and reached to the comprehension of the nearest human knowledge, when pertaining to God and His attributes.

This paper, then, aims to give appraisal to the metaphorical talks on God, as it gives a plausible rationality on religious statements, as also provide understanding about God on human-level. Using the three-level metaphorical discourse of Paul Ricoeur in his work, Rule of Metaphor, metaphorical talks on God can be understood through the discussion that metaphors are analyzed in such levels of a) rhetorical, b) semantical, and c) hermeneutical.

Through this paper, metaphor is given a new light as a way to understand more about God-talks, which claims that through metaphorical talks on God, indeed, can make religious statements faithful.

The Greco-Roman Antiquity began to recognise Christianity as a real problem only after the Jews’ attacks against it. Dominant in every way, Rome would become a tormentor for centuries, drowning a long period of human history in rivers of Christian martyrdom. Early Christianity had to face not only physical annihilation but also intellectual оstracism, systematically carried out by the pagan elite – rhetors and philosophers.
This paper examines the arguments that Marcus Cornelius Fronto and Celsus brought against Christianity as an important component in the palette of Anti-Christian arguments in the second century.