Public Lighting

In this work, an analysis of the quality of electrical energy is carried out, based on the replacement of High-Pressure Sodium Vapor Lamps (HPSV) with Light Emission Diode (LED) lamps in the low voltage networks of public lighting. The study takes into account the advantages and disadvantages of using this technology, among the efforts to reduce electricity consumption and achieve higher rates of electro-energy efficiency. The effect of current harmonics on transformation losses, line losses, and voltage profiles in the circuit is analyzed. Flow runs in the public lighting circuit are obtained from models developed in MATLAB. The models of the loads with harmonic content for the simulation of the lamps were developed from measurements made in the laboratory for these loads. The results obtained due to the replacement of HPSV lamps by LEDs did not show significant differences in terms of harmonic contamination, determining that both technologies present harmonic distortion rates of c...

Abstract. The paper presents an overview of public lighting energy consumption of (road and urban lighting) in Slovenian municipalities between 2007 and 2011. It discusses significant improvements in the quality of public lighting resulting from the increasing awareness of the importance of public lighting and technological possibilities available on the lighting market. Three case studies of recent lighting renovations in Slovenian municipalities are analysed to enable assessment of energy consumption reduction one can expect from increasing efficiency of lighting installations.

Bostancı, S.H., Kavraz, M., & Aydın Türk, Y. (2010). "Kent Aydınlatmasının Kentsel Kimliğe Etkileri Üzerine İnceleme", 6th International Sinan Symposium - Designing The Future, Edirne, Türkiye, 29-30 Nisan 2010 (pp.269-276), Trakya Üniversitesi.

ABSTRACT:
This paper is about the relation between the identity of city and urban lighting. From the city photographs which have taken in nighttime are evaluated by their aesthetic and identical effects for the city. The aim of this paper is to emphasize the importance of the nighttime lighting to urban design and urban identity. The paper combined by three parts. The first part is about the definition of urban identity. Second part is about the principles of urban lighting and the last part is about the discussions for the effects of urban lighting to the identity of city.

SONUÇ:
Aydınlatma kentte görsel ve duygusal etkiler yaratabilmektedir. Kimliği güçlendirirken, aynı zamanda kimliğin parçası olabilmektedir. Diğer ülkelerde olduğu gibi, Türkiye gün geçtikçe aydınlatmaya daha bilinçli yaklaşılmaktadır. Bu bilinçli yaklaşım, kentsel bütünde ele alınan ve kentsel değerleri öne çıkaran aydınlatma tasarım ve uygulamasına fırsat vermektedir. Kentsel estetik ve mekânsal kimlik düşünülerek yapılan aydınlatmalar, kentsel çekiciliği arttırmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, kentsel kimliği oluşturan tarihi değerlerin, geleceğe aktarılmasında, korunmasında ve bellekte yer etmesinde kent aydınlatmasının önemli katkıları bulunduğu saptanmıştır.

This dissertation discusses the introduction of LED lighting in urban spaces as an example of innovative public activities. The author conducts a microanalytical investigation into how this globally produced and distributed “disruptive technology” is installed and valorised in specific urban situations. LED pilot projects and demonstrations in cities are considered key innovative activities, as they allow innovators and technology users to present and test new concepts on urban audiences. In light of this, the author argues that the future of technological innovations is not only shaped by technology producers and users, but also urban observers. A series of six ethnographic case studies demonstrate how LED lighting was introduced, further developed and valorised in Berlin and Lyon between 2011 and 2013. The LED projects in both cities differ considerably. The actors in Lyon publically put cutting-edge LED technology to the test, while the Berlin LED installations are reassuringly conventional and exist within the framework of the German capital’s familiar cityscape. The six situational analyses demonstrate that these city-specific LED configurations are no coincidence, but the result of socio-material practices and settings. Theoretically, this work draws heavily on the field of science and technology studies (STS) and criticises macroanalytical innovation and diffusion research. A research gap is identified in innovation theory with regard to the conceptualisation of pilot and demonstration projects, that is, public situations in which innovation is recognised and valorised by heterogeneous groups of observers. In this context, the author proposes the notion of the ‘early public installation’ in order to sociologically conceptualise the situation-specific public introduction of new technology as an inherent part of innovation activities.

The public lighting service has develops an important social utility, in that it aims to ensure the right to personal safety. The present work analyzes relevant aspects that involve the responsibility of the electric energy distributors as collector agent of the contribution to the public lighting in the invoices of the consumers in the current Brazilian regulatory scenario.

