Planet

The present study builds on earlier work by which introduced the generative notion of threshold concepts within (and across) disciplines, in the sense of transforming the internal view of subject matter or part thereof. In this earlier work such concepts were further linked to forms of knowledge that are 'troublesome', after the work of Perkins (1999). It was argued that these twinned sets of ideas may define critical moments of irreversible conceptual transformation in the educational experiences of learners, and their teachers. The present study aims (a) to examine the extent to which such phenomena can be located within personal understandings of discipline-specific epistemological discourses, (b) to develop more extensively notions of liminality within learning that were raised in the first paper, and (c) to propose a conceptual framework within which teachers may advance their own reflective practice.

The term green marketing refers to the planning, development and promotion of products or services that satisfy the needs of consumers for quality, output, prices and services without a negative effect on the environment with regard to the use of raw material, the consumption of energy, etc. The objective of this research is to induce an insight about the attention of green marketing. This paper analysis the awareness of green marketing in the minds of the consumers with reference to Mumbai suburbs. Simple random sampling method was used in collecting the primary data. The findings depict that 74.3%of the consumers are willing to pay more for the green products.

Undertaking independent project work in overseas locations, and especially in developing countries, can be both a rewarding and challenging experience. Challenges encountered by students in their host country will include: adapting to an unfamiliar physical, cultural and social environment; designing and undertaking informative field research; and having limited communications with family, friends and supervisory staff in the UK. When introducing individual overseas fieldwork into academic programmes, close consideration needs to be given to both logistical and academic issues.

Making Peace with the Earth bears witness to the wars taking place in our times against the earth and people. It also tells the stories of struggles to defend the earth and people’s Rights to land and water, forests, seeds and biodiversity. It outlines how a paradigm shift to earth-centered economics, politics and culture is our only chance of survival. (Shiva, Making Peace with the Earth, 2012, 7)

For the last two years a second year overseas residential field course run by the School of Geography in the University of Manchester has been restructured into a Problem-based Learning format. This paper reports on the reasons for change, describes the structures and learning outcomes underpinning the PBL-based field experience and also addresses problems of implementing such a course. It is concluded that the potential of a student-centred and group-based approach to fieldwork can be realised if PBL is adopted as an organising framework for the whole learning experience.

Does small mean less? Not necessarily. In an era of housing crises, environmental unsustainability and social fragmentation, the need for more sociable, affordable and sustainable housing is vital. The answer? Shared living - from joint households to land-sharing, cohousing and ecovillages.Using successful examples from a range of countries, Anitra Nelson shows how 'eco-collaborative housing' - resident-driven low impact living with shared facilities and activities - can address the great social, economic and sustainability challenges that householders and capitalist societies face today. Sharing living spaces and facilities results in householders having more amenities and opportunities for neighbourly interaction.Small is Necessary places contemporary models of 'alternative' housing and living at centre stage arguing that they are outward-looking, culturally rich, with low ecological footprints and offer governance techniques for a more equitable and sustainable future.

Objective: the purpose of this work is to review research on the role of minerals in Medical Geology, highlighting the importance and interrelationships between geological factors and human health. Materials and methods: qualitative study under the documentary approach from which a review of previous studies on the topic of interest was carried out, taking into account that there is an increasing interest between the health and geoscience communities by elucidating the geologic origins and flow of toxic elements in the environment that lead to human exposure through the consumption of food and water. Results: during the review process of the existing literature, it was evidenced that the advance of science and technology has allowed the opening of new lines of research that require multidisciplinary work with the participation of professionals in different areas of knowledge and the medical geology proposes collaboration between two broad fields of knowledge that apparently have no relationship, such as Earth sciences and biomedical sciences. Several aspects are considered, including the interaction between environment and health, which is very important for an extensive audience, including students, researchers, geological and biomedical professionals, policymakers and general public. Conclusion: medical geology should be considered as a component of the Colombia's National Health Action Plan and therefore, to be most effective the Colombian geoscience community should be included as one of the key players or agencies involved in environmental health studies.

This review examines definitions of formative assessment and the factors that control the effectiveness of feedback. It summarises the various ways of delivering formative feedback and discusses the problems that may be encountered when assessment practice is altered to improve feedback.

