Preventive

Background. A randomized controlled trial was conducted to examine: (a) the effect of two physical activ-A considerable literature exists that suggests physiity modes on changes in subjective well-being (SWB) cal activity participation to be associated with an imover the course of a 12-month period in older, formerly proved sense of psychological well-being. Indeed, over sedentary adults (N ‫؍‬ 174, M age ‫؍‬ 65.5 years) and (b) 90 reviews have been published in this area [1]. Althe role played by physical activity participation and though the mechanisms underlying the association social support in changes in SWB over time. between well-being and physical activity are not well Method. Participants were randomized into either defined, there appears to be a fairly consistent associaan aerobic activity group or a stretching and toning tion reported between these variables. In a recent regroup. Structural equation modeling was employed to view of 38 studies of physical activity effects on psychoconduct multiple sample latent growth curve analyses logical well-being in older adults, McAuley and Rudolph of individual growth in measures of SWB (happiness, [2] concluded that the relationship was consistent satisfaction with life, and loneliness) over time. across age and gender, that it was unclear as to the Results. A curvilinear growth pattern was revealed effect that physical fitness had on this relationship, with well-being significantly improving over the and that the measurement of psychological well-being course of the intervention followed by significant dewas inconsistent. clines at the 6-month follow-up. Subsequent structural Relative to this latter point, psychological health can analyses were conducted showing that frequency of be conceptualized as having both negative and positive exercise participation was a significant predictor of affective poles, which can be characterized as psychoimprovement in satisfaction with life, whereas social logical distress (e.g., depression, anxiety) and psychorelations were related to increases in satisfaction with life and reductions in loneliness. Improvements in so-logical well-being (e.g., positive affect) [3,4]. The majorcial relations and exercise frequency also helped to ity of this literature with respect to older adults has buffer the declines in satisfaction with life at follow-up. focused on the reduction of negative symptomology and, Conclusions. It appears that social relations integral very often, employed aerobic exercise as the mode of to the exercise environment are significant determiactivity. We suggest that two elements be considered nants of subjective well-being in older adults. Findings here. First, the understanding of psychological health are discussed in terms of how physical activity environnecessitates a multidimensional approach that asments might be structured to maximize improvements sesses the absence of negative affect, presence of posiin more global well-being constructs such as satisfactive affect, and satisfaction with one's life [5]. These tion with life. ᭧ 2000 American Health Foundation and Academic Press affective and cognitive components of well-being are Key Words: exercise; aging; psychological well-being; often collectively referred to by the umbrella term of controlled trial. subjective well-being (SWB; [5]). Although the SWB collective has been examined across a broad array of environments [6], typically only individual affective 1 Funding for this study was provided by the National Institute on components (e.g., positive affect, well-being) are mea-Aging (Grant AG 12113). 2 To whom reprint requests should be addressed at Department of sured in physical activity research.

Background. Training residents in smoking cessation counseling could be part of tobacco control policy. The effect of such an intervention is unknown in Europe. This study provides an assessment of smoking cessation counseling practices by Swiss residents after an intervention based on behavioral modification. Method. In a pre-post blind test trial on smoking cessation counseling practices, residents' perceptions about their own ability to counsel smoking behavior among smoking patients were evaluated for 15 residents trained in general internal medicine and in 247 and 155 smoking patients' reports, respectively before and after a training intervention targeting residents, based on behavioral theory of smoking cessation. Results. Changes in counseling were assessed by interviews with patients. After the intervention, residents asked about smoking habits (77 vs 68%), advised to quit (43 vs 28%), provided counseling for cessation (25 vs 10%), gave self-help materials (7 vs 1%), and arranged follow-up visits (5 vs 1%) more often than before. Residents' self-perception of confidence (5.4 vs 4.6/10) and effectiveness (5.3 vs 4.0/10) in counseling also increased after the intervention. After adjusting for daily cigarette consumption and smoking duration, the likelihood of attempting to quit smoking at either 6 or 12 months was increased in the group of patients attended after the intervention (odds ratio 1.52, 95% confidence intervals 1.07-2.48). However, the likelihood of quitting smoking was not increased among these patients (odds ratio 1.07, 95% CI 0.96-1.14). Conclusions. Short-term smoking cessation counseling by residents was substantially improved by the intervention. Smokers attended after the intervention were more likely to attempt to quit smoking, but not to have quit at 6-or 12-month follow-up.

