Ratio Analysis

The following ratio analysis will look at the financial performance of American Eagle Outfitters (AEO), Inc. and Urban Outfitters (UO), Inc.  Both companies compete within the retail family clothing stores industry and have domestic and foreign operations. 
    AEO opened its first store in the United States (US) in 1977 and as of December 31, 2008 is operating in 1,098 stores and also operates e-commerce sites under AEO Direct.  AEO has 37,500 employees who work under the name American Eagle Outfitters, and wholly-owned subsidiaries, American Eagle, and AE brand names (aerie, Dormware®, AE® Martin + OSA® and 77kids™), (Libby, Libby, & Short,  2011, pp. B-2 – B-3)
UO was founded in 1970 as a predecessor partnership and later “incorporated in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in 1976….The company’s principle business is the operation of a general consumer product retail and wholesale business selling to customers through various channels including retail stores, three catalogs, and four web sites” (Libby et al, 2011, p. C-7). As of January 31, 2009, the company operated out of 294 stores and “in addition, the company’s wholesale segment sold and distributed apparel to approximately 1,800 better specialty retailers worldwide” (Libby et al, 2011, p. C-7).

India has been one of the largest auto market employing over 5 Million people directly and indirectly. In this paper, an attempt has been made to study the financial performance of 94 Auto Ancillary companies listed on the Stock Exchange. The study relates to the financial year ended 31st March 2020. The analysis of the key financial ratios relating to profitability, liquidity, solvency and efficiency of these companies reveals that the smaller auto ancillary companies are not financially healthy. 1/3rd of the companies (17 out of 51) having annual revenue of less than INR 500 Crores category is in financial distress and there is a possibility that they can become bankrupt. The Covid-19 impact would deteriorate the financial performance further in the financial year following. Support of the Government may be needed to help this sector.

Se explican los conceptos y las herramientas para el análisis financiero con información contable. Se emplea un modelo integrado de las finanzas de la empresa con el que se ordenan los temas de un modo congruente con las nociones financieras y su vinculación con la representación contable.

To analyze the financial statements of a firm, ratio analysis is an important mechanism. It helps one to get a quick view of financial statements. An investor or potential investor needs to know the overall financial condition of that particular firm and compares it with that particular firm’s close competitor. Ratio analysis is important for the firms as well, as they make the decisions based on these analyses. This term paper report is based on the ratio analysis of Appollo Ispat Complex Limited, a leading steel manufacturing company produces corrugated iron sheets in Bangladesh. In this term paper report, the ratios of the company have been analyzed from their financial statements along with the help of the Lanka Bangla Financial Portal. Its overall financial performance has been analyzed with its close competitor GPH Ispat and suggestions also have been provided as per requirements.

Bank occupies a unique place in the Indian economy. The public has enormous faith in public sector banks because of their dedicated services. This study aims at analyzing the financial ratio analysis of different types of public sector banks. Commercial public sector banks' main objectives are customer satisfaction at the lowest cost by optimum utilization of the resources and maximization of the wealth. In this competitive environment, banks are concentrating on their financial performance improvement and are trying to increase their portfolios and return for sustain in this era. Ratio analysis, the most popular analyzing tool/technique, is used to analyze the financial statements of different public sector banks. Ratio analysis is a helpful tool for identifying, monitoring, evaluating and measuring the time to time banks performance in various aspects or parameters for different users. With the help of ratio analysis, a bank can improve, change and control its activities. Therefore the study was undertaken to analyze the financial status of different public sector banks.