Undergraduate teaching should be informed by research. The extent to which this is the case and how this is best practised is the subject of this paper. Learning strategies that seek to embed research within the undergraduate programme from an introductory level are discussed. The degree of success in these strategies is informed by input from postgraduate students who have 'come through the ranks'. Their views, obtained via a focus group, suggest that research is rigorously embedded at every level of the programme and is most clearly linked to teaching in research-based third-year papers with a strong fieldwork component.

and employability policies for undergraduate attainment, to see what we can learn from them, and how they might be implemented. It then uses a seven basic skill attributes (such as numeracy, ICT etc) on a year-on-year approach (corresponding to entry level to university and at the end of each of three years on an 'English' university programme).

We present newly derived stellar parameters and the detailed abundances of 19 elements of seven stars with small planets discovered by NASA's Kepler Mission. Each star save one has at least one planet with a radius <= 1.6 R_Earth, suggesting a primarily rocky composition. The stellar parameters and abundances are derived from high signal-to-noise ratio, high-resolution echelle spectroscopy obtained with the 10-m Keck I telescope and HIRES spectrometer using standard spectroscopic techniques. The metallicities of the seven stars range from -0.32 dex to +0.13 dex, with an average metallicity that is subsolar, supporting previous suggestions that, unlike Jupiter-type giant planets, small planets do not form preferentially around metal-rich stars. The abundances of elements other than iron are in line with a population of Galactic disk stars, and despite our modest sample size, we find hints that the compositions of stars with small planets are similar to stars without known plan...

when writing up geology? How do we improve their writing and communication competencies? The study A short study funded by the GEES Subject Centre was undertaken to analyse the key weaknesses in geology students' writing at undergraduate and postgraduate levels.The study consisted of: G analyses of student writing-both an expert evaluation of their writing and a quantitative comparison of key linguistic features between student and expert writing; and G a small set of action research training seminars designed to bring out the areas of weakness and identify possible strategies for dealing with them. Some theory Before looking at the specifics of the study this paper will explore some of the sociolinguistic arguments for the centrality of communication, especially writing, in science practice. Writing science requires that students learn the 'genres'-the styles and formatsof scientific communication (Swales 1990). Halliday (1993) has noted that what defines something as 'scientific English' is not just the use of 'terminology' but the combination of 'features' that cluster together in consistent relationships.We can identify a general 'register' of scientific writing-an impersonal, objective and descriptive style of writing. We can also identify specific genres of science writingcombinations of style, argument structure, presentation and topic-that are specific to certain contexts and disciplines.These genres are a "class of communicative events, the members of which share some set of communicative purposes" (Swales 1990, p.58). Examples include such things as lab or field reports, field and lab notes, exam questions and dissertations. It is, in part, through learning to write within the conventions of existing science genres that students become members of scientific "discourse communities"-they learn to "communicate in the language of science and act as a member of the community of people who do so" (Lemke 1990, p.1). Much of this learning tends to be informal or implicitly part of other activities-such as submitting lab reports, taking field or lesson notes, answering exam questions etc. Though it is possible to attempt to analyse weaknesses in science students' writing and to provide support for 'science writing' in general, there is evidence that topic-specific training is required. Students are likely to understand the reasoning behind genres of writing better in the context of their own subject and it is likely that genres of writing vary between sciences (Horowitz 1986; Braine 1989). Much of the recent research on literacy has indicated that learning 'how' to write on a topic is bound up with understandings of it. Specific acts of writing in a discourse community are "integral to the participants' interactions and their interpretative process and strategies" (Heath 1986, p.98).Also literacies are not just about knowing how to write but also about appropriate conceptions and behaviours in relation to reading and writing (Street 1993, p.12)-for example the behaviours and understandings required in order to use a field notebook

This paper looks at the reasons students often complain of 'not enough time' in practical assignments. One reason is that they come across 'sticking points' at a late stage and cannot deal with them satisfactorily. The use of criterionreferenced assessment is one way to identify sticking points before a task is set. A 'preflight' (using Just-in-Time teaching ideas) is a short assignment which helps students identify difficulties in advance and get started on the main task even before it is set. The following identifies ways of building 'preflights' and criterion-referenced assessment into experiential education.