Background. Major questions remain unanswered about how best to accomplish multiple behavior change. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether there are differences in successfully changing multiple behaviors in computer-tailored sequential and simultaneous interventions for physical activity (PA) promotion and fat intake (FI) reduction.

Background. As a part of the Vadstena Osteoporosis Prevention Project, the knowledge of osteoporosis was examined before the intervention program started, after 5 and 10 years. Methods. At baseline (in 1989) 15% of the population in two Swedish municipalities was randomly invited to the study. The participants in the study group were invited for examination by forearm bone densitometry and a questionnaire concerning lifestyle and risk factors for osteoporosis and also knowledge of osteoporosis, while the subjects in the control group were examined only by questionnaire. Follow-ups were made in 1994 and in 1999. Meanwhile education about osteoporosis was given to the study group, to the public, and to various professionals in the study community. Results. There was a difference in the level of knowledge between the groups prior to the intervention. The rate of increment did not differ significantly between the groups for the study period. Previous participants had 0.58 higher score than new participants in the study group in 1994 (P ‫؍‬ 0.031) and 0.76 higher score in 1999 (P < 0.001) regarding the total number of correct answers. The women in the study group had 0.63 higher score than the men in 1994 (P ‫؍‬ 0.016) and 1.03 higher score in 1999 (P < 0.001) regarding the total number of correct answers. Conclusion. There was no significant effect of a general intervention program concerning the knowledge of osteoporosis in participants in the intervention area compared to the control area.

Background. Reducing dietary fat has been identified as a potential means of preventing chronic disease. Several studies have identified methods of changing dietary fat consumption in small, intensive intervention settings. Fewer studies have examined how to improve dietary habits of individuals in the general public.Methods. The Eating for a Healthy Life (EHL) project was a randomized trial [n = 40 religious organizations (ROs) and 2175 individuals, 1099 in intervention]. The study tested an intervention package of self-help books, motivational messages, and social interactions designed to change dietary behaviors (lowering fat, increasing fruit and vegetable consumption) among members of religious organizations aged 18 and over. The primary outcomes are fat- and fruit- or vegetable-related behaviors measured using the Fat and Fiber Behavior (FFB) Questionnaire.Results. Religious organizations and their members participated fully in the initial study activities.Conclusions. This study will support a rigorous test of the intervention package.

Key Words: homicide; domestic violence; health multisite study was to describe health care use in the care utilization. year prior to murder of women by their intimate partner in order to identify opportunities for intervention to prevent femicide. more often than nonabused women [8]. In addition to Interdisciplinary Research Training on Violence Grant supported Dr. the immediate traumatic injuries that women receive Koziol-McLain (T32 MH20014). during a violent incident, women suffer acute and 1 To whom reprint requests should be addressed at Johns Hopkins chronic pain and psychological consequences [9-12]. University, School of Nursing,

Objective. This study investigates the clustering of a broad range of health-compromising and delinquent behaviors. We examine whether these behaviors belong to a single but broad cluster, 'risk-taking behavior', and whether the nature and degree of clustering in adolescents differs from that in adults.

and psychological dimensions [1,2]. Cross-sectional and Background. Research on cognitive factors and motilongitudinal studies have found that increasing vational readiness for exercise is important for inamounts of physical activity are associated with decreasing our understanding of behavior change among creased overall mortality and better health and functhose with sedentary lifestyles. This study examines tioning [1,3], including a reduction in symptoms of corostage of change for regular exercise and self-perceived nary heart disease [4], cancer [5], osteoporosis [6], quality of life. diabetes [7], anxiety [3], and depression [3]. However, Methods. Data are from 1,387 respondents to a ranmillions of Americans do not engage in regular physical dom digit dial survey of health behaviors. Stage of activity [8]. National public health objectives for the change is assessed with a single item, and individuals year 2000 include increasing the frequency and duraare classified with respect to intention and exercise tion of light, moderate, and vigorous physical activity behavior. Quality of life is assessed with the SF-36, a [9], and major initiatives are underway to promote exermultidimensional measure of health-related quality cise adoption and adherence in the general population of life. [10]. Theoretical models that focus on cognitive and Results. Exercise stage is associated with self-perbehavioral determinants of behavior change-such as ceived quality of life. The three areas most strongly self-efficacy [11], stages of change [12], decision making related were physical functioning, general health per-[13], and intention [14]-are increasingly being used ceptions, and vitality. Physical functioning scores were to aid development of interventions designed to promote lowest in precontemplation and highest in mainteregular exercise [15-18].