Avenue Supermarkets which run the retail chain D-mart had a spectacular debut on the stock exchanges with its market value doubling in a single trade session. Some may say it is a result of the hype created around the listing of the shares while some may give credit to the reputation of its Promoter Mr. Radhakishan Damani. However, if one tries to decipher the strong business underlying, it is not difficult to say that D-Mart has not only outpaced its competitors during the last decade but it has also shown how a retail chain is operated successfully in a consumer driven market like India. D-Mart has created an image in the mind of consumers as a place where one can find products at much cheaper rates than anywhere else. Carrying this image and still being able to generate an average net profit margin of around 3.5% during the past 5 years (2012-2016) is really noteworthy. Not to forget that during the same period, the retail sector (think Future Group) was getting assaulted by the booming (discounted) e-commerce market. The first thing that it did differently from its peers (offline Retailers) was attracting customers by offering goods at cheaper prices. This suggests that the company has a larger focus on the volume game rather than margin. This fact is proven by the inventory turnover ratio of the company which on an average has been around 11.6 times for the past 5 years (2012-2016). Higher inventory turnover ratio means inventory sell faster and thus rises volumes. This in turn is helps the company negotiate better prices with the vendors. In comparison to this, companies like Shoppers stop and Trent (owner of Super Bazaar Chain) have much lower Inventory turnover ratio of around 2.5 times for the same period. Lower prices are also evident from the gross margin ratios i.e. between 2012-2016, D-Mart's gross margin was just 14.8% whereas gross margin of Shoppers Stop and Trent was 32.74% and 48.8% respectively. Another differentiating factor is in the way it operates its chain of stores. Unlike the predominant model of being asset light and leasing stores, D-mart has gone the other way and most of their stores are either owned or leased for a long period. This has helped them to save rental costs and effectively manage the working capital. Rental and maintenance costs in case of its peers forms a major chunk i.e. 15-20% of their total expenses.While agreed, they have saved rental costs, this practise has forced them to invest in acquisition and building of stores by taking debt. During 2012-2016, the debt-equity ratio of the company increased from 0.39 to 0.60 and the number of stores increased from 65 in 2012 to 118 in 2016. Since the company is already selling products at thin line of margin, to be able to be net profitable, it has no option but to control its costs. This is clearly evident from the total of operating expenses as a percentage of sales over the past 5 years. While for D-mart, it is around 10%, for Shoppers Stop and Trent it averages between 30-50%. This is also due to the fact that D-Mart doesn't spend much on advertisements and promotions unlike its peers. For a Supermarket like D-Mart, the mix of its products is quite important. As per the information given in DRHP of Avenue Supermarkets, 52% of the total products in D-Mart shelves belong to Food & Grocery Category. Another point to note is that Gross margins for this category are the second lowest ranging between 12-25%. This suggests that products from this category are used to attract customers towards the store with attractive prices thereby increasing footfalls. The others categories comprise of footwear and general merchandise which is 27% of the total products offered by D-Mart while the same is in single digits for its peers like Reliance and Spencer. The margins for this second category are the highest ranging between 23-27%. This indicates that once the customer is pulled to the store through discounted products, efforts are made to sell other category products which yield higher margins. When we look at the cash flow of D-Mart, operating activities are generating good amount of cash and by combing with long term debts, the cash is being used in investing activities, specifically for buying intangible assets/real estate for building stores.This gives a perception of the company still being in investment mode, the benefit of which it will reap going forward-A big positive sign for a long term investor.

A widely held view is that the growth of the ICT industry may provide an opportunity for developing countries to ‘leapfrog’ into the industrialized economy. For example, low-income economies that have a strong human capital base can take advantage of the rapid decline in the cost of computing power and telecommunication over the last decade that has made it possible to deliver IT service from a remote location. This has led to the emergence of offshore/outsourcing industry, the market of which is expected to reach US$252 billion in 2010. (IGC, 2012)
There is considerable potential for the development of ICT industries in Bangladesh because of the availability of trained personnel at relatively low wage rates. The present government of Bangladesh envisions creating a “Digital Bangladesh” by 2021, which critically depends on proper policies as well as infrastructure development for this sector. However, in order to capture significant gains from the growth of the ICT industry worldwide, policy makers and firms both require a clear understanding of its dynamics. While a cheap and abundant human capital base can explain the early stage of software industry development, improved productivity is required to take advantage of emerging opportunities and carve out a niche in the export of outsourced services.

Financial analysis is a specialty in accounting that aimed at formulating a diagnosis and a prognosis relative to the situation and the financial performance of a company or an organization. This article is to present primarily the relationship between financial analysis and accounting, and the fundamental role which accounting holds, through the information it produces, into analysts' work. The research method is the bibliographic one, being studied timely books and articles of the domain. Literature does not provide concrete answers to this problem, resolutions being expected especially from practitioners.

Email or message me for any assignment support. Do follow me to be updated with new papers coming up. This paper is the study of performance appraisal of a company (WHSmith Plc), which include financial performance analysis,  ratio analysis, non-financial analysis, analysis of the company's performance, determining the source of resources, investment proposals and selecting the best investment projects via determining the best financial return from the investments. Also, it incorporate determining cash flow projections for investment decision making.

Working capital management is important component of financial management. Usually it is found that short term management of capital is ignored, consequently leading to failure of businesses. Thus the study focus to make item wise analysis of each component of Gross Working capital for APGENCO using
percentages and examine the impact of Working capital on profitability by using statistical tool such as Correlation analysis for the study period of 2005 to 2010. In the analysis working capital ratios such as current ratio, Liquid ratio, working capital turnover ratio, Inventory turnover ratio, receivables turnover ratio, cash turnover ratio and Return on Investment ratio has been used. The study found that Debtor share a major proportion of gross working capital and cash balances has been ignored by the company. Further WTR and DTR showed a high degree of positive correlation and CR, LR, and ITR showed a high degree of negative
correlation between variables and profitability. Hence, the study of the impact of working capital ratios on profitability showed both negative and positive impact.

