RTK DGPS

Staking out of batter pegs and alignments constitutes an important part of highway construction projects. When classical terrestrial surveying methods are used in staking out of highway construction projects one can meet with some difficulties such as lack of sight between two control points, inaccessible angle points and loss of time. RTK GPS (Real Time Kinematic GPS) surveying method has some advantages over classical geodetic surveying methods in that RTK GPS does not need sight between control points. Further more, RTK GPS can be managed by only one person and whole staking out process can be carried out by using only one reference point, depending on the quality of the radio transmitter and the distance between the points and reference station. Today, RTK GPS surveying method offers fast and precise positioning in staking out process. One can stake out a point or determine the coordinates of a point in centimeter accuracy by using RTK GPS. In this article, advantages of the RTK GPS, working principal of the system, and software, hardware and equipment requirements for the system are given in detail. In addition, applicability and use of the system in road projects were examined in a road project at Karadeniz Technical University campus.

Staking out of batter pegs and alignments constitutes an important part of highway construction projects. When classical terrestrial surveying methods are used in staking out of highway construction projects one can meet with some difficulties such as lack of sight between two control points, inaccessible angle points and loss of time. RTK GPS (Real Time Kinematic GPS) surveying method has some advantages over classical geodetic surveying methods in that RTK GPS does not need sight between control points. Further more, RTK GPS can be managed by only one person and whole staking out process can be carried out by using only one reference point, depending on the quality of the radio transmitter and the distance between the points and reference station. Today, RTK GPS surveying method offers fast and precise positioning in staking out process. One can stake out a point or determine the coordinates of a point in centimeter accuracy by using RTK GPS. In this article, advantages of the RTK GPS, working principal of the system, and software, hardware and equipment requirements for the system are given in detail. In addition, applicability and use of the system in road projects were examined in a road project at Karadeniz Technical University campus.

n processing and interpreting the data collected during FALCON airborne gravity gradiometry surveys it is necessary to carefully compensate for topographic features. So that surveys may be performed even in areas where accurate DEMs (Digital Elevation Maps) are unavailable, the FALCON aircraft have been fitted with laser scanners, providing ground return data across a sufficiently wide swathe so that very adequate DEMs over the whole survey area can be produced. Additionally, in one aircraft, a laser profilometer has been fitted adjacent to the scanner, providing independent data to monitor the scanner integrity throughout a survey. This paper briefly describes the scanner features and details the post processing of the scanner ground returns through to gridded DEM format. The intrinsic accuracy of the scanner at low scan angles is demonstrated to be very good, accounting for a ground height error of less than 0.1m standard deviation. Taking into account that DGPS height errors are about 0.15m, the resulting ground height error is estimated as 0.2m standard deviation, which is confirmed by the analysis of height differences in the overlapping areas between adjacent lines. This estimate is characteristic of a lightly vegetated terrain. This level of topographic error will have a negligible impact on our ability to identify target anomalies arising from geological variations

The effects of the geological, tectonic and neotectonic structure and the impact of the human presence and activity on the drainage network of Pineios river are presented here in order to determine the causes of its diversion and the implications to the shoreline. We used, analyzed and evaluated (a) geomorphological, geological, tectonic and neotectonic data of the study area, (b) historical information and archaeological findings from buried and eroded archaeological sites of the wider study area, (c) published data related to drill cores and radiocarbon dates, and (d) remote sensing datasets, as satellite and aerial photos of different capturing periods, as well as real-time kinematic differential GPS measurements for the definition of the current shoreline. It is concluded that the detected shoreline displacements and drainage diversions are the result of the combination of active tectonics and human activity during the last 100 kyrs.