A sustainable pattern of participation health behavior; social support. in physical activity is important in the maintenance of health and prevention of disease. College students are Recent research and consensus statements from the Methods. We assessed self-reported physical activity Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the and other characteristics in a sample of 2,729 male and American College of Sports Medicine have emphasized female students (median age was 20 years) recruited the importance of regular, sustained physical activity from representative courses and year levels at four in reducing the risk of coronary heart disease, some Australian College campuses. They were categorized forms of cancer, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellias sufficiently or insufficiently active, using estimates tus, and osteoporosis [1,. Physical inactivity, as a modof energy expenditure (kcal/week) derived from selfifiable risk factor for a number of diseases, has become reported physical activity. Personal factors (selfa key public health concern. efficacy, job status, enjoyment), social factors (social Population data suggest that physical activity levels support from family/friends), and environmental facfall significantly during the period between adolescence tors (awareness of facilities, gym membership) were and adulthood [3]. Although there have been few longialso assessed. tudinal studies that have demonstrated decreases in Results. Forty-seven percent of females and 32% of leisure-time physical activity during this transitional males were insufficiently active. For females, the sigphase of life, it is apparent from cross-sectional studies nificant independent predictors of being insufficiently that this decrease is a real phenomenon. For example, active were lower social support from family and rates of leisure-time physical inactivity among Austrafriends, lower enjoyment of activity, and not working. For males, predictors were lower social support from lians in the 20-to 29-year age group are twice as high family and friends, lower enjoyment of activity, and as in those aged less than 20 years [4]. Other studies being older.

To evaluate the combined effects and relative importance of socio-cultural factors as well as parents&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; subjectively perceived and objectively assessed environment on time children spent vigorously playing outdoors. Cross-sectional study conducted in Berne, Biel-Bienne, and Payerne (Switzerland) during the school year 2004/2005. Included 1345 parental questionnaires from children out of three age groups (6/7, 9/10, and 13/14 years). A total of 1081 (80%) provided a home address, which could be linked to environmental data using a geographic information system (GIS). GIS-derived main street density in a buffer of 100 m around the home was inversely associated with time playing outdoors in adolescents and younger children, but only in more urbanized areas. In addition and independently of GIS-based main street density, parental concern about traffic safety was associated with less time playing outdoors in primary school children. Girls, adolescents, and children from the French speaking part of the country spent less time playing outdoors. A non-Swiss nationality and having younger siblings increased time playing vigorously outdoors in adolescents. In addition to socio-cultural factors, parents&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; perceptions and objectively measured environmental factors were significantly associated with the time spent vigorously playing outdoors. These associations differed by age group.

Background.To address limited longitudinal nutrition data on children and adolescents, a self-administered food frequency questionnaire was designed for older children and adolescents. Initially, the Youth/Adolescent Questionnaire (YAQ) was developed and demonstrated to be reproducible. This study was conducted to evaluate its validity.Methods.The form was administered twice to a sample of 261 youths (ages 9 to 18) at an approximate interval of 1 year (1993–1994), and three 24-hr dietary recalls were collected during this period. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated on nutrient data.Results.Validity was first evaluated by comparing the average of the three 24-hr recalls to the average of the two YAQs. Similar mean nutrients were found by both methods. Correlation coefficients between the mean energy-adjusted nutrients computed by the two methods ranged from 0.21 for sodium to 0.58 for folate. After correction for within-person error, the average correlation coefficient was 0.54, similar to that found among adults.Conclusion.A simple self-administered questionnaire completed by older children and adolescents can provide nutritional information about this age group.

Объект и задачи исследования В основе выражения предостережения лежит желание/наме-рение говорящего известить, предусмотреть, предупредить, пре-дотвратить, предостеречь, (заблаговременно/своевременно) опо-вестить, посоветовать, уберечь, предуведомить, обезопасить, миновать, запретить, пресечь действия и события, которые, с его точки зрения, имеют, могут или могли бы иметь нежелательные последствия как для него самого, так и для адресата. В арсенале говорящего для этой цели имеется также и запугивание, т.е. угроза адресату, которую он также выражает в целях предосте-режения, так как он оценивает возможное или вероятное дейст-вие адресата или грядущее событие как неблагоприятное. С перспективы терминологической триады эмоция-значе-ние-смысл, в случае выражения предостережения страх, трево-га, беспокойство являются именно теми эмоциями или чувства-ми, которые служат основанием для говорящего оценить имею-щиеся, реальные или надвигающиеся события негативно, т.е. с нежелательными последствиями. В этой цепочке значение-это форма, или способ, т.е. грамматические/морфологические инструменты для выражения/коммуникации этих эмоций и, со-ответственно, негативной оценки, в то время как смысл-это субъективный образ, возникающий при их понимании в тексте, Сахатова 2020-Сахатова Г.С. Формальные способы выражения предостережения в тюркских языках на примере туркменского и турецкого языков // Вопросы тюркской филологии. Выпуск XIII. Материалы Дмитриевских чтений / М.М. Репенкова, Е.А. Оганова (отв.ред.). Москва, 2020. С. 212-247.