Credit appraisal is an important activity carried out by the credit department of the bank to determine whether to accept or reject the proposal for finance. The article deals in banking such as working capital and its management, working capital methods of assessment, compilation of credit reports. The study included working capital, working capital cycle and working capital management of Canara Bank. The methods that are used by the banks in order to calculate the loan limits are Turnover method, MBPF system and Cash budget system. The financial statements were taken for a period of five years from 1st April 2007 to 31 st March 2012. The Profit and loss account and Balance sheet were analyzed. The firm's financial performance is analyzed through ratio analyses. The study shows Canara bank has sound system for credit appraisal and the bank has good parameters to appraise the project.

A sustainable business and mission requires effective planning and financial management. Ratio analysis is a useful management tool that will improve your understanding of financial results and trends over time, and provide key indicators of organizational performance. Managers will use ratio analysis to pinpoint strengths and weaknesses from which strategies and initiatives can be formed. Funders may use ratio analysis to measure your results against other organizations or make judgments concerning management effectiveness and mission impact.
For ratios to be useful and meaningful, they must be:
• Calculated using reliable, accurate financial information (does your financial information reflect your true cost picture?)
• Calculated consistently from period to period.
• Used in comparison to internal benchmarks and goals o Used in comparison to other companies in your industry.
• Viewed both at a single point in time and as an indication of broad trends and issues over time.
• Carefully interpreted in the proper context, considering there are many other important factors and indicators involved in assessing performance.
Ratios can be divided into four major categories:
• Profitability Sustainability
• Operational Efficiency
• Liquidity
• Leverage (Funding – Debt, Equity, Grants)
The ratios presented below represent some of the standard ratios used in business practice and are provided as guidelines. Not all these ratios will provide the information you need to support your particular decisions and strategies. You can also develop your own ratios and indicators based on what you consider important and meaningful to your organization and stakeholders.

The financial statement of PUMA, a sports company has been selected for this research. The financial statement has been examined throughout this paper. The financial statement includes the Income statement, Balance sheet, and Cash flow statement. Horizontal analysis, Vertical analysis, Trend analysis and mainly Ratio Analysis has been used to examine the financial performance and to make suggestions to improve finance flow, improve dividend and to reduce liabilities of PUMA. The major analysis is based on the financial years 2017 and 2016 ending on the 31st of December in each and every year. The latest financial performance of the company is being compared with the company's statements for the last five years starting 2013 for showing trends. On the basis of the analysis, suggestions have been made to improve the financial performance and market share of PUMA.

The long-term sustainability of the corporate plantation sector by which the country's total export earnings is significantly contributed has been in question during the last decade following the privatisation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the financial sustainability of corporate plantation sector in Sri Lanka in the long-run. The analysis technique used was Ratio-Analysis and six major ratios were calculated using financial data for the nine years from 2000 to 2008. The processed data were descriptively analysed to determine whether there is an improvement or deterioration in the financial condition and the performance of the companies over this period. Data were collected from Regional Plantation Companies (RPCs),

“Study on analysis of working capital management in fertilizers Corporation of India and Gujarat state Fertilizers Corporation”. The objectives of this study were to Measure Fund position of various fertilizer industries in Gujarat. From the research it was found that the analysis revealed that a he portion of funds was tied up as working capital especially in inventories and receivables .The study revealed that the sample companies failed to manage working capital efficiently by the usage of latest techniques and hence the funds were locked up at various levels during the course of business operations.

The financial performance of the textile industry in Tamil Nadu had been analyzed with the help of the financial ratios. The financial structure of a company can show its capacity to generate the funds needed to undertake the desired expansion. The financial performance assessment together with other efficiency criteria, will give an idea of the total efficiency and industry performance. The success of the company ultimately depends upon its future growth and development. The company " s future can never be predicted with accuracy without having precise information related to its present financial position and its past earnings. In addition, the present study analyzed the impact of the performance of liquidity, solvency and efficiency on the profitability of the textile industry using CMIE data. The study found the impact of financial ratios, such as return on capital employed and net profit ratio, on the profitability of textile industry in Tamil Nadu, was meticulously studied. From the Generalized Least Square method it was found that absolute liquidity ratio had the highest impact among the financial ratios on the return on net profit ratio as well as creditors " turnover ratio is highest impact on return on capital employed during the study period with statistical significance.It presents a detailed analysis of the determinants of financial performance of textile industry in Tamil Nadu using financial ratios. The financial structure of a company can show its capacity to generate the funds needed to undertake the desired expansion. The financial performance assessment together with other efficiency criteria, will give an idea of the total efficiency and industry performance. The success of the company ultimately depends upon its future growth and development. The company " s future can never be predicted with accuracy without having precise information related to its present financial position and its past earnings. Ratio Analysis is an age-old technique of financial analysis. The financial position of the textile industry in Tamil Nadu is analyzed with the help of the financial facts and ratios such as: liquidity, solvency, efficiency and profitability. In addition, the present study analyzed the impact of the performance of liquidity, solvency and efficiency on the profitability of the textile industry. Liquidity and profitability are the two desired goals of financial management and they are directly affected by the working capital management. With increase in working capital size beyond the adequacy level, liquidity improves and profitability declines, and vice versa. Ratio Analysis: This is an age-old technique of financial analysis. It provides the financial statements in an absolute, historical and static form. It is also designed to show

