RCC FRAMES

The structure is vulnerable to ground movement during an earthquake and damages the structure. It is important to know the nature of the movement of the ground in order to prevent damage to the structure due to the movement of the ground. The main purpose of Shear wall is to counter the lateral forces acting on the structure and it act as a vertical cantilever beam. The time history method is used for nonlinear dynamic analysis. The nonlinear time history analysis is conducted on four different model using CSI ETABS19, several values of all four models were found out from Structure. IS:1893-2016 guidelines are used for the time history analysis of four model of G+15 storey. Hence, total four models are used to analyse the dynamic response of the building. The result of, story displacement, story drift, storey shear, storey overturning moment and base shear are calculated and compared for all four models.

— In modern world buildings with shear wall having a distinctive qualities in the modern multi-storey construction in urban India. So such typical construction is highly undesirable in high building built in seismically active areas. Here we study the importance of recognizing the presence of the shear wall in the analysis of building. Design of RCC elements will also be perform as per IS-456 2000 for the building with shear wall. A numerical study will perform using Staad pro Software will be used for multi storey 3D frames with shear wall and without shear wall to gain the knowledge and responses of the building structure under seismic and wind loads. Shear force, Bending moment, Axial force, inter storey drift, base shear, storey shear, storey moment will be computed for both the buildings with and without shear wall and comparing the results.

Steel-Concrete composite constructions are nowadays very popular owing to their advantages over conventional Concrete and Steel constructions. concrete structures are bulky and impart more seismic weight and less deflection whereas Steel structures instruct more deflections and ductility to the structure, which is beneficial in resisting earthquake forces. Composite Construction combines the better properties of both steel and concrete along with economic, speedy construction, fire protection etc. Hence the aim of the present study is to compare seismic performance of a 3D G+15 storey RCC, Steel and Composite building frame situated in earthquake zone IV. All frames are designed for same gravity loadings. The RCC slab is used in same all three cases, Sections are made of either RCC, Steel or Steel-concrete composite sections like that Beam and Column. In a Seismic analysis, Equivalent static method and Response spectrum method are used for G+15 Building in all three cases ETABS 2017 software is used and results are compared based on different parametric data, Maximum story displacement, story drift, story stiffness, Fundamental time periods, Base shear and weight for structures in all types of building frames is determined. Comparative study concludes that the composite frames are best suited for medium to High rise buildings among the RCC and Steel constructions in terms of increase stiffness and base shear of building with better seismic behaviour. Keywords: G+15 buildings ETABS 2017, RCC, Steel and Steel concrete Composite frame building , Seismic analysis, Response spectrum method. I. INTRODUCTION The advance design and as per researched combination of construction materials is that of steel and concrete, with applications in low-rise to high-rise commercial buildings and factories, as well as in bridges. These essentially different materials Steel and Concrete are completely compatible and complementary to each other; They have an ideal combination of strengths with efficient material concrete in compression and the steel in tension. Concrete also gives against corrosion protection and thermal insulation to the steel and additionally can restrain slender steel sections from local or effect of lateral-torsional buckling. Now a days these two important building materials, steel and concrete, are promoted and constructed by two different material for industries. Since these industries are in direct competition with each other, sometimes difficult to promote the best use of these two materials. Composite construction dominates the more efficient and economical in medium and high-rise building area. This has been the case for last twenty years. Its success is due to the strength and stiffness that can be achieved, with minimum use of materials. The reason why composite construction is often so good can be expressed in one simple way-concrete is good in compression and steel is good in tension. By joining the two materials together structurally these strengths can be exploited to result in a highly efficient and economical design.

Five reinforced RC framed building with brick masonry infill were designed for same seismic hazard in accordance with IS code taking in to consideration of effect of Masonry .Generally these buildings are designed as RC framed structures without regards to structural action of masonry infill walls present In the present paper an investigation has been made to study the behavior of RC frames with various arrangement of infill when subjected to dynamic earthquake (dynamic) loading. The result of bare frame and frame with infill effect are compared and conclusion are made in view of IS -1893IS - (2002 code.

Background: The design of a structure must satisfy three basic requirements which are stability, strength and serviceability. There are two other consideration that a sensible designer ought to bear in mind viz. economy and aesthetic. As the height of building increases lateral load due to wind and earthquake makes their presence felt increasingly. In fact, in very tall building the choice of a structural system is dictated by its economy in resisting lateral load rather than gravity loads. In short it can be said that gravity load resisting and lateral load resisting system are complementary and interactive. The vertical framing system resist the gravity loads and lateral loads from the floor system and transmit these effects to the foundation and to the ground through beams, column and walls. When the main function of a wall is to resist lateral load due to wind and earthquake is referred as shear wall which can have thickness from 125mm to 200mm or even more for high-rise buildings. In this paper seismic response of seismic RCC building has been judged to compare its effect with simple framed structure and with shear wall structure in terms of shear-force, moment and displacement including drift with the help of E-TABS software.