Background. Special challenges are encountered mailing at another site ($58). The direct telephone conwhen clinical trial recruitment targets a physician tact method utilized at one site serving primarily a practice-based population, as opposed to recruiting minority population yielded a per randomized particifrom the community. Since most published information pant cost of $80. about recruitment has focused on the latter group, Conclusions. Recruitment of clinical trial particisummation of successful primary-care-based recruitpants from practice-based populations requires modiment strategies could prove useful for future trials refication of the strategies used to recruit from the comcruiting from this population. munity. Multiple strategies should be employed,

This study evaluated the effects of a school-based dietary intervention program to increase fruit and vegetable consumption among fourth-graders. Twenty-eight elementary schools were randomized to an immediate intervention condition or to a delayed intervention control condition. Measures of diet and psychosocial variables were collected at base line and 1 and 2 years post-baseline. The intervention included classroom, parent, and cafeteria components. Mean daily consumption of fruit and vegetables was higher for the intervention children compared with controls at Follow-up 1 (X(t) = 3.96, X(c) = 2.28) and at Follow-up 2 (X(t) = 3.20, X(c) = 2.21). Macro- and micronutrient changes favoring the intervention children were also observed at both Follow-up 1 and Follow-up 2. Mean daily consumption of fruit and vegetables was higher for intervention parents compared with controls at Follow-up 1 (X(t) = 4.23,X(c) = 3.94) but not at Follow-up 2. Strong effects were found for the High 5 intervention on fruit and vegetable consumption, on macro- and micro-nutrients, and on psychosocial variables. Future work is needed to enhance the intervention effects on parents&amp;amp;amp;#39; consumption and to test the effectiveness of the intervention when delivered by classroom teachers.

Background. This study was undertaken to assess ing; nicotine; cutaneous administration; randomized the safety and efficacy of a treatment involving brief controlled trial. counseling and the nicotine patch among hospital inpatients and to identify variables associated with long-(3) a Counseling ؉ Placebo Patch (CPP) condition identhe practical constraints of an outpatient encounter are tical to the CAP condition except the supplied patches effective and produce long-term smoking cessation contained no nicotine. rates of 5-10% [3-6]. While such interventions have Results. At 6-month follow-up, abstinence rates for important public health implications [3,5], their absothe three treatments were 4.9, 6.5, and 9.7% for the MC, lute effectiveness is relatively small compared with CPP, and CAP treatments, respectively. These differmore intensive interventions [5,7,8]. ences were not statistically significant. Patients admit-

of increased efforts to reduce the prevalences of modi-Objective. This study aimed to examine the correfiable CHD risk factors in their populations to reduce spondence between seven established risk factors for CHD mortality. ᭧1998 American Health Foundation and Academic coronary heart disease (CHD) and CHD mortality Press among the states in the United States. An ecologic anal-Key Words: coronary heart disease; mortality; toysis relating CHD risk factor prevalences to CHD morbacco; obesity; physical activity. tality rates among 49 states was undertaken in 1991-1992. Methods. Approximately 68,000 men and women ages INTRODUCTION 45-74 were randomly sampled and interviewed by tele-Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause phone in surveys conducted in 49 states in 1991 and of death for both men and women in all 50 states in 1992. From these interviews, we estimated state-spethe United States [1]. Mortality rates from CHD vary cific prevalences of smoking, overweight, physical inconsiderably by state, however. The average CHD moractivity, hypertension, elevated cholesterol, diabetes, and alcohol abstinence. These seven CHD risk factors tality for the 10 states with the highest rates is about were also combined to create a CHD risk index for 40% greater than for the 10 states with the lowest rates each state. The main outcome measures were mortality [1]. Tobacco, excess body weight, physical inactivity, rates from CHD (ICD9 codes 410.0-414.9) in each of 49 hypertension, elevated cholesterol, diabetes, and alcostates in 1991-1992 for men and women ages 45-74. The hol abstinence are all modifiable factors that are estabanalysis was based on multiple linear regression and lished risk factors for CHD [2,3]. The correspondence Spearman's rank-order correlations between the CHD between CHD mortality and the prevalences of these risk factor prevalences, the combined CHD risk index, risk factors among the states in the United States might and the CHD mortality rates among the 49 states. provide an estimate of the mortality reductions that Results. The prevalences of most of the CHD risk faccould result from lowering the prevalences of these risk tors correlated with CHD mortality rates in the expecfactors among the populations of states in the United ted directions, and correlations were similar for men States. and women. The CHD risk index correlated strongly with CHD mortality for both men (r = 0.75) and women METHODS (r = 0.80). Conclusion. About 60% of the variance in CHD mor-For this ecologic analysis we drew on mortality data tality between the states in the United States (56% for collected by state health agencies within the Centers men and 64% for women) is attributable to differences between the states in the prevalences of seven estab-for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) standardized lished risk factors for CHD. As state health agencies mortality reporting system [4], and data from the CDC prioritize resources for chronic disease prevention Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) programs, they should consider the potential benefits [5]. Both the mortality data and the risk factor data were collected by state departments of health in collabo-1 To whom reprint requests should be addressed.