O projeto SOS Planeta - desafio: recicla, reduz, reaproveita, foi iniciado há quatro anos, tendo tido como participantes turmas do 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico (CEB), pertencentes a escolas da região do Algarve, Portugal. Os alunos desenvolveram ações relacionadas com a educação ambiental sustentável e efetuaram partilhas dessas mesmas ações recorrendo às novas tecnologias da informação e comunicação, através da realização de vídeos e da participação em diversos concursos educacionais. Criaram, também, uma letra original para a música: SOS Planeta que interpretam nos seus vídeos e nas suas apresentações de trabalhos.

Planet Politics is about rewriting and rethinking International Relations as a set of practices, both intellectual and organisational. We use the polemical and rhetorical format of the political manifesto to open a space for inter-disciplinary growth and debate, and for thinking about legal and institutional reform. We hope to begin a dialogue about both the limits of IR, and of its possibilities for forming alliances and fostering interdisciplinarity that can draw upon climate science, the environmental humanities, and progressive international law to respond to changes wrought by the Anthropocene and a changing climate.

This article describes the development of a module on 'Greening Business', which aims to provide practical and skills-based sustainability education to students from any subject discipline and provide students with the knowledge, understanding and skills to drive positive environmental change in their future workplaces. The module proved popular particularly for students on Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences (GEES), and business-related courses, providing an alternative and complementary angle to their chosen degree routes. Students perceive modules of this nature to be useful to them in their future careers, potentially giving them an advantage in the job market. Curriculum developments in this area can help develop both sustainability-specifi c and generic employability skills. It is also an area where the GEES community can play a key role linking the wider employability and sustainability agendas in higher education, in addition it contributes to a more sustainable society through developing the sustainability understanding and skills of its graduates. Roberts, C. and Roberts, J. (2007) Greener by degrees: Exploring sustainability through Higher Education curricula. University of Gloucestershire. Related web resources Greening Business teaching materials: www.esci.keele.ac.uk/greeningbusiness

Undergraduate dissertations may provide up to one third of the weighting of the final year of a degree in Geography and are seen as important indicators of graduates' independent research ability by prospective employers. This project examines the standards, criteria and assessment of the Geography dissertation in the UK. All Geography Departments in the UK were invited to complete a questionnaire survey that explored a range of aspects related to dissertations including format, assessment criteria and marking procedures. Responses were received from 24 Departments. The findings suggest that there is broad consensus in many areas including product format, study period, assessment criteria, and rigour and transparency in marking procedures. However, in other areas, including credit weighting, procedures followed in the event of a disagreement over marks, and interpretation of assessment criteria to students, there is wide variation in practice. Some suggestions are made to enhance equivalence and consistency in dissertation work.

Journal articles offer students an invaluable insight into current research and active debates. However, students are reluctant to engage with journals, and citation analyses suggest that their use is declining in favour of more accessible sources such as the internet.

Of the terrestrial planets, Earth and probably Mercury possess substantial intrinsic magnetic fields generated by core dynamos, while Venus and Mars apparently lack such fields. Thermal histories are calculated for these planets and are found to admit several possible present states, including those which suggest simple explanations for the observations; while the cores of Earth and Mercury are continuing to freeze, the cores of Venus and Mars may still be completely liquid. The models assume whole mantle convection, which is parameterized by a simple Nusselt-Rayleigh number relation and dictates the rate at which heat escapes from the core. It is found that completely fluid cores, devoid of intrinsic heat sources, are not likely to sustain thermal convection for the age of the solar system but cool to a subadiabatic, conductive state that can not maintain a dynamo. Planets which nucleate an inner core continue to sustain a dynamo because of the gravitational energy release and chemically driven convection that accompany inner core growth. The absence of a significant inner core can arise in Venus because of its slightly higher temperature and lower central pressure relative to Earth, while a Martian core avoids the onset of freezing if the abundance of sulfur in the core is ~>15~ by mass. All of the models presented assume that (i) core dynamos are driven by thermal and/or chemical convection; (ii) radiogenic heat production is confined to the mantle; (iii) mantle and core cool from initially hot states which are at the solidus and superliquidus, respectively; and (iv) any inner core excludes the light alloying material (sulfur or oxygen) which then mixes uniformly upward through the outer core. The models include realistic pressure and composition-dependent freezing curves for the core, and material parameters are chosen so that the correct present-day values of heat outflow, upper mantle temperature and viscosity, and inner core radius are obtained for the Earth. It is found that Venus and Mars may have once had dynamos maintained by thermal convection alone. Earth may have had a completely fluid core and a dynamo maintained by thermal convection for the first 2 to 3 by, but an inner core nucleates and the dynamo energetics are subsequently dominated by gravitational energy release. Complete freezing of the Mercurian core is prohibited if it contains even a small amount of sulfur. and a dynamo can be maintained by chemical convection in a thin, fluid shell.