First, this report qualitatively analyses the financial statements of Heathrow Airport Holdings Limited over the period 2009-2013, by studying and analysing the trends of the Profitability Ratios, Efficiency Ratios, Liquidity Ratios, Gearing Ratios, Horizontal Analysis and Vertical Analysis. Here, we shall also consider the macro-environmental factors that may impact the financial performance of the company, by using the PESTLE (Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental and Legal) Analysis framework.

Heathrow Airport Holdings Limited (formerly BAA Limited), is a UK based operator, owning and managing airports and an aviation hub in Heathrow, Aberdeen, Glasgow and Southampton.

The pragmatic research objective of this report is to assess the financial status of Heathrow Airport Holdings Limited, and to analyse the implications of the company’s proposal for a third runway at the London Heathrow airport.

The London Heathrow Airport, Europe’s busiest airport, is operating at 98% of its capacity. The London Heathrow Airport’s main concern is the lack of runway capacity, which can be provided by the expansion plan.

Last, this report will conclude with sustainable solutions and recommendations to improve and strengthen the financial situation of the company.

This study is an attempt to evaluate the impact of dividend policy on profitability of Indian Information Technology (IT) companies listed on Bombay Stock Exchange. Companies were selected for the study based on market capitalization. Correlation matrix and panel regression model were used for testing of hypotheses. The major findings of the study reveal that the selected companies do not follow consistent pattern of dividend payments and the association between Price Earning Ratio (PER) and Dividend Payout Ratio (DPR) is low positive. However, there is a strong relation between ROE-ROA. Hausman Test reveals that random affect model is appropriate thereby indicating that performance of selected companies have significant impact on dividend policy of selected companies. Divided policy still regarded as one of the complicated area in corporate finance. Thus, the study will help all the stakeholders to develop further understanding on dividend policy.

This paper is presenting the financial performance management report for M1 Singapore from year 2016 to 2018. In this report, Singtel and Starhub were selected as closest competitor to conduct the analysis.
The agenda of the paper is calculating the financial ratios to evaluate the financial health of a company. Ration analysis including liquidity ratio, profitability ratio, leverage ratio, working capital ratio and valuation ratios. Second part of the report will develop a balance scorecard including the analysing the advantage, disadvantage, and limitation of the structure. Ultimately, this report will include the evaluation of Kaplan and Norton's Balance Scorecard based the strategic management system and application for M1 Singapore. Additionally, by applying the DuPont analysis to evaluate the organisation financial performance.

This report is an individual assignment as a part of FIN 501course under the MBA curriculum of IUBAT. The primary objective of this report is to analyze the financial statement of two prosperous ceramics companies in Bangladesh, respectively “RAK Ceramics” and “Shinepukur Ceramics”

The purpose of this report is to measure their financial performance to decide which company is most beneficial to invest.


In this report we have the following ratios:
´ Quick Ratio
´ Average settlement period for trade receivable
´ Average settlement period for trade payable
´ Return on Capital Employed (ROCE)
´ Earnings Per Share

Islamic banking is getting so much popularity in Bangladesh though there are huge number of conventional banks compared to Islamic banks in the country. This research work analyses the overall performance of Islamic banks verses Conventional banks in Bangladesh over the period of 2017-2018.The objectives of this research is to compare the financial performance of Islamic banks to conventional banks in Bangladesh. The study includes as profitability ratios: Return on Average Assets (ROAA), Return on average equity (ROAE), and Profit expense ratio (PEM). And as liquidity ratios: Current Ratio (CR), Current Asset Ratio (CAR), Loan Deposit Ratio (LDR) and Net Loan/ Total Asset Ratio (NLTA). This study shows that the overall performance of Islamic banks is better than that of Conventional banks and the standard deviation of conventional banks is greater than that of Islamic banks.

