Public Health Spending

One of the Primary goals of developed countries is to provide sound health care services to its citizens as health is very important in the development of a nation. A nation which cannot provide healthcare services to its citizens cannot be expected to be productive hence justifying the importance of investing hugely on the health sector.
In Nigeria Health outcomes over the years have not been very impressive, justifying the need to establish the relationship between health expenditures and health outcomes. This study analyses the relationship between both variables over the period of 1990 to 2017 using econometric regression analysis and found out that a positive relationship exists between Public spending on health and health outcomes.

This study aims to analyze the effect of government spending on healthcare on health outcomes with cross-national comparison. We run crosssectional regressions to estimate the strength of association between child and infant mortality rate and public health expenditures in worldwide sample. We find statistically significant and robust results by various specifications. We found government health spending as a share of GDP is negatively associated with lower level of under-5 mortality by elasticities of from -0.17 to -0.22. The elasticity is -0.20 for infant mortality. When government spending as a share total health expenditures is used as estimator, elasticities are -0.33 for under-5 mortality and -0.23 and -.0.32 for infant mortality. We also found significant and negative coefficient a number of socio-political determinants such as the law and order, education level, population as well as income level as a main determinant. Compared to previous studies, we found the income level to be slightly less significant and the public health spending to be slightly more significant empirically.

Bu çalışma kamu sağlık harcamalarının ülkelerin sağlık göstergelerini iyileştirmekteki etkisini analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaçla veri elde edilebilir tüm dünya örneklemi ile yatay kesit regresyonlar yürütülmüş ve kamu sağlık harcamalarının çocuk ölüm oranlarını iyileştirici genel etkisine dair kanıtlar bulunmuştur. Diğer taraftan bu etkinin ülkeler arasında değişip değişmediğini anlamak üzere ülkeler gelir gruplarına göre sınıflanarak ek regresyonlar uygulanmış ve düşük gelirli ülkelerde kamu sağlık harcamaları ile çocuk ölümleri arasındaki ilişkiye dair istatistiki ve ampirik olarak önemli bulgulara rağmen yüksek gelirli ülkelerde sağlam bir sonuç bulunamamıştır. Bu da düşük gelirli ülkelerde kamu sağlık harcamalarının sağlık sonuçlarını iyileştirmekte yüksek gelirli ülkelere göre daha etkili olduğunu göstermektedir.

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ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Lestari Agusalim
Trilogi Universityluky
Indonesia

Dosen Program Studi Ekonomi Pembangunan, Universitas Trilogi
Sekretaris Pusat Studi Ekonomi Pancasila, Universitas Trilogi
Editor Jurnal Kesejahteraan Sosial, Universitas Trilogi
Lukytawati Anggraeni
IPB University

Syamsul H. Pasaribu
IPB University

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Home > Vol 15, No 1 (2022) > Agusalim
The Economy of Indonesia: Driven by Physical or Human Capital?
Lestari Agusalim, Lukytawati Anggraeni, Syamsul H. Pasaribu

Abstract

This study aims to analyze whether economic growth in Indonesia is driven by physical or human capital using panel data analysis consisting of all provinces over the last nine years. The estimation results show that the Indonesian economy is more likely to be driven by physical than human capital. The formation of human capital that has a significant positive effect on economic growth is health. However, the education variable represented by the mean years schooling has no significant effect on economic growth when including the control variable in the research model. To improve the quality of education, the state requires the government to provide substantial educational spending. However, the budget has not been used optimally so that the expected achievements of graduates are not achieved. In addition, education spending has not met the criteria for quality spending. In contrast to education spending, an increase in health spending will increase economic growth by improving the quality of health and life expectancy. A healthier society will have a high level of productivity that impacts the regional and national economy.

For a better access to the public Brazilian health care system and in order for the citizens to see the results of the taxes they paid, a correct and efficient allocation of public resources is necessary. Based on the theory of Social Management and on the agency theory, this research aims to analyze the efficiency of the public resources allocated in the function of government or of expenditure Health Care by the municipalities of the state of Rondônia, in the north of Brazil. The population was characterized as a census, since all the 52 municipalities were analyzed. The methodological preparation was based on a quantitative approach, using the Data Envelopment Analysis method, through a BCC input oriented model. The results showed that most municipalities (54%) can be classified as having "strong inefficiency"the other 40% were classified as presenting "weak inefficiency" or "moderate inefficiency". The municipalities with the highest level, characterized as benchmarks, were Alto Paraíso, Buritis and Porto Velho (the capital of the state). There was no correlation between expenditures on health care and the following variables: number of registered families in primary care, number of hospitalizations, number of outpatient care production and number of health care facilities. The results highlighted a need for a revision to the management practices currently in place regarding the allocation of the resources for this particular sector (health care). The study is of potential interest to public accountants, controllers, auditors, managers and advisors managing public health policies and to the society in general, aiming at instrumentalizing social control.

"Focus on the health of the poor has become a global priority concern because of the widening health inequalities [across and] within developing countries. This shift of policy attention was drawn from the knowledge that health patterns are always to the disadvantage of the poor—they die earlier and have higher levels of mortality.

The increasing gaps in health outcomes have raised doubts about the capacity of developing countries to meet their commitments in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in 2015. In fact, recent MDG progress reports indicate large portions of the Asian region are already behind on their social indicators with some of the biggest deficiencies occurring among the poorer segments of the population.