workplace; program evaluation; food habits; psychol-Background. 5 a Day for Better Health is a simple ogy; Seattle. message encouraging people to eat more fruits and vegetables. The Seattle 5 a Day worksite investigators designed and evaluated an intervention, organized on stages of behavioral change, to increase worksitewide INTRODUCTION fruit and vegetable consumption.

Objective. To examine associations between availability of different types of food outlets and children's fruit and vegetable intake. Method. Parents of 340 5-6 and 461 10-12 year-old Australian children reported how frequently their child ate 14 fruits and 13 vegetables in the last week in 2002/3. A geographic information system (GIS) was used to determine the availability of the following types of food outlets near home: greengrocers; supermarkets; convenience stores; fast food outlets; restaurants, cafés and takeaway outlets. Logistic regression analyses examined the likelihood of consuming fruit z2 times/day and vegetables z 3 times/day, according to access to food outlets.

The seven country study data early in the 1960s indiin schools exists to date in Greece. The first attempt cated that the two islands of Greece studied (Crete and to apply a school-based health education intervention Corfu) had the lowest mortality due to cardiovascular program was launched in 1992 on all 4,171 pupils regisdiseases (CVD) compared to all selected areas from the tered in the first grade in two counties of Crete. The other countries [1,2]. These findings had been attrib-1,510 pupils registered in a third county served as uted primarily to the dietary habits of the population.

Project was begun in an effort to address the health problems of the African-American residents of two rural Virginia counties. Smoking cessation was chosen as the principal target behavior in one county. Church coalitions were chosen as the principal organizations through which to implement the interventions.

The Study To Enhance Prevention by Understanding Practice (STEP-UP) clinical trial (1997-2000) resulted in sustainable increases in preventive service delivery in primary care practices. However, the process by which practice change can be facilitated has not been well described. Comparative case studies were conducted of eight STEP-UP practices with the largest increases in preventive service delivery rates and compared to seven practices with the lowest increases. A multidisciplinary team (research nurse, nurse facilitator, physician principal investigator) used an editing analysis approach to create individual case studies. Then, using an immersion-crystallization approach, the team identified pragmatic lessons for people working to improve primary care practice, and validated these lessons with a participating practice and an additional facilitator. It is not always possible to predict which practices will change based on understanding initial practice conditions. &quot;Malleabl...

Physical Activity Across the Curriculum (PAAC) was a three-year cluster randomized controlled trial to promote physical activity and diminish increases in overweight and obesity in elementary school children. Twenty-four elementary schools were cluster randomized to the Physical Activity Across the Curriculum intervention or served as control. All children in grades two and three were followed to grades four and five. Physical Activity Across the Curriculum promoted 90 min/wk of moderate to vigorous intensity physically active academic lessons delivered by classroom teachers. Body Mass Index was the primary outcome, daily Physical activity and academic achievement were secondary outcomes. The three-year change in Body Mass Index for Physical Activity Across the Curriculum was 2.0+/-1.9 and control 1.9+/-1.9, respectively (NS). However, change in Body Mass Index from baseline to 3 years was significantly influenced by exposure to Physical Activity Across the Curriculum. Schools with &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt; or =75 min of Physical Activity Across the Curriculum/wk showed significantly less increase in Body Mass Index at 3 years compared to schools that had &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;75 min of Physical Activity Across the Curriculum (1.8+/-1.8 vs. 2.4+/-2.0, p=0.02). Physical Activity Across the Curriculum schools had significantly greater changes in daily Physical activity and academic achievement scores. The Physical Activity Across the Curriculum approach may promote daily Physical activity and academic achievement in elementary school children. Additionally, 75 min of Physical Activity Across the Curriculum activities may attenuate increases in Body Mass Index.