This paper applies performance evaluation of ceramic industry of Bangladesh and to test its financial soundness. The main aim is achieved through ratio analysis of four selected ceramic (Fu Wang, Monno, Shinepukur and Standard) companies in Bangladesh. Measurement of financial performance by ratio analysis helps identify organizational strengths and weaknesses by detecting financial anomalies and focusing attention on issues of organizational importance. The financial performance of this industry is measured in terms of profitability, solvency, efficiency and liquidity analysis and to test the financial soundness, Multivariate Discriminate Analysis (MDA) is used, which was developed by Prof. Altman. The study covers four public sector ceramic companies listed on Dhaka Stock Exchange. The study has been undertaken for the period of five years from 2006-7 to 2010-2011 and the necessary data has been obtained from the audited annual report of the selected companies. The liquidity position was very weak in all the cases of the selected companies and thereby reflecting the difficulties in paying short-term obligation on due date. Financial stability of the selected companies has shown an upward trend. This study will help investors to identify the nature of financial performance of the ceramic industry of Bangladesh and will also help to take investment decision.

Novita Rizki Y-170311611620-Offering B 7.2.1 FUNGSI PRODUKSI Fungsi produksi umum menghasilkan fungsi tenaga kerja (L) dan fungsi modal (K), yaitu Q = f(L, K) Fungsi produksi yang biasa dipakai pada analisis ekonomi adalah fungsi produksi Cobb-Douglas yang ditulis sebagai Q = A Dimana A konstan dan 0 < < 1, 0 < < 1, L > 0, K > 0. Sebagai contoh, fungsi produksi Cobb-Douglas secara spesifik bisa ditulis Q = 50L 0.4 K 0.6 Tabel 7.4 Tabel fungsi marginal untuk Q = Q = A : 0 < < 1, 0 < < 1 Nama Turunan Parsial Tafsiran Produk Marginal dari Tenaga Kerja Q L = MP L = = A MP L > 0 Dengan modal yang konstan, Q meningkat sebagai input tenaga kerja. L, meningkat Q LL = = = (-1) = (-1) Karena Q LL < 0 maka kurva cekung ke asal Q LL < 0 Dengan modal yang konstan, Q meningkat, tetapi meningkat pada nilai yang menurun; oleh karena itu MP L menurun (nilai berubah menjadi negatif) sebagai input tenaga kerja, L, menurun Produk Marginal dari Modal Q K = MP K = = A Hokum Pengembalian Tenaga Kerja yang Semakin Berkurang MP K > 0 Dengan tenaga kerja yang konstan, Q meningkat sebagai input modal. K, meningkat Q KK = = = A (-1) Q KK < 0 Dengan tenaga kerja yang

Grameenphone, widely known as GP, is the leading telecommunications service provider in Bangladesh. With more than 28 million subscribers (as of October 2010), Grameenphone is the largest cellular operator in the country. It is a joint venture enterprise between Telenor and Grameen Telecom Corporation, a non-profit sister concern of the internationally acclaimed microfinance organization and community development bank Grameen Bank. Telenor, the largest telecommunications company in Norway, owns 55.8% shares of Grameenphone; Grameen Telecom owns 34.2% and the remaining 10% is publicly held. Grameenphone was the first company to introduce GSM technology in Bangladesh. It also established the first 24-hour Call Center to support its subscribers. With the slogan Stay Close, stated goal of Grameenphone is to provide affordable telephony to the entire population of Bangladesh.

Grameenphone received a license for cellular phone operation in Bangladesh from the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications on November 28, 1996. Grameenphone started operations on March 26, 1997, the Independence Day in Bangladesh. Grameenphone originally offered a mobile-to-mobile connectivity (widely known as GP-GP connection), which created a lot of enthusiasm among the users. It became the first operator to reach the million subscriber milestone as well as ten million subscriber milestones in Bangladesh.

The  mobile  phone  market  of  the  Bangladesh  is  a  highly  competitive  market  and Grameenphone (GP) limited, a subsidiary of Telenor Mobile Communication AS, is the market leader in this field. It is the only company which earns profit throughout the last 13 years in this sector of the country. This report is conducted to know the current financial situation of GP.

The financial ratios indicate high profitability position of GP considering its size and scale of operation in spite of recent downturn in the ratios. Slow down of revenue growth due to reduction in tariff structure (high competition affects GPs pricing power) and higher asset growth and revenue growth (Asset Growth: 2008 22.3%; Revenue Growth 2009: 6.0%) partly attributes to the profitability level. The total revenue of GP increased by 6.0% in 2009 and stood at around BDT 65,300 million. GP earned its revenue from different sources i.e. tariff, subscription fees and roaming charge from its prepaid and post paid customers, revenue from interconnection mobile operator, VAS, SMS, MMS and other non mobile revenue. The net profit after tax increased 402% in 2009 than the previous year. In Capital Expenditure account there is a downward shift, which is very good sign for the company. The company also maintains a balanced level of equity and debt.