In this article, we seek to explain some of the relationships between light and biopolitics in modern and contemporary cities. We consider light as an external stimulation capable of not only impacting and sensitizing bodies, but also influencing them in different ways and to different degrees. Based on this premise, we ask ourselves how, in modernity and in contemporary times, the luminous materialities and practices of urban space have the capacity to influence, determine, capture, monitor, discipline and control the opinions, discourses and practices of individuals. In order to outline some partial elements of response to this wide-ranging problem, we first try to demonstrate how public lighting in modern Paris can be considered a disciplinary technology. Then, we ask how light can, even today, participate in different power strategies. Starting with Paul Virilio (2002), we argue that there has been a shift in control strategies through light in relation to previous times. Subsequently, a distinction is proposed by the author, outlining two regimes: the first, coming from modernity, is characterized by the use of "direct light"; to this, we can now add a second regime of "indirect light", characteristic of societies of control. Thereby, we attempt to denaturalize our relationship with light, in the context of western culture, and recognize its role in the service of photo-politics, a term that we propose to designate some of the (bio)political instrumentalizations of light. Finally, analyzing contemporary insurgent luminous artworks and practices, we reflect on the possible strategies through which insurgent lights could be raised.

El proyecto busca sustituir, con productos LED desarrollados en Chetumal, las 17,000 luminarias del  sistema de alumbrado pùblico en la ciudad de Chetumal, a partir del resultado de mediciones de eficiencia y pruebas piloto convencionales versus LED-innovadas, del montaje y operación del laboratorio de alta tecnología con los recursos humanos capacitados para manufacturar las luminarias LED  y del escalamiento prototipo-planta piloto de la tecnología de equipo, proceso y producto necesarios.

Public lighting is an essential service in today's cities, towns, and highways, including improving public safety and reducing traffic accidents. Public lighting could consume up to 40% of the energy budget of the local governments. Therefore, the technical innovations related to public lighting always bring significant value to municipal governments. In Vietnam, the public lighting in big cities account for 25% of the total power consumption. The solutions to reducing electricity consumption for public lighting are also of interest to domestic and foreign organizations, including the use of on-site energy such as wind and solar energy. In this paper, on the basis of the current state of the public lighting system and the potential of solar energy in Hanoi, the authors have roughly calculated the technical and economic efficiency of power supply solutions using solar energy in public lighting. The proposal of solving the power supply problem, by using solar energy in public lighting in Hanoi is another result of the paper.

GROUND PLAN
The Beginnings of Gas Illumination in Szabadka

Ground Plan is the title of a map, most probably drawn by the town engineer of Szabadka at the end of the 19th century. It indicates the planned placement of gas lamps around the city. In the same time, this map is the final version of the draft (known as Gasbeleuchtung Rajon – Gas Lighted Region) prepared by the gas factory during its negotiations with the local council.
The introduction of gas lighting has meant modernisation for the town ofSzabadka. In addition to infrastructural development, it also brought a municipal recognition to the settlement, as before 1914 only 33 towns of the country had a gas factory, 21 of which were officially declared as municipal cities. On the other hand, only 5 municipal cities did not have a gas factory (Zombor belonged to the latter group).
The above mentioned two maps are accompanied by a third one, dating back to 1897, which demonstrates the places of oil lamps. Unfortunately, its complementary map which would indicate the places of gas lamps has not remained. The former drawing spectacularly presents the changes in the placement of oil lamps after the introduction of gas illumination – petroleum lamps have literally disappeared from the town centre. While reconstructing the original distribution of oil lamps we have been guided by the “Report on imported gas lamps and remaining oil lights”. From this document, it was possible to detect that out of the 261 streets and squares of the town, 110 had public illumination, and only 9 streets/squares received new lighting. In other streets only the number of lamps has been increased. In 1884, the town planned to lighten up 62 streets, while in 1887, the Ground Plan only includes 47 streets. Beside roads which lead to neighbouring towns, illumination has been brought into the following rectangular area:  Train Station – Raktár Street – Széchenyi Square – Petőfi Str. – Vörösmarty Str. – Pázmány Str. –Damjanits Street. TheMain Square is situated in the middle of this area. All public buildings were found in this part of the town, and the streets were paved. This used to be the busiest part of the town, surrounded by pretty, 1-2-storey buildings.
In conclusion, we can state that the introduction of gas illumination has not only improved the lighting conditions, but also had a representative role – for example, it highlighted the city centre at night.

The impact of public lighting on consumed energy, financial cost, use of raw materials, and the environment is a major concern nowadays. The high amounts of energy needed to satisfy the increasing demands of cities around the world has led researchers to look for alternatives to classical fossil sources, with low implementation in public lighting up to date. In this context, circular economy (CE) proposes a new perspective of engineering based on smart design for the future life of products where even wastes have an added value as technological nutrients for other applications. A convergent consideration of CE and the urgent necessity of more sustainable public lighting leads to this proposal. The ad hoc use of a local biomass plant for powering the public lighting of one small city is considered, and important conclusions reinforcing the link between lighting and CE are presented.