Living with fire is a challenge for human communities because they are influenced by socio-economic, political, ecological and climatic processes at various spatial and temporal scales. Over the course of 2 days, the authors discussed how communities could live with fire challenges at local, national and transnational scales. Exploiting our diverse, international and interdisciplinary expertise, we outline generalizable properties of fire-adaptive communities in varied settings where cultural knowledge of fire is rich and diverse. At the national scale, we discussed policy and management challenges for countries that have diminishing fire knowledge, but for whom global climate change will bring new fire problems. Finally, we assessed major fire challenges that transcend national political boundaries, including the health burden of smoke plumes and the climate consequences of wildfires. It is clear that to best address the broad range of fire problems, a holistic wildfire scholarship...

Racism, discrimination and rebellion are three issues which still exist in the world we live these days. Racism is a belief that some groups are superior while some other groups are inferior. Discrimination is the unequal or unfair and violence actions toward others, basically based on their race, skin color and belief. Rebellion is an action or a movement against the pressures which comes from the outside. Those three issues can be found in the movies Rise of the Planet of the Apes and Dawn of the Planet of the Apes. The purposes of this study are to identify and analyze the kinds of racism action from Humans which then emerged the resistance or rebellion from the Apes, and how do the Apes rebel to the Humans. The primary data of this study were collected from Mat Reeves’s Rise of the Planet of the Apes (2011) and Dawn of the Planet of the Apes (2014) movies. The theory of racism by Henry and Tator, discrimination theories by Theodorson and Theodorson and Larry Willmore and theory ...

 Access to any celestial body in solar system in about five years.  Shorter trip time for human missions. (Radiation !)  Larger payload for science missions including landers, rovers or submarines.  Capability of long duration science missions to about one orbital period of celestial body. (e.g.: Saturn: ~29.44 years, Neptune: ~164.8 years)  More science and understanding of outer planets can be done at a comparatively short period of time with respect to a researcher’s career.

This article is a little different from those in most issues of Planet. Rather than report on the outcomes of initiatives already undertaken, in this case initiatives into student retention, this article will propose an alternative way of thinking about the issue-through the lens of marketing as a discipline. Most applications of marketing in higher education (HE), to date, have been in the field of student recruitment. In this article (based on a presentation delivered at the GEES Subject Centre 2007 Conference), key marketing concepts and practices will be revisited, to assess whether they may be used to address issues of retention in GEES (and other) disciplines in HE.

This paper reports on the fi ndings from a GEESfunded project carried out at one UK Higher Education Institution comparing the environmental attitudes and behaviour of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences (GEES) students and those students not studying these overtly 'environmental' subjects, and explores some of the motivations for, and barriers to, students becoming 'good environmental citizens'. The results of questionnaire surveys and focus groups carried out with students as part of this project suggest that students often struggle to put their environmental principles into practice. Although GEES students see environmental matters as the most important issues in the world today, they may be less likely to take part in environmental practices than students studying non-GEES subjects.

This paper reports on the fi ndings from a GEESfunded project carried out at one UK Higher Education Institution comparing the environmental attitudes and behaviour of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences (GEES) students and those students not studying these overtly 'environmental' subjects, and explores some of the motivations for, and barriers to, students becoming 'good environmental citizens'. The results of questionnaire surveys and focus groups carried out with students as part of this project suggest that students often struggle to put their environmental principles into practice. Although GEES students see environmental matters as the most important issues in the world today, they may be less likely to take part in environmental practices than students studying non-GEES subjects.