From the analysis it can be conclude that the performance of the Grameenphone whether it is  financial performance or market performance, is quiet satisfactory. Though some negative things are seen in their market performance in recent time it will not  so  much  affect  them,  because  it  has  a  huge  customer  base,  established infrastructure, network and greater customer loyalty. Moreover the company will enjoy reduced tax rate from that year, which is an extra benefit for them. So by considering the  overall  situation  of  the  market  it  can  be  said  that  Grameenphone  will  enjoy profitability and remain as market leader for long time.

This case 1 is designed to help students "see through the numbers". Written initially for MBA students and senior analysts attending executive education sessions, it provides participants with (1) a common-size balance sheet and selected financial ratios for ten anonymous Canadian public companies, and (2) a list of ten diverse industry sectors. Participants are invited to reflect on the meanings of the different ratios provided in order to match the anonymous companies with their corresponding industry sector. Seeing through the numbers fosters the development of participants' analytical skills, and group discussions contribute to the sharing of participants' knowledge about the various industry segments involved.

Seiring dengan krisis multi dimensi yang melanda Indonesia, banyak masalah dan penderitaan yang dialami bangsa ini. Yang termasuk menonjol adalah dalam aspek ekonomi, yakni terpuruknya kegiatan ekonomi karena semakin banyak perusahaan yang bangkrut, perbankan yang dilikuidasi dan meningkatnya jumlah tenaga kerja yang menganggur. Penyebab dari krisis ini, bukanlah karena fundamental ekonomi yang lemah saja, tetapi karena utang swasta luar negeri yang telah mencapai jumlah yang cukup besar.

In this thesis, it was aimed to find a relationship between reinsurance cost which is the money paid by the insurance company to share the risk of insurance contract and financial and technical ratios which are good monitoring tools for insurance companies. This thesis was written in the hope of giving an idea about reinsurance. The relationship between reinsurance cost and financial and technical ratios was established and panel data regression was performed to obtain an empirical result. The data obtained from the official website of the IAT was used in this study. This data includes nine years of the total 27 non-life companies (2009 - 2017). Hypotheses have been tested to find the determinants of the reinsurance cost.

With the rapid growth of trade, commerce and industries, the numbers of publicly traded companies are considerably increasing in Bangladesh. Pharmaceutical is an important adjunct of industrialization in the country. But the net profit of this industry has decreased for the last few years. This paper attempted to review the financial performance of this industry, to test its strengths and weaknesses. This study is based on both primary and secondary data. The collected data have been tabulated, analyzed and interpreted with the help of different financial ratios, Multivariate Discriminate Analysis (MDA) as developed by Prof. Altman and statistical tools like mean, standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variance (CV) and T-test, etc. It was observed from the study of the financial statement of the Pharmaceutical industry that the profit earning capacity, liquidity position, financial position and the performance of the most of the Pharmaceuticals are not in sound position and it was also observed that the most of the Pharmaceuticals has a lower level position of bankruptcy. The reasons behind this position of the industry are inefficiency of financial management, absence of realistic goals, strict government regulation and increased cost of raw-materials, labor and overhead. The financial performance should be improved immediately. Therefore, the appropriate authority should take measures for the removal of the above problems.

ÖZET Bu çalışma, Bir Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi'nin son üç yıllık finansal tablolarının retrospektif olarak analizini yapmayı amaçlayan tanımlayıcı türde bir araştırmadır. Çalışmada, oran analizi ve karşılaştırmalı tablolar analizi yapılarak hastanenin finansal durumu değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma, hastanenin 2008-2009 ve 2010 yıllarına ait bilanço ve gelir tabloları kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir.Veriler M.S. Office programı ile analiz edilmiştir.Elde edilen bulgulara göre hastanenin 2008 ve 2009 yıllarında bir yıldan daha kısa sürede nakde dönüştürülebilecek varlıklarının çoğunluğu ticari alacaklarından oluşmaktadır ve bu durum hastanenin alacaklarını tahsil etmede büyük sıkıntı yaşadığını göstermektedir. Hastanenin finansal yapısı genel olarak öz kaynak ağırlıklıdır. Hastane 2008 yılında zarar ederken, hastanenin 2009 yılında karlılığı yükselmiş 2010 yılında ise karlılığında düşüş gözlenmiştir. ABSTRACT This study, adescriptive research purpose that A Training and Research Hospital's last three annual financial tables analysis practice as retrospective. In study hospital's financial statement evaluated by maked ratio analysis and horizontal analysis. The study carred out using hospital' balance sheet and incometable belonging to 2008-2009 and 2010 years. Thedata is analyzedby M.S. Office programme. Accordingtoreceiveddata, hospital'sthegreater part of assets that can be converted to shorter time than one year compose trade accounts receivable in 2008 and 2009 years. This case hospital's assets in encashing in dicate face with tribulation. Financial positionof hospital is weight edgenerally equity capital. While hospital makeloss in 2008, hospital's profitableness in crease in 2009, but hospital's profitableness observed falling in 2010.