"The representation of sites, traditionally one of the main objects of archaeological cartography, demands solving a series of problems ranging from inaccurate field observation (surface visibility, limits definition, density of material evidence, etc.) to topological definitions more in line with the intrinsic nature of the archaeological record. The introduction of GIS in Archaeology since the beginning of the 1990s provided a whole new basis for the spatial representation of archaeological sites (and other archaeological events that would not be properly described as 'sites'). This had a particularly significant impact in the field of management and protection of cultural property, where the precision and quality of the spatial representation bears legal, administrative and economic implications. GPS technology contributes to solve the old problem of accuracy in the georeferencing of archaeological sites and events. In this paper we presents various examples of how the use of differential GPS allows archaeological cartography to overcome old problems, providing a high level of detail in terms of form, extension and topography, while at the same time significantly reducing the costs."

In his talk on “Conflict Archaeology on World War I in the Carnic Crest”, Rupert Gietl from the Arc-Team then presented
the painstaking work of archaeologists in recording and charting the military remains along the front lines, allowing
them to prepare these in a way that ensures that they are not forgotten. The goal of this work is to create an app which will
allow visitors to see, for example, a threedimensional rendering of a fortification when they are on site. The objective: to make an important contribution to not only ensure that the events are not forgotten, but to also combat indifference.

Staking out of batter pegs and alignments constitutes an important part of highway construction projects. When classical terrestrial surveying methods are used in staking out of highway construction projects one can meet with some difficulties such as lack of sight between two control points, inaccessible angle points and loss of time. RTK GPS (Real Time Kinematic GPS) surveying method has some advantages over classical geodetic surveying methods in that RTK GPS does not need sight between control points. Further more, RTK GPS can be managed by only one person and whole staking out process can be carried out by using only one reference point, depending on the quality of the radio transmitter and the distance between the points and reference station. Today, RTK GPS surveying method offers fast and precise positioning in staking out process. One can stake out a point or determine the coordinates of a point in centimeter accuracy by using RTK GPS. In this article, advantages of the RTK...

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Inexpensive and small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) provide high-accuracy positional data and enable users to collect high-resolution aerial images. The analysis of images captured using UAVs in a specific reference system is traditionally accomplished using the georeferencing method with high-accuracy ground control points (GCPs). This study aims to test and compare the benchmarks and point clouds’ positional accuracy produced on three consecutive days with different flight combinations at 75 and 100 m flight altitude by means of network-based continuously operating reference stations and differential-based real-time kinematic georeferencing systems without using GCPs. A root mean squared error values were obtained 1–3 cm for the horizontal accuracy and 4–6 cm for the vertical accuracy values. Thus, the proposed system proved an acceptable positional accuracy level. According to the results of the proposed approach, it can be said that the evaluation and use of UAV data without u...

ABSTRACT: The objective of the paper is to validate in a landborne, waterborne, and airborne environment, a prototype of a software-linked navigation system, comprising the Differential Global Positioning System DGPS and the Low-Cost Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) MotionPak The paper is divided into two distinct parts. The introductory section  discusses the software combination of the satellite sensor and the inertial sensor. It briefly delineates the specific realisation of the DGPS/(Low-Cost IMU MotionPak) design describing the hardware and Kalman filter based software components with special emphasis on vehicular and waterborne real-time positioning.
The second part of the paper demonstrates an actual performance of the prototype mounted on a dedicated land vehicle, a research ship, a research boat and a research aircraft. For each of the land-/ water-/ and air mediums used, the section characterises the objectives, methodology and most representative results of the experiments.
The section dealing with the landborne tests is the most comprehensive, and characterises the geographical distribution and the physical properties of the test beds, as well as describing the DGPS reference stations preparations. It concentrates on the internal and external accuracy determination results at Poznañ Racing Car Track. The section dealing with the waterborne medium places special emphasis on the DGPS/IMU tests with the Maritime Institute DGPS hydrographic equipment backup. The section dealing with the airborne satellite/inertial tests specifically describes  the behaviour of the DGPS/(Inertial Navigation System INS) and GPS/IMU during different flight dynamics. The paper closes with a summary.