D.L.D., Dynamic Lighting Design, is a three year, E.U. funded, ongoing research project, concerning ways of designing dynamic luminous environments for pedestrians in open public spaces. This paper presents a set of ideas about how space and the surface of architecture are defined in a dynamic luminous environment, which enhance pedestrian lighting and encourage people to walk and visit public spaces. The D.L.D., parametric interactive lighting software in urban public space, will also be outlined in this paper.

Public lighting is an essential service in today’s cities, towns, and highways, including improving public safety and reducing traffic accidents. Public lighting could consume up to 40% of the energy budget of the local governments. Therefore, the technical innovations related to public lighting always bring significant value to municipal governments. In Vietnam, the public lighting in big cities account for 25% of the total power consumption. The solutions to reducing electricity consumption for public lighting are also of interest to domestic and foreign organizations, including the use of on-site energy such as wind and solar energy. In this paper, on the basis of the current state of the public lighting system and the potential of solar energy in Hanoi, the authors have roughly calculated the technical and economic efficiency of power supply solutions using solar energy in public lighting. The proposal of solving the power supply problem, by using solar energy in public lighting...

Resumen: En el presente artículo se describe el diseño, simulación e implementación de un prototipo de gestión, operación y control de un sistema de iluminación fotovoltaico desde una plataforma Cloud/GIS. La plataforma Cloud/GIS regula la intensidad lumínica de diferentes luminarias LED interconectadas y visualizadas en un Sistema de Información Geográfico, GIS. El prototipo electrónico de iluminación LED se instaló en la Universidad Técnica de Ambato. El prototipo de control automático de iluminación se programa para dos formas de funcionamiento: los días de lunes a viernes, y los sábados y domingos. Asimismo, se propone una metodología de análisis del impacto económico y medioambiental, asociado a la implementación de una plataforma de gestión, operación y control de sistemas fotovoltaicos de iluminación. Finalmente, se realizó un análisis comparativo del impacto económico y medioambiental de sistemas convencionales de alumbrado público, sin ningún tipo de control de luminosidad, frente a un sistema de alumbrado público integrado a una plataforma Cloud/GIS de gestión, operación y control de luminarias LEDs.

Abstract: This article describes the design, simulation and implementation of a prototype for the management, operation and control of a photovoltaic lighting system from a Cloud / GIS platform. The Cloud / GIS platform controls the luminosity level of LED luminaires and integrates a Geographic Information System, GIS. The electronic prototype of LED lighting was installed at the Technical University of Ambato. The automatic lighting control prototype is programmed for two forms of operation: the days from Monday to Friday, and Saturdays and Sundays. Likewise, a methodology for analyzing the economic and environmental impact associated with the implementation of a platform for the management, operation and control of photovoltaic lighting systems is proposed. Finally, a comparative analysis of the economic and environmental impact of conventional public lighting systems was carried out, without any control of luminosity, in front of a public lighting system integrated to a Cloud / GIS platform for the management, operation and control of LED luminaires.

After several decades of negotiations, in 1889, the gasworks in Szabadka (now: Subotica)
was built by the United Gasworks of Augsburg, the company of the industrialist
L. A. Riedinger from Augsburg. It was one of his four southern gas works companies
in Hungary. The plant started to run on February 5, 1890, as the first gas lamps
were lit. According to the contract, the city had the opportunity to buy the factory
for a specified amount before the end of the contract for 50 years. In 1906, the city
assembly decided to redeem the gasworks, but in return for the gas concessions offered
by the gasworks, they waived the redemption for 10 years. In 1912, the mayor,
dr. Károly Bíró also thought that the development of public lighting can be realized
by the redemption of the gasworks. In 1916, the city was also involved in the idea
of building a new power plant. Despite the world war, Szabadka succeeded in carrying
out its earlier plan of gasworks redemption.
Of the 32 urban gas works in Hungary, 13 were placed in city ownership before
the First World War or were built inherently as city-owned gasworks. Redemption
was not a simple process even in peacetime, for instance, Újvidék (Novi Sad) did not
complete it in 1905. During the war, Kassa, Újvidék, Arad, and Sopron undertook
similar tasks. The Szabadka gas plant was taken over at 9 am on October 31, 1917,
with Alfonz Seereiner remaining the Director. After a five-month break, from 1st October
it restarted supplying lighting gas until March, 1919