The fact that India could well be the next financial hub of the globe, and the fact that the banking sector will play a major role in facilitating this transformation, served as the motivation for the study. Post liberalisation, the sector has seen a lot of mergers and acquisitions in the country. However, to add value, M&A must lead to improved financial performance of the merged entity. This research paper analyzes the post-merger financial performance of private and public sector banks, and also compares the same. The study reveals that, individually, private and public sector banks have shown post-merger improvement in financial performance with respect to a few parameters of the CAMEL model. However, overall there is no statistically significant improvement in the financial performance of the banks, post-merger. Also, there is no significant difference when the post-merger financial performance of private sector banks is compared to that of public sector banks.

Anotacija Straipsnyje nagrinėjama įmonės veiklos analizės samprata, pagrindžiamas jos sistemiškumas, pateikiamas apibrėžimas, leidžiantis suderinti santykį su kitomis analizės sistemomis. Straipsnyje formuluojami suderinti įmonės veiklos ekonominės analizės, finansinės analizės ir vadybinės analizės apibrėžimai, kurie susiejami su nagrinėjamu analizės sistemų turiniu, tema nagrinėjama pabrėžiant ir pagrindžiant tiesioginę įmonės veiklos ekonominės analizės priklausomybę ir sąryšį su įmonės vadybos poreikiais ir procesais. Straipsnyje akcentuojamas poreikis orientuoti analizės sistemas į perspektyvų analizę. Reikšminiai žodžiai: įmonės veiklos analizė; įmonės veiklos ekonominė analizė; finansinė analizė; vadybinė analizė; perspektyvų analizė. Įvadas Temos aktualumas. Eilę dešimtmečių taikomieji ekonominiai mokslai vystosi specializacijos keliu. Šis teigiamas procesas turi ne tik privalumų, bet ir formuoja naujus iššūkius teorinėje bei praktinėje ekonomikoje. Vienas iš minimo proceso rezultatų yra padidintas poreikis tiksliai ir korektiškai kurti ir naudoti naujas ekonomines kategorijas, mokslo disciplinų ir praktinės veiklos pavadinimus. Tikslus kategorijų ir terminų naudojimas svarbus visose žmogaus veiklos srityse visais laikais. Būtina prisiminti, kad terminus ir kategorijas naudoja ne tik specialistai, bet ir kiti vartotojai, tarp kurių norisi išskirti studijuojančius ekonomines disciplinas. Šiais mokslo metais penkiuose didžiausiuose ekonomistus ruošiančiuose Lietuvos universitetuose yra dėstomos aštuoniolikos pavadinimų analitinės disciplinos, o penkiose didžiausiose ekonomistus ruošiančiose Lietuvos kolegijose-keturių pavadinimų analitinės disciplinos. Šie skaičiai iliustruoja disciplinų pavadinimų kiekį, tačiau kiek iš tikro dėstoma skirtingų analitinių disciplinų vadovaujantis tik pavadinimais pasakyti neįmanoma. Vis dėlto ir be gilesnio tyrimo galima spėti, kad skirtingi disciplinų pavadinimai dar nereiškia skirtingo disciplinos turinio. Straipsnyje nagrinėjama problema kyla iš to, kad skirtingas bazinių įmonės analizės kategorijų ir terminų naudojimas sunkina ekonominio profilio specialistų paruošimą, ekonomistų teoretikų ir praktikų bendradarbiavimą. Nors įmonių veiklos analizės klausimus įvairių šalių mokslininkai nagrinėja ne vieną dešimtmetį, tačiau vieningos nuomonės principiniais klausimais akivaizdžiai trūksta. Galima kalbėti apie skirtingų analizės tradicijų egzistavimą Vakarų šalyse bei Vidurio ir Rytų Europos šalyse. Pirmosios šalių grupės autoriai tirdami įmonių veiklą (Brigman E. F., Daves P. R, Palepu K.G., Healy, P.M., Bernard V.L., K.R. Subramanyam, Wild J. ir kt.) akcentuoja finansinės įmonių būklės tyrimą, naudoja finansinės analizės, finansinių ataskaitų analizės kategorijas, analogiškus terminus vartodami ir savo knygų pavadinimuose. Vidurio ir Rytų šalių įmonių analizės tyrėjai (V. Gronskas, S. Girdzijauskas, B. Jefimovas, O. Jefimova , V. Kovaliov, J. Mackevičius, V. Straževa, A. Šeremet ir kt.) didelį dėmesį skiria produkcijos gamybos, savikainos formavimo, materialinių išteklių ir darbo laiko naudojimo, darbo našumo, darbo užmokesčio ir kitų klausimų analizei, o savo knygas pavadina "Įmonių ūkinės veiklos analizė" arba "Ekonominė analizė". Tačiau visa eilė tų pačių autorių neatsisako ir finansinės analizės kategorijos naudojimo savo darbuose ir jų pavadinimuose (V. Kovaliov, J. Mackevičius, A. Šeremet ir kt.). Todėl reikia sutikti su J.Mackevičiaus nuomone: "Taigi iki šiol nėra bendro įmonių veiklos analizės turinio, t. y. kokias įmonės veiklos sritis ir ūkines operacijas tirti, kokią informaciją kaupti ir ją vertinti." (Mackevičius J., 2008, p. 47). Tačiau tokia situacija neturėtų tenkinti nei analizės specialistų, nei juos ruošiančių dėstytojų, nei siekiančių įsisavinti analitiko profesiją asmenų. Klausimas tampa dar aktualesniu ir dėl aukštojo mokslo institucijų pastangų ruošti ekonominių specialybių studentus pagal studijų programas, kuriose analizės kategorija naudojama studijų programos pavadinime. Straipsnio tikslas-išanalizuoti įmonių veiklos ekonominės analizės turinį ir sąveiką su kitomis analizės sistemomis. Straipsnio uždaviniai: 1) išnagrinėti ir apibrėžti įmonės veiklos analizės ir įmonės veiklos ekonominės analizės sistemų sudėtis; 2) pateikti ir apibūdinti įmonės veiklos ekonominės analizės sistemą, formuojamą vadybos uždavinių; 3) apibrėžti įmonės veiklos analizės, įmonės veiklos ekonominės analizės, finansinės analizės, vadybinės analizės ryšius bei sąveiką. Tyrimo metodai. Užsienio ir lietuvių autorių mokslinės literatūros analizė, informacijos grupavimo, sisteminimo, lyginimo ir apibendrinimo metodai.