1 Exploring Our Digital Planet 2 Hardware Basics: Inside the Box 3 Hardware Basics: Peripherals 4 Software Basics: The Ghost in the Machine 5 Productivity Applications 6 Graphics, Digital Media, and Multimedia 7 Database Applications and Privacy Implications 8 Networking and Digital Communication 9 The Evolving Internet 10 Computer Security and Risks 11 Computers at Work, School, and Home 12 Information Systems in Business 13 E-Commerce and E-Business The Evolving Internet Economy 14 Systems Design and Development 15 Is Artificial Intelligence Real? Appendix A Basics

Careful observations were made at 86.1 GHz to derive the absolute brightness temperatures of the Sun (7914 + or - 192 K), Venus (357.5 + or - 13.1 K), Jupiter (179.4 + or - 4.7K), and Saturn (153.4 + or - 4.8 K) with a standard error of about 3%. This is a significant improvement in accuracy over previous results. A stable transmitter and novel superheterodyne receiver were constructed and used to determine the effective collecting area of the MWO 4.9 m antenna relative to a previously calibrated standard gain horn. The thermal scale was set by calibrating the radiometer with carefully constructed and tested hot and cold loads. The brightness temperatures may be used to establish an absolute calibration scale and to determine the antenna aperture and beam efficiencies of other radio telescopes at 3.5 mm wavelength.

... SMREKAR Suzanne E. (1) ; ELKINS-TANTON Linda (2) ; LEITNER Johannes J. (3) ; LENARDIC Adrian (4) ; MACKWELL Steve (5) ; MORESI ... Texas, ETATS-UNIS (5) Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, Texas, ETATS-UNIS (6) Monash University, Victoria, AUSTRALIE (7 ...

We study the interaction between the planetary magnetosphere and atmosphere of the close-in extrasolar planets HD 209458b and OGLE-TR-56b with the stellar wind during the evolution of their host stars. Recent astrophysical observations of solar-like stars indicate that the radiation and particle environments of young stars are orders of magnitudes larger than for stars with ages comparable to the sun (∼4.6 Gyr). We model the interaction for the present and for early evolutionary stages, showing that it is possible that "Hot Jupiters" have an ionosphere-stellar wind interaction like Venus. Our study suggests that the internal magnetic field of exoplanets orbiting close to their host stars may be very weak due to tidal locking. The magnetic moments can be less than one tenth of the value presently observed for the rapidly rotating planet Jupiter. We find that the stronger stellar wind of younger solar-type stars compresses the magnetosphere to a standoff distance at which the ionized part of the upper atmosphere, hydrodynamically expanded by the XUV-flux, builds an obstacle. Because of a much larger stellar wind particle flux during the first ∼0.5 Gyr after the host stars arrived on the Zero-Age-Main-Sequence, "Hot Jupiters" may have not been protected by their intrinsic magnetic fields, even if one neglects the effect of tidal locking. In such a case, the unshielded upper atmosphere will be affected by different ionization and non-thermal ion loss processes. This contributes to the estimated neutral hydrogen loss rates of about ≥10 10 g/s of the observed expanded exosphere of HD 209458b (Vidal-Madjar et al. 2003) and will be an ionized part of the estimated upper energy-limited neutral hydrogen loss rates of about 10 12 g/s (Lammer et al. 2003a).

Context. Until now the search of peculiar exoplanetary shadows, particularly those caused by exorings, was focused on the detection of a second-order photometric difference between the ringed and ringless (circular) transiting shadows. Both scenarios involved the parameter fitting to approximate the corresponding transit light curves (TLCs). As a result, the searched difference was extremely difficult to detect in the noise of the real transit photometry signals. Aims. In this work, we look for photometric manifestations of a non-spherical obscuring matter (e.g., exorings) around different exoplanets, mainly hot Jupiters, using a principally new approach. Methods. We used the transit parameters provided in Kepler database from the NASA Exoplanet Archive, where the fitting of the TLCs gives consistent sets of parameters for the transiting objects, assuming their spherical shape. At the same time, the semimajor axes, expressed in units of the stellar radii (initially, also a subject o...

Evidence from the solar system suggests that, unlike Venus and Mars, the presence of a strong magnetic dipole moment on Earth has helped maintain liquid water on its surface. Therefore, planetary magnetism could have a significant effect on the long-term maintenance of atmosphere and liquid water on rocky exoplanets. We use Olson & Christensen's (2006) model to estimate magnetic dipole moments of rocky exoplanets with radii R p ≤ 1.23 R ⊕. Even when modelling maximum magnetic dipole moments, only Kepler-186 f has a magnetic dipole moment larger than the Earth's, while approximately half of rocky exoplanets detected in the circumstellar habitable zone have a negligible magnetic dipole moment. This suggests that planetary magnetism is an important factor when prioritizing observations of potentially habitable planets.

