Renweable Energy Systems

Yemen is a least developed arid country located in the Middle East within the Arabian Peninsula’s southern end. Currently, it entirely relies almost on gas and crude oil for the country’s entire energy sources. However, Yemen has a huge potential for the production of renewable and alternative energy sources including wind and solar energy productions as confirmed by the country’s Ministry of Electricity & Energy. This project reviews how the country can benefit from solar power production and also examines how such an alternative energy source policy might mitigate the requirement to construct new fossil fuel generating powers in the country.

The most significant threat that mankind faces in the 21th century is global warming. Buildings, which account for 40% of global energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, play a pivotal role in global warming. Estimates show that their destructive impact will grow by 1.8% per year through 2050, which indicates that future consumption and emissions will be worse than today. Therefore, the impact of cooling systems cannot be ignored, as they, along with ventilation and heating systems, account for 60% of the energy consumed in buildings. Passive cooling techniques are a promising alternative to conventional cooling systems. Of the various passive cooling strategies, thermal energy storage by means of latent heat is an efficient way to increase the thermal inertia of building envelopes, which would reduce temperature fluctuations, leading to the improved thermal comfort of occupants. Phase change materials (PCMs) with high density for thermal energy storage can be efficiently employed to this purpose. This paper reviews recent studies of the application of PCMs for passive cooling in buildings. From the literature, a comprehensive list of different organic, inorganic and eutectic PCMs appropriate for passive cooling in buildings are reviewed. Full-scale testing and numerical modeling were found to be the most popular investigative methods used for experimental and theoretical analysis of PCMs. The combination of these two methods can provide a detailed and valid technique for PCM investigations. Finally, incorporating PCMs into building walls with macro encapsulation was also a dominant interest in previous studies.

Grid system based on centralised electricity generation has posed serious challenges to the environment as well as to the economy. These systems have failed to electrify every household in the country due to technical and economical non-feasibility apart from higher transmission and distribution losses. In this context, distributed generation (DG) have been playing a prominent role in the regional development as well as electrification of remote villages. DG optimally harvests locally available renewable energy sources and integrates with the grid. Regional Integrated Energy Plan (RIEP) based on decentralised energy systems optimises share of available resources while ensuring reliable energy supply. Spatial assessment of renewable energy sources aids in effective planning to meet the energy demand at local levels. An optimal energy plan based on renewable energy sources mitigate GHG emissions, while providing reliable energy to all citizens in India.

The most significant threat that mankind faces in the 21th century is global warming. Buildings, which account for 40% of global energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, play a pivotal role in global warming. Estimates show that their destructive impact will grow by 1.8% per year through 2050, which indicates that future consumption and emissions will be worse than today. Therefore, the impact of cooling systems cannot be ignored, as they, along with ventilation and heating systems, account for 60% of the energy consumed in buildings. Passive cooling techniques are a promising alternative to conventional cooling systems. Of the various passive cooling strategies, thermal energy storage by means of latent heat is an efficient way to increase the thermal inertia of building envelopes, which would reduce temperature fluctuations, leading to the improved thermal comfort of occupants. Phase change materials (PCMs) with high density for thermal energy storage can be efficiently employed to this purpose. This paper reviews recent studies of the application of PCMs for passive cooling in buildings. From the literature, a comprehensive list of different organic, inorganic and eutectic PCMs appropriate for passive cooling in buildings are reviewed. Full-scale testing and numerical modeling were found to be the most popular investigative methods used for experimental and theoretical analysis of PCMs. The combination of these two methods can provide a detailed and valid technique for PCM investigations. Finally, incorporating PCMs into building walls with macro encapsulation was also a dominant interest in previous studies.