The present study examined the level of physical activity (PA) and the associations between PA, intention to exercise, exercise habit strength, PE enjoyment and sources of motivation and PA behavior among adolescents aged 13, 14, and 16 years old. Secondary school students (N = 503; Mean age 14.35 ± 1.26) completed self-report measures of physical activity (PA), behavioral regulation in exercise, and exercise habit The data were analyzed using descriptive statistic, t-test, and regression analysis.Significantly higher PA levels was found in boys and younger adolescents. PE enjoyment and relative autonomy index (RAI) were significant PA predictors in both genders. Intention and RAI were significant in 13 and 16 years old groups, while habit was significant in 14 years old group. Identified motivation was a common reason to exercise across sample. The findings underscore importance of considering age and gender in PA promotion interventions.

A randomized controlled trial was conducted to examine: (a) the effect of two physical activity modes on changes in subjective well-being (SWB) over the course of a 12-month period in older, formerly sedentary adults (N = 174, M age = 65.5 years) and (b) the role played by physical activity participation and social support in changes in SWB over time. Participants were randomized into either an aerobic activity group or a stretching and toning group. Structural equation modeling was employed to conduct multiple sample latent growth curve analyses of individual growth in measures of SWB (happiness, satisfaction with life, and loneliness) over time. A curvilinear growth pattern was revealed with well-being significantly improving over the course of the intervention followed by significant declines at the 6-month follow-up. Subsequent structural analyses were conducted showing that frequency of exercise participation was a significant predictor of improvement in satisfaction with life, whereas social relations were related to increases in satisfaction with life and reductions in loneliness. Improvements in social relations and exercise frequency also helped to buffer the declines in satisfaction with life at follow-up. It appears that social relations integral to the exercise environment are significant determinants of subjective well-being in older adults. Findings are discussed in terms of how physical activity environments might be structured to maximize improvements in more global well-being constructs such as satisfaction with life.

Background. Studies of dating violence among Latino men and women have found that victims who are less acculturated have lower rates of dating violence. None of these studies have focused on adolescents. We assessed acculturation, ethnic identity, and dating violence victimization among Latino ninth-grade students. Methods. Students from 13 high schools representing 24% of ninth-grade students in the Texas Lower Rio Grande Valley during 2000-2001 completed questionnaires. This analysis is restricted to students age 14 years or older who self-identified as Hispanic or Latino (n = 4,525). Logistic regression was performed to estimate the risk of dating violence associated with measures of acculturation and ethnic identity. Results. Latino female adolescents were more likely to report dating violence victimization in the past 12 months (8.7%) than were males (6.4%). Parental birthplace outside of the United States was significantly associated with a reduced likelihood of dating violence victimization among females. Reporting a great deal of ethnic discrimination was strongly associated with increased dating violence victimization among females. Conclusions. These findings suggest that greater acculturation may be associated with greater prevalence of dating violence victimization among females. Understanding those aspects of Latino culture that may impact risk of dating violence could have important public health implications.

Fruits and vegetables may be beneficial on lipid profile of hyperlipidemic subjects. The present study was aimed to verify the effect of golden delicious apple on Lipid Profile in hyperlipidemic and overweight men. Forty six hyperlipidemic and overweight men were randomly divided into two groups. Intervention group received 300g golden delicious apple per day for 8 weeks. Control group had the regular dietary regimen for the same period of time. Blood samples were analyzed for serum triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL), apolipoprotein B (Apo B), lipoprotein a (Lp a) and LDL/HDL ratio at baseline and after intervention. Total polyphenols and fibers were 485 mg/kg and 4.03 g/100g in fresh apple respectively. After 8 weeks, significant statistical differences were observed considering the TG and VLDL levels between two groups, but no signific...

A higher proportion of the control group had a postintervention STI or UP [odds ratio (OR) = 1.41, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.01–1.98]. Among participants who had no history of STIs or pregnancy, but who engaged in risky sexual behaviors just before recruit training, the ...