Planet Politics is about rewriting and rethinking International Relations as a set of practices, both intellectual and organisational. We use the polemical and rhetorical format of the political manifesto to open a space for inter-disciplinary growth and debate, and for thinking about legal and institutional reform. We hope to begin a dialogue about both the limits of IR, and of its possibilities for forming alliances and fostering interdisciplinarity that can draw upon climate science, the environmental humanities, and progressive international law to respond to changes wrought by the Anthropocene and a changing climate.

R adio astronomers first detected planets beyond our solar system in 1991 (NASA 2012). Now, armed with state-of-the-art telescopes and other high-tech tools, astronomers spot new planets at an astonishing rate. Indeed, it seems NASA announces the discovery of new planets orbiting distant stars every few months. A total of 843 such planets (in 665 planetary systems) have been identified as of October 2012 (Schneider 2012).

Observations of circumstellar environments that look for the direct signal of exoplanets and the scattered light from disks have significant instrumental implications. In the past 15 years, major developments in adaptive optics, coronagraphy, optical manufacturing, wavefront sensing, and data processing, together with a consistent global system analysis have brought about a new generation of high-contrast imagers and spectrographs on large ground-based telescopes with much better performance. One of the most productive imagers is the Spectro-Polarimetic High contrast imager for Exoplanets REsearch (SPHERE), which was designed and built for the ESO Very Large Telescope (VLT) in Chile. SPHERE includes an extreme adaptive optics system, a highly stable common path interface, several types of coronagraphs, and three science instruments. Two of them, the Integral Field Spectrograph (IFS) and the Infra-Red Dual-band Imager and Spectrograph (IRDIS), were designed to efficiently cover the n...

About 20 years after the discovery of the first extrasolar planet, the number of planets known has grown by three orders of magnitude, and continues to increase at neck breaking pace. For most of these planets we have little information, except for the fact that they exist and possess an address in our Galaxy. For about one third of them, we know how much they weigh, their size and their orbital parameters. For less than 20, we start to have some clues about their atmospheric temperature and composition. How do we make progress from here? We are still far from the completion of a hypothetical Hertzsprung–Russell diagram for planets comparable to what we have for stars, and today we do not even know whether such classification will ever be possible or even meaningful for planetary objects. But one thing is clear: planetary parameters such as mass, radius and temperature alone do not explain the diversity revealed by current observations. The chemical composition of these planets is n...

In this work, we present transit timing variations detected for the exoplanet TrES-5b. To obtain the necessary amount of photometric data for this exoplanet, we have organized an international campaign to search for exoplanets based on the transit-timing variation (TTV) method and as a result of this we collected 30 new light curves, 15 light curves from the Exoplanet Transit Database (ETD) and 8 light curves from the literature for the timing analysis of the exoplanet TrES-5b. We have detected timing variations with a semi-amplitude of A≈ 0.0016 d and a period of P≈ 99 d. We carried out the N-body modelling based on the three-body problem. The detected perturbation of TrES-5b may be caused by a second exoplanet in the TrES-5 system. We have calculated the possible mass and resonance of the object: M ≈ 0.24M Jup at a 1:2 Resonance.

We propose to extend our initial IRAC survey for widely-separated sub-stellar mass companions around extra-solar planetary systems in order to have a complete, volume-limited sample of Exoplanet systems within 50 pc of the Sun. Our survey is tuned to search for late-M, L, and T-dwarf companions in these systems that are located about 50 to 10,000 AU from the primary. These data, when combined with those from other ground-based surveys, will be used to answer important questions about the frequency of planetary and sub-stellar mass companions over a wide range of possible separations from their primaries. The combined Exoplanet companion search would offer an opportunity to place much stronger constraints on theoretical models of star and planet formation as well as giant planet migration.

The PTF Orion project is a part of the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF), a survey for astronomical transients being undertaken with a dedicated wide-field CCD array installed on the Palomar 48" telescope. The Orion project is an experiment that during its first year is focusing on a single pointing in the Orion star-forming region. The project has been assigned 40