Despite improvement in national averages of life expectancy and mortality rates in many developing countries, it is important to stress that health disparities between different population groups within countries remain large. Likewise, evidence of health service consisting basically of primary health care interventions, indicates that the lower the group’s economic status, the less it uses health services.

Because disease weighs so heavily on poverty reduction, investing in health is therefore an important component of an overall development strategy. Clearly the impact of scaling-up public health expenditures would lead to better health outcomes and more protection for the poor from fiscal shocks associated with illness. No amount of public health expenditure, however, will improve sector outcomes if the money is spent ineffectively to begin with. More than anything else, it is the composition and the ways in which the expenditure is allocated and targeted that matter for health outcomes.

Thus, it is imperative that any scaling up of public health interventions should be crafted in such a manner that the government is able to get the biggest marginal gains, especially from the poor, in order to improve its prospects of meeting the MDG health targets by 2015.
"

This study examines the relationship between health expenditures and economic growth in Turkey during the period 1975-2019 by using the Fourier Engle-Granger cointegration and the Fourier Toda-Yamamoto causality tests. Firstly, the Fourier ADF unit root test with fractional frequency is employed in order to investigate the stationary of the variables, and it is determined that both are I(1). Then, the Fourier Engle-Granger cointegration test revealed that there is a unidirectional long-run relationship from real GDP per capita to health expenditures. Accordingly, a one percent increase in economic growth causes a 0.32 percent increase in health expenditures.

The specialty of family medicine is centered on lasting, caring relationships with patients and their families. Family physiciansintegrate the biological, clinical and behavioral sciences to provide continuing and comprehensive health care. The scope of family medicine encompasses all ages, sexes, each organ system and every disease entity. Read more about the history, scope and definition of family medicine by reviewing the following resources.



Public-health-family-medicine



Family medicine is a three-dimensional specialty, incorporating (1) knowledge, (2) skill and (3) process. At the center of the process element is the patient-physician relationship with the patient viewed in the context of the family. It is the extent to which this relationship is valued, developed, nurtured and maintained that distinguishes family medicine from all other specialties.



Family physicians integrate the biological, clinical and behavioral sciences to provide continuing and comprehensive health care. Family medicine encompasses all ages, sexes, each organ system and every disease entity. Family physicians also pay special attention to their patients' lives within the context of family and the community.

Adolescent Medicine
Geriatric Medicine
Pain Medicine
Sleep Medicine
Sports Medicine
Sexual Health
Geriatric Medicine
For more details, PS: https://clinicalcasereports.conferenceseries.com/events-list/case-reports-on-public-health-family-medicine

n the current economic system, efficient usage of limited resources has gained more importance. Besides enhancing the life quality especially in the health care, the efficient usage of the resources has come into prominence with the intention of providing service at the highest level possible. The main goal of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of the health care expenses to enhance the community health by means of analyzing the BRICS countries, known as growing economies (Brazil, the Russian Federation, India, China and South Africa). For that purpose, the comparative performance of each country for the period between 2008 and 2012 has been analyzed by use of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) technique. Moreover, the effect of the loss at the health care expenses has been analyzed within this study. The study outputs manifested that the BRICS countries have a linear trend shaped with positive and negative ends about the health care expenses and clearly revealed the effect of the loss at the health care expenses. In this sense, the study provides significant outputs and suggestions to the policymakers and decision-makers about the health care system in the BRICS countries.

Bu calisma, Turkiye'de 1975-2019 yillari arasinda saglik harcamalari ile ekonomik buyume arasindaki iliskiyi Fourier Engle-Granger esbutunlesme ve Fourier Toda-Yamamoto nedensellik testleri araciligiyla incelemektedir. Ilk olarak, degiskenlerin duraganlik durumlarini arastirmak icin kesirli frekansli Fourier ADF birim kok testi uygulanmis ve her iki degiskenin de I(1) oldugu tespit edilmistir. Daha sonra uygulanan Fourier Engle-Granger esbutunlesme testi, degiskenler arasinda kisi basina reel GSYIH’den saglik harcamalarina dogru olmak uzere tek yonlu uzun donemli iliski oldugunu ortaya koymustur. Buna gore, ekonomik buyumede meydana gelen yuzde birlik, artis saglik harcamalarinin yuzde 0,32 artmasina neden olmaktadir. Fourier Toda-Yamamoto nedensellik testinden elde edilen bulgular da Fourier Engle-Granger esbutunlesme testine ait sonuclari desteklemektedir. Sonuc olarak, bu calisma Turkiye’de gelir gorusu hipotezinin ve Wagner yasasinin gecerli olduguna isaret etmektedir.

This study used panel data regression analysis to evaluate the long-term effects of several measures of U.S. education expenditure on unemployment rates in 50 states and Washington D.C. over 25 years. The data included state-level statistics for fiscal effort, graduation rates, education spending per pupil, gross state product per capita, welfare spending, health spending, political party affiliation, union versus nonunion states, and unemployment rates. Results find that the best way to effectively reduce unemployment is investment in improving the quality of human capital through funding education. Findings specifically conclude that over the long term, investment in human capital through education as defined by per-pupil spending and health services could play a significant role in reducing unemployment rates.