The windows of the Culvert are a monolithic structure to pass through the roadway, the railway lines, and the T. Culvert is used to balance the flood waters on both sides. The box takes different kinds of loads generated by water, movement, cushion, soil, etc. In this paper is studied culvert with and without pillows, analyzed for different classes of IRC loads and conclusions made on the basis of bending moments and shear forces with and without cushioning cases. The present work involves Indian Standards, their justifications and considerations are taken into the account for design purpose. In the present work five models are analyzed using STAAD-PRO and the results obtained in terms of the displacement, reactions, forces, moments and stresses on the box culvert.

Earthquake causes the random ground motions in all direction, radiating from the epicenter. These ground motions
causes structure to vibrate and induces inertia forces in them. In India majority of the existing reinforced concrete structures in
this seismic region do not meet the current seismic code requirements as these are primarily designed for gravity loads only. The
performance of the existing buildings can be improved to perform better during the earthquakes, it must be analyzed and
designed as per the Indian seismic code IS 1893 (Part 1) 2002. The impact of the event is most traumatic because it affects large
area, occurs all on a sudden and unpredictable. They can cause large scale loss of life and property. Hundreds of small
earthquake occurs around the world every day. Some of them are so minor that humans cannot feel them, but seismographs and
other sensitive machines can record them. Buildings being one of the prime structures for mankind, Therefore, it is important to
control structural response of symmetric and asymmetric buildings when subjected to earthquake ground motion. Behaviour of
structures under seismic loads is influenced by the most important dynamic characteristics of earthquake viz. Peak Ground
Acceleration (PGA), Peak Ground Velocity (PGV. The strength of ground motion is measured by frequency content which is
defined as the ratio of PGA and PGV. High and low frequency contents are having PGA/PGV ratio greater than 1.2 and less
than 0.8 respectively. Whereas, intermediate frequency content, PGA/PGV ratio lies in between these values

In India, unreinforced brick masonry and reinforced cement concrete are the go-to technologies when it comes to construction of modern residential buildings, with the design applications ranging from one-story nuclear family houses to multi-story apartment buildings housing several families. However, each major natural disaster in India has exposed several 'chinks in the armour' linked to both of these widely employed construction techniques. Enter confined masonry. Confined masonry offers a substitute to both, unreinforced brick masonry and reinforced concrete framed residential buildings for applications in disaster prone areas of the world while keeping the cost under check and optimizing the structural performance. Confined masonry has evolved over the last century through an informal process based on its satisfactory performance in past, mostly in countries with high seismic activity like Indonesia, Mexico and Turkey. It is used for both non-engineered and engineered construction as its field applications range from one-story single-family dwellings to six-story apartment buildings. Some countries have even adopted design provisions and construction guidelines for confined masonry in their building codes. The success and implementation of building technologies is totally dependent on the local conditions like the availability and cost of building materials, the skill level of construction labour and the availability of construction tools and equipment. The fact that confined masonry construction looks similar to reinforced frame construction with masonry infill walls and that it uses the same components, i.e., masonry infills, tie-beams and tie-columns, helps in an easy transition to adopt confined masonry. Although confined masonry construction practice doesn't require any advanced construction equipment or an extra skillset, it is necessary to lay emphasis on the quality of the construction for its satisfactory performance. Hence, to optimize the quality of confined masonry structures, this thesis employs the use of a modern easy-to-learn-and-use structural software known as ETABS.

Strengthening of reinforced concrete structures by steel jackets is a common retrofitting technique widely used in engineering practice. In most cases, reinforced concrete columns are strengthened under service loads while the columns are subjected to a certain amount of compressive stress caused by gravitational loads. In such cases, the bearing capacity for strengthened columns can be different from that obtained without existing stresses. In this paper, the effect of sustained loads in the prediction of the bearing capacity for strengthened columns is assessed by experimental, numerical, and analytical approaches. The results of the investigation revealed that the level of sustained loads at the moment of strengthening reduces the bearing capacity of columns, influencing the overall performances of retrofitted structures.

Strengthening of reinforced concrete structures by steel jackets is a common retrofitting technique widely used in engineering practice. In most cases, reinforced concrete columns are strengthened under service loads while the columns are subjected to a certain amount of compressive stress caused by gravitational loads. In such cases, the bearing capacity for strengthened columns can be different from that obtained without existing stresses. In this paper, the effect of sustained loads in the prediction of the bearing capacity for strengthened columns is assessed by experimental, numerical, and analytical approaches. The results of the investigation revealed that the level of sustained loads at the moment of strengthening reduces the bearing capacity of columns, influencing the overall performances of retrofitted structures.

Buildings with unreinforced masonry (URM) infills is a common construction practice worldwide. To correctly assess the seismic performance of such structures, the analysis of the masonry infills under
in-plane (IP) and out-of-plane (OOP) loading, as well as their interaction, is essential. The aim of this paper is
to present a new macro-element modelling technique able to simulate the IP and OOP response of URM infilled
frames subjected to earthquakes. The model consists of a horizontal, a vertical and two diagonal struts represented by fiber section beam-column elements. The compressive behavior of the struts are defined by empirical
strength and strain parameters. The paper also discusses on derivation of the empirical parameters based on the
actual properties of infill wall. The proposed macro-element model has been validated with experimental results
available in the literature. From the numerical analysis, a good agreement between the experimental and numerical results was obtained.