Topic: Ratio Analysis
Type: Essay
Subject: Accounting and Finance
Academic Level: Undergraduate
Style: APA
Language: English (U.S)
Number of pages: 3 (double spaced, Times New Roman, Font 12)
Number of sources: 3

Task details:
Using academic sources, choose a publicly traded firm, and use its data from within the past three (3) years to identify financial ratios, precisely; the profit margin, debt to asset ratio, price-earnings (PE) ratio, inventory turnover, current ratio, and the times interest earned. Analyze financial trends of that firm and evaluate whether it realize success throughout the next five (5) years, or whether there appear to be challenges that will inhibit its growth. Provide a rationale for your response. As a manager of the chosen firm, summarize the major steps towards improving the firm or to maintain its prevailing financial success. Give a rationale behind the success of your approach.

The liberalized policy of the government of India permitted entry to the ICICI in banking; the industry has witnessed a generation of private players. The focus of these banks has always been centered on the customer. But to satisfy the customers and to operate other activities, the bank must have sufficient funds in its accounts. That's why, in the present paper special emphasis has been laid down on the financial analysis of the bank by using different research and statistical tools.

Most financial statement analyses focus on firms belonging to industries that either contribute significantly to economic figures or posit in a highly competitive business environment. The objective of this paper is an analysis done to see the extent to which a company has implemented using rules financial performance is good and right. This study investigates performance of commercial banking sector for the period of April-2011 to March-2014. Financial statements of Axis bank, ICICI bank, Federal bank and HDFC bank for the indicated periods were obtained from database such as CMIE, Prowess, money control and yahoo finance. Necessary information derived from these financial statements were summarized and used to compute the financial ratios for the four-year period. Financial ratios are tools used to measure the profitability, liquidity and solvency performance of four major Indian commercial banks. This research is to analyze the financial statements of these banks using liquidity ratios, activity ratios, leverage ratios, profitability ratios, and market value ratios. For liquidity, the following ratios were used: current ratio, quick or acid-test ratio. For activity, Inventory turnover ratio, debtor turnover ratio and working capital turnover ratios were used. For leverage, the following ratios were used i.e. debt ratio, equity ratio, and interest coverage ratio. For profitability, profit margin, net profit margin, return on assets, return on shareholder's equity, and earnings per share were used. For market value, price-earnings ratio and earning par